Faculty Of Engineering and Technology

Department of Computer Science

Course: Introduction to IT
Course Code : CS- 104
(Lecture-4)

Lecturer: Nazir Ahmad Qayoom

Department: Computer Science
Email: n.qayoom@kardan.edu.af
Mobile: +93(0) 706338869
 CONTENTS

➢ Characteristic of Computer

➢ History of Computer

➢ Types of Computer

➢ Bootable USB

2
 OUTCOMES

At the end of this lecture, students will be able to;

➢ Characteristic of Computer

➢ History/Types of Computer

➢ Bootable USB

3
 Characteristic of Computer

• Automatic
• Speed
• Accuracy
• Diligence
• Versatility
• No IQ (Intelligence quotient)
• Power of Remembering
 Automatic

• Computers are automatic machine because once started a job, they continue a job until
the job is finished normally without any assists.

• Computer being a machine, performs only the activities that it is instructed by the user.
 Speed

• A computer is a very fast device.

• Units of speed are the microseconds, the nanosecond and even the picoseconds.
• A powerful computer is capable of performing about 3 to 4 million simple arithmetic
operations per second.
 Accuracy

• In edition to being very fast Computers are very accurate.

• The accuracy of a Computer is consistently high and the degree of accuracy of the
particular Computer depends upon its design.
• For a particular Computers every calculation is performed with the same accuracy.
• Errors can occur in a computer, but these are mainly due to human rather than
technological weakness.
 Diligence

• Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness, lack of

concentration, etc. and hence can work for hours together without creating any error.
• Due to this property, computers obviously score over human beings in doing routine
type of jobs which require great accuracy.
 Versatility

• Computer is a versatile/multitasking machine.

• For example One moment it is preparing the results of particular examination, the next
moment it is busy in preparing the electricity bills and in between it may be helping an
office secretary to trace an important letter in seconds.
 No IQ (Intelligence quotient):

• Computers perform their tasks with unthinkable speed and accuracy.

• It possesses no intelligence of its own because it has no ability of thinking and decision
making.
• Its I.Q. is zero, at least till today.
• It has to be told what to do and in what sequence.
 Power of Remembering

• The power of recall a data, stored in any location will take a second, by computer to
find it out.
 History of Computer

• The research on the computer technology is a process of hundreds of years and is still in
progress.
• The latest computer is the result of several minds, technologies and etc.
• The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different
generations of computing devices.
• Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that
fundamentally has changed the way computers operate.
 Cont..
• There are five generations of computers:

• First Generation (1940-1956)

• Second Generation (1956-1963)
• Third Generation (1964-1971)
• Fourth Generation (1971-Present)
• Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)
 First Generation (1940-1956)
• In this generation of computer, vacuum tube was used for circuitry.
• These computers were very large in size, taking up entire rooms.
• They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity,
generated a lot of heat.
• The UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) and ENIAC (Electronic Numeric
Integrated and Calculator) computers are examples of first-generation computing
devices.
First Generation (1940-1956)
 Cont..
• ENIAC
 Cont..
• UNIVAC Computer
 Second Generation (1956-1963)

• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers

• The transistor was invented by Bardeen in 1947 .
• Through the use of transistors the second generation computers were much faster and
more reliable than the first generation of computers
Second Generation (1956-1963)
Second Generation (1956-1963)
 Third Generation (1964-1971)

• The development of the integrated circuit was the main achievement of the third
generation of computers.

• An Integrated Circuit (IC) or a chip is a small electronic device made out of a

semiconductor material (transistor).

• The earliest ICs used a technology called SSI (Small Scale Integration contain up to 100
transistors) and MSI (Medium Scale Integration contain 100-3000 transistors).

• The third generation computers were smaller, more efficient and more reliable.
Third Generation (1964-1971)
 Fourth Generation (1971-Present)
• The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of
integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip.

• What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in a school bag.

• LSI (large-scale integration): From 3,000 to 100,000 electronic components per chip.

• The first microprocessor, the Intel 4004, was developed and was followed by VLSI
(Very Large Scale Integration contain 100,000 to 1,000,000)

• ULSI (ultra large-scale integration): More than 1 million electronic components per
chip
Cont…
Cont…
 Fifth Generation (Present-Beyond)

• Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in

development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are
being used today, Expert System, Robots etc.
• The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural
language input.
 Types of Computer

• Types of computers according to Size:

• Super computer
• Mainframe Computer
• Minicomputer
• Microcomputer

• Types of computer according to work:

• Analog Computer
• Digital Computer
• Hybrid
 Cont..

• Supercomputers are the biggest and fastest computers. They are designed to process
huge amount of data. A supercomputer can process trillions of instructions in a second.
It has thousands of interconnected processors.
• Supercomputers are particularly used in scientific and engineering applications such as
weather forecasting, scientific simulations and nuclear energy research. The first
supercomputer was developed by Roger Cray in 1976.
Cont..
 Cont..
• Mainframe computers are designed to support hundreds or thousands of users
simultaneously. They can support multiple programs at the same time. It means they can
execute different processes simultaneously.
• These features of mainframe computers make them ideal for big organizations like
banking and telecom sectors, which need to manage and process high volume of data.
Cont..
 Cont..
• Mini computer is a midsize multiprocessing computer. It consists of two or more
processors and can support 4 to 200 users at one time. Mini computers are used in
institutes and departments for tasks such as billing, accounting and inventory
management.
• A minicomputer lies between the mainframe and microcomputer as it is smaller than
mainframe but larger than a microcomputer.
Cont..
 Cont..
• Microcomputer is also known as a personal computer, that is designed for individual
use. It has a microprocessor as a central processing unit, memory, storage area, input
unit and output unit. Laptops and desktop computers are examples of microcomputers.
• They are suitable for personal work that may be making an assignment, watching a
movie, or at office for office work.
 Types of Computer according to work
• Analogue computers directly accept the data from the measuring device without first
converting it into numbers and codes. Example, Analogue Clock

• Digital computer is designed to perform calculations and logical operations at high

speed. It accepts the raw data as input in the form of digits or binary numbers (0 and 1)
and processes it with programs stored in its memory to produce the output. All modern
computers like laptops, desktops including smartphones that we use at home or office
are digital computers.

• Hybrid computer has features of both analogue and digital computer. For example, a
processor is used in petrol pumps that converts the measurements of fuel flow into
quantity and price. Similarly, they are used in airplanes, hospitals, and scientific
applications.
 Bootable USB
• Bootable USB is a disk that is used to boot up a system for the installation of an
Operating System.
• A USB can be made bootable using a command-line only for systems that have
Windows(7/8/8.1/10) operating system.
• Linux Distributions can’t be used to create a bootable USB device without using third-
party tools.
• Early versions of Windows i.e. before Windows 7, can’t be used for making a USB
bootable.
 Bootable USB
• Step 1: Run command-prompt in
Administrator mode.
• There are two ways to do the same:
• Search for cmd in Start menu, right-
click on the command prompt, click
on Run as Administrator.
• Open Task Manager, go to File->Run
new task, search for cmd and press
enter.

• Step 2: Connect the USB device to

the computer that is to be made
bootable.
 Bootable USB
• Steps to Create a Bootable USB Using CMD:

• Step 3: Type the command ‘diskpart’ and then press Enter.

 Bootable USB

• Step 4: Type the command ‘list disk’ to display a list of all the available storage devices
on your system. Press Enter to continue.
 Bootable USB

• Step 5: Select the disk that is your pen drive. Generally, it is marked as Disk 1, it might
vary system to system. Make sure not to select any other available disk as it will get
formatted. To choose the disk, type the command ‘select disk 1’ and press Enter.
 Bootable USB
• Step 6: To make a pendrive bootable, there is a need to format it to clean the existing
data. This can be done by the use of ‘clean’ command.
 Bootable USB
• Step 7: Type the command ‘create partition primary’ and press Enter. This will make
the disk primary and ready to be made bootable.
 Continue..
• Step 8: To choose the partition created as primary, type the command ‘select partition
1’ and press Enter.
 Continue..
• Step 9: Before making the disk bootable, there is a need to format it as NTFS because
Windows uses NTFS file system for storage. This can be done with the use of
command ‘format=fs NTFS quick’ and press Enter.
 Continue..
• Step 10: Type the command ‘active’ and press Enter. This will mark the primary
bootable partition as Active.
 Continue..
• Step 11: Type the command ‘exit’ to exit DISKPART and press Enter.
 Continue..
• Now close the command prompt window.
• Step 12: Now copy all the data from the OS (Windows/Linux/etc) installation disk to
your USB drive that is just been made bootable.

• Now, this Pen drive can be used to install the desired Operating System on any
computer.
 Continue..
Step 1: Run command-prompt in Administrator mode.
Step 2: Connect the USB device to the computer that is to be made bootable.
Step 3: Type the command ‘diskpart’ and then press Enter.
Step 4: Type the command ‘list disk’ to display a list of all the available storage devices on your system. Press
Enter to continue.
Step 5: Select the disk that is your pen drive. Generally, it is marked as Disk 1, it might vary system to
system. Make sure not to select any other available disk as it will get formatted. To choose the disk, type the
command ‘select disk 1’ and press Enter.
Step 6: To make a pendrive bootable, there is a need to format it to clean the existing data. This can be
done by the use of ‘clean’ command.
Step 7: Type the command ‘create partition primary’ and press Enter. This will make the disk primary
and ready to be made bootable.
Step 8: To choose the partition created as primary, type the command ‘select partition 1’ and press Enter.
Step 9: Before making the disk bootable, there is a need to format it as NTFS because Windows uses NTFS file
system for storage. This can be done with the use of command ‘format=fs NTFS quick’ and press Enter.
Step 10: Type the command ‘active’ and press Enter. This will mark the primary bootable partition as Active.
Step 11: Type the command ‘exit’ to exit DISKPART and press Enter.
Step 12: Now copy all the data from the OS (Windows/Linux/etc) installation disk to your USB drive that is just
been made bootable.
Now, this Pendrive can be used to install the desired Operating System on any computer.
Thank You…!