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“Il primo principio di una teoría credo che sia l’ostinazione su alcune temi e che sia “The first tenet of a theory, I think, is obstinacy on some issues, and that is precisely
propio degli artista e degli architetti in particolare il fatto di centrare un tema da characteristic of artists, and in particular of architects, the fact of focusing on a
svolgere, di operare una scelta all’interno dell’architettura e di cercare di risolvere subject to develop it, of making a choice within the architecture, and attempting to
sempre quel problema”1 always solve that problem.”1
De todo lo que aprendí mientras colaboraba con Eduardo Souto de Moura hay una Of all that I learned while working with Eduardo Souto de Moura, one thing remains
cosa que sigue meridianamente clara y siempre presente conmigo en todo lo que crystal clear and is always with me in everything I do: persistence.
hago: la persistencia.
I fondly remember one of the last lectures that Livio Vacchini gave us in Valencia
Recuerdo con cariño una de las últimas conferencias que Livio Vacchini nos regaló and his words still come back to me with the same brightness. Livio said that the
en Valencia y sus palabras aún regresan a mí con el mismo brillo. Decía Livio que architect does not think of many things, but is focused on a few issues, because we
el arquitecto no piensa en muchas cosas, que se centra en unos pocos temas, are obsessive. He claimed that one of the most beautiful things in our profession
porque somos obsesivos. Afirmaba que una de las cosas más bellas de nuestra is, precisely, to be able to think about the important issues, and warned us not to
profesión es, precisamente, poder pensar en los temas importantes, y nos advertía waste our energies on solving minor issues, recommending that we should “andare
que no malgastásemos nuestras energías en resolver problemas sin importancia, a pesca di pesci grossi”2.
recomendándonos que debíamos “andare a pesca di pesci grossi”2.
The insistence or obsession with certain themes is one of the characteristics
La insistencia u obsesión con determinados temas es una de las características shared by those whom we recognize as masters of architecture. There are issues
que comparten aquellos que reconocemos como maestros de la arquitectura. that are personal or exclusive to some architects; others, on the contrary, are
Hay temas que son personales o exclusivos de algunos arquitectos, otros por el transversal and are spread at a particular moment in time to the entire profession.
contrario son transversales y se extienden en un momento temporal concreto al But there are a few issues that are constant over time and have also been a part
conjunto de la profesión. Pero existen unos pocos temas que son constantes en of the concerns of the best architects of successive generations. It is these issues
el tiempo y que además han formado parte de las preocupaciones de los mejores that are, in my opinion, worth studying in depth.
arquitectos de generaciones sucesivas. Son estos temas los que, a mi entender,
It is possible to recognize several of them in the work of Eduardo Souto de Moura.
merece la pena estudiar en profundidad.
Their presence is constant, but at the same time inclusive. As with the great
Es posible reconocer varios de ellos en la obra de Eduardo Souto de Moura. Su masters of the past, in his work we see that change is not incompatible with
presencia es constante, pero al tiempo inclusiva. Como en los grandes maestros del permanence and, although the search is tenacious, the emergence of a new theme
pasado, en su obra el cambio no está reñido con la permanencia y, aunque la búsqueda is added to the previous without distorting them.
es tenaz, la aparición de un nuevo tema se suma a los anteriores sin desvirtuarlos.
In Eduardo’s work one particular theme has always interested me, precisely
De la obra de Eduardo siempre me ha interesado un tema en particular, precisamente because, recognizing its capacity to spread from one master to others, it reveals
porque, al reconocer su capacidad de contagiarse de unos maestros a otros, se me itself to me as one of Livio’s “pesci grossi”. It is the work on the dissolution of the
revela como uno de esos “pesci grossi” encomendados por Livio. Se trata del trabajo boundary of space.
en la disolución del límite del espacio.
Modernity was founded, among other things, on the possibility of separating the
La modernidad se fundó, entre otras cosas, en la posibilidad de separar los different systems that make up the architectural object. Le Corbusier understood
diferentes sistemas que integran el hecho arquitectónico. Le Corbusier entendió this fact probably more clearly than anyone and set it down in rules in his cinq
este hecho probablemente con mayor claridad que nadie y lo fijó de manera points d’une architecture nouvelle3. But in doing so, he took into account what he
FIG. 04 FIG. 05
Eduardo Souto de Moura va a recoger el testigo del trabajo sobre la definición del
límite convirtiéndolo, como decía, en un tema persistente ya desde los inicios. Su FIG. 06
entre los años 1980 y 1982 resulta extremadamente reveladora respecto a las
preocupaciones que van a acompañarle. E. Souto de Moura inserta su arquitectura
sobre la ruina preexistente igual que un ermitaño se apropia de una concha ajena,
sin reparar en sus condiciones previas de uso. Lo que cayó, lo que ya no está, o lo
que no tiene condiciones para permanecer, es sustituido por nuevos elementos,
completamente ajenos a la condición previa.
The key of the mechanism lies in its tangential and overlapping positioning to the
roofing itself, and separated from it by the water collection channel. This confers
on the whole the character of a membrane coating, achieving two visual targets
simultaneously. The first occurs from the interior, and is based on the distance that
is generated between the joinery and the horizontal plane of the roof, a distance that
provides us the clean step of the element and the visual loss of its upper limit and
FIG. 10 gives the enclosure an intensified character of buoyancy, diluting its presence.
The second objective is achieved from the exterior. The superposition makes the roof
disappear, increasing the levity of the whole, and creating the illusion that there is
only the membrane device as a separator between the interior and the exterior. (FIG. 6)
Eduardo Souto de Moura has picked up the baton of the work on defining the
boundary, converting it, as I have said, into a persistent theme right from the
beginning. His work takes place in the field of a constant search for the nuances
in the relationship between interior and exterior spaces, with a grammar that we
could initially consider as neo-plastic, but that over time has evolved into bountiful
alternatives that are increasingly complex and varied. Superposition, reflection,
transparency, dissolution of the symbolic and physical limit, recognition of
thickness and distance, or intention in the look are only some of the features
present in his work. He’s an architect who once said that, “he didn’t like making
windows” and who has drawn one of the most fascinating and full investigations
into the architectural gaze of the past 50 years. This is not the place for an
exhaustive review and with the depth the topic deserves, so I will just give a few
brushstrokes that allow the reader to intuit the scope of his work.
The first of his works, the restructuring of a ruin in Gêres, carried out between
FIG. 11 1980 and 1982, is extremely revealing about the concerns that will accompany him.
Eduardo Souto de Moura inserts his architecture on the pre-existing ruins like a
hermit crab appropriates an alien shell, regardless of the previous conditions of use.
dos planos de forjado. Aparece la primera dicotomía entre dos soluciones What disappears, what no longer is, or what does not have conditions to remain is
presentes en sus siguientes obras. (FIG. 7 Y 8) replaced by new elements, completely unrelated to the previous condition.
También en la primera de las casas de Nevogilde10, nos encontramos dos soluciones The treatment of the front of the building, completely open by means of double
contrapuestas entre los frentes principales. sliding steel joinery, presents us with the search for the spatial and visual
connection between the interior and exterior spaces. This fact is reinforced by
El gran ventanal de la sala, está pensado todo él para potenciar al máximo la
the recessing of the supporting elements, and by the presence of the sliding door
sensación visual de continuidad espacial entre el interior y el exterior de la casa.
perpendicular to the joinery, which divides the interior space, at the same time
Su configuración dispone de una única pieza practicable, con un marco de sección
as it connects it when it is gathered on the surface of the wall. This solution of
importante, desplazado lateralmente sobre el cierre del espacio. Cierre que queda
trialogue will be very present as an operational mechanism in his architecture.
confiado a una gran luna de vidrio, sin carpintería aparente, que se empotra en
When looking carefully at the plan and section drawings of the project, we can see
suelo, techo y paredes laterales. La conexión visual mediante la construcción de la
how the position of the joinery was planned ahead of the volume, overlapping the
desmaterialización aparente de los límites del espacio cobra mayor importancia
plane of the upper slab. However, the solution finally executed contains the joinery
que la conexión física real. (FIG. 9)
between the two planes of the slab. Here is displayed the first dichotomy between
En el límite opuesto, el de las habitaciones, el problema viene dado por la relación two solutions present in his subsequent works. (FIG. 7 AND 8)
entre las divisiones de los espacios y su encuentro final con las carpinterías. Para
Also, on the first of the houses of Nevogilde10, we find two conflicting solutions
solucionar ese encuentro, se disponen unas contraventanas de madera lacada al
between the main façades.
interior de cada espacio. Estas hojas, cuando se abren, quedan adosadas a una
pieza perpendicular de carpintería de madera extremadamente delgada que The large opening of the living room is designed to maximize the visual
dispone de un núcleo de chapas de plomo para otorgarle masa y resistencia. (FIG. 10) sensation of spatial continuity between the interior and exterior of the house.
Its configuration has a single operable piece, with a large sectional framework
La trasparencia literal que sólo posibilita el paso de la mirada se confronta al
laterally displaced on the closure of the space. The closure is entrusted to a
movimiento de elementos que permite la apertura física del espacio.
large glass pane, without apparent joinery, which is embedded in the floor, roof
Va a ser en la segunda casa en Nevogilde donde se produce uno de los trabajos and side walls. The visual connection through the construction of the apparent
más intensos sobre las soluciones constructivo-visuales del límite. Es un estudio dematerialization of the limits of the space becomes more important than the
que parte del reconocimiento de la diferenciación del plano de fachada según actual physical connection. (FIG. 9)
sea su orientación. A Norte el plano de cerramiento se superpone a la cubierta,
At the opposite limit, that of the bedroom, the problem is given by the relationship
mientras que a Sur se recoge bajo el forjado para dar lectura de la sombra que
between the divisions of the spaces and their final encounter with the joinery.
marca el leve vuelo.
To solve this encounter, some lacquered wooden shutters are arranged within the
La definición de los elementos que se superponen, se traban, se apoyan o se interior of each space. These slats, when open, are attached to a perpendicular
esconden unos tras los otros, alcanza niveles paradigmáticos expresados en estas piece of extremely thin woodwork that has a core of lead plates to provide it with
secuencias de secciones constructivas tipo de fachada. El proceso de investigación mass and strength. (FIG. 10)
FIG. 12
Otra parada significativa dentro de nuestro recorrido es, sin lugar a dudas, la casa
en Miramar11, perfecto ejemplo de precisión en el exquisito cuidado del diseño de FIG. 15
cada encuentro y cada detalle. O como el propio Eduardo escribe: “Parece simples
e foi isso que ensaiamos. Sabíamos pelo Poeta que só «a palavra exacta é de
utilidade pública»”12.
Las carpinterías frontales, que abren los espacios principales al jardín, son todas
correderas de madera, con una sección especialmente cuidada en los dormitorios
para permitir la incorporación del cajón de la persiana sobre la cubierta. En este
caso, la existencia del vuelo es suficiente para esconder la solución, sin necesidad
del potente dintel que existe en Nevogilde II, a cambio obliga a la disposición de un
doble canalón de recogida de aguas. (FIG. 14)
This idea of the physical disappearance of the joinery will see itself intensified in
several subsequent projects. We can find it in the volume of the granite base of the
first house in Bom Jesus, where the aluminium sheets are gathered up and hidden
between two walls. It is also present in the solutions of other houses down south
in Portugal, such as the Tavira14 house and the house in the Serra da Arrabida.15
The climatic conditions of these areas call for a formal configuration and a much
more controlled proportion between hollow and solid. Eduardo Souto de Moura
explained it this way about the house in Tavira: “It may seem the most banal thing
in the world, but opening a hole, a door or window in a wall, is worse than writing a
text. I lack the criteria, the design, the scale, the proportion, and I cannot find them
in this end of the twentieth century. I managed to find a functional rule that will
comfort the rebels. ‘The windows’ invisible sliding, they are stretched to maximum,
in 40% of the facade. We still have 10% left over for errors”16. (FIG. 17)
In the patio that leads to the house we find another theme that appears regularly
in the work of Eduardo Souto de Moura, which finds its roots in the garden table
associated with the window of the exterior wall of Le Corbusier’s Le Lac villa17. But
here the table is linked to a space that faces the interior of the house, or even more,
that permits a view through the house that crosses from the outside volume of
the patio to the exterior, framed by the space of the house and, at the end, by the
window. In that way the whole house becomes a filter and a thickness that leads the
FIG. 19
eye between two exteriors, one domesticated and the other yet be tamed.
Perhaps one of the projects that has had the greatest impact on the theme before
us is the house in Moledo18.
El detalle de carpintería adoptado nos habla de la temática miesiana de enmarcar el
paisaje20 y por lo tanto de soluciones constructivas equivalentes. One theme that is found in this house is that of the roof as an autonomous unit;
“it should be visible, being accepted as a new object, seen as fallen from the sky”19.
Si es importante el hecho de cómo la vivienda mira el paisaje y se relaciona con él a
This is a subtle but important change in appearance from previous projects.
través del frente abierto de la casa, aún más lo es la relación que el espacio mantiene
Eduardo Souto de Moura relates this independence of the roof with the choice of
con el exterior en su parte trasera. El plano de carpintería no delimita el espacio, sino
the wooden joinery as the most natural option possible. But only the front joinery
que es el muro de roca “natural” el que define el ancho visual del corredor. Cruzando
is made of wood; the back follows the usual design of steel plates and L profiles,
el espacio enmarcado obtenemos dos vistas diferentes de la naturaleza, las paredes
as befits a fixed panel of glass panes which are adapted for the exterior. The detail
de la casa son la montaña y el valle. Al exterior, en el espacio trasero junto a las rocas,
of the adopted joinery speaks to us of the Miesian theme to frame the landscape20
los vidrios nos devuelven la ilusión de una naturaleza reflejada que se amplía y hace
and therefore of equivalent constructive solutions.
desaparecer la arquitectura. (FIG. 18-19)
If it is important how the home looks at the landscape and is related to it through
Un ejemplo claro de la extensión del reflejo como mecanismo visual para incrementar
the open front of the house, even more so is the relationship that the space
la percepción del espacio lo tenemos en el espejo de la segunda casa de Maia.
maintains with the exterior at the rear. The plane of the joinery does not delimit
Su posición estratégica en perpendicular al amplio frente acristalado de la sala nos
the space, but rather it is the “natural” rock wall that defines the visual width of
devuelve una realidad incrementada y la disolución del límite del espacio se extiende
the corridor. Crossing the framed space we obtain two different views of nature,
visualmente desde la conexión entre interior y exterior hasta el desvanecimiento del
the walls of the house are the mountains and the valley. Outside, in the rear space
muro. En esta ocasión realmente “todo lo sólido se disuelve en el aire”21. (FIG. 20)
by the rocks, the glass planes return us to the illusion of a reflected nature that is
Otra variación que aparece recientemente es la presentada en la casa de LLabià, expanded and makes the architecture disappear. (FIG. 18-19)
en la que se combina la apertura de las carpinterías que desaparecen empotradas en
As a clear example of the extent of the reflection as a mechanism to increase the
los muros con su disposición en las esquinas de los espacios. Existen experiencias
visual perception of space we have the mirror of the second house of Maia.
previas de encuentros en esquina pero siempre dispuestos de manera cóncava
(estoy pensando en la casa de la avenida da Boavista, por ejemplo). Pero aquí se Its strategic position perpendicular to the wide glass front of the room returns
invierte la percepción de la conexión, ya no es el espacio exterior el que penetra al to us an amplified reality and the dissolution of the limit of the space visually
interior, sino que el interior de la casa empuja el límite, abriéndolo y apropiándose del extends from the connection between interior and exterior to the masking of the
espacio circundante. Se trata de un matiz importante que está relacionado sin duda wall. On this occasion really “all that is solid melts into air”21. (FIG. 20)
con el cambio de carácter de la tipología introvertida de la casa patio a una casa más Another variation that appears recently is presented in the home of Llabià,
expuesta, dueña del paisaje que la rodea. (FIG. 21) in which the openings of the joinery that disappear, embedded in the walls, are
Con un poco más de tiempo y espacio, podríamos detenernos en nuestro recorrido combined with their layout in the corners of the spaces. There exist previous
en todas y cada una de las casas construidas por Eduardo Souto de Moura para experiences of encounters in the corner, but they are always made concavely
encontrar en ellas variaciones de los elementos y las soluciones, con pequeñas o (I’m thinking the house on Avenida da Boavista, for example). But here the
grandes alteraciones en los detalles y los materiales. Pero no quiero terminar este viaje perception of the connection is reversed; it is no longer the exterior space that
sin visitar la propuesta que ha realizado para una de las últimas bienales de Venecia penetrates the interior, but the interior of the house that pushes the boundary,
que me parece significativa respecto a su investigación sobre la mirada y el límite del opening and appropriating the surrounding space. This is an important nuance
espacio. Se trata de una instalación titulada “Windows” en la que se nos presentan tres that is undoubtedly related to the change of character from the introverted
espacios conectados que se definen por su límite con un tipo de abertura específica typology of the patio-house to that of a more-exposed house, which owns the
en cada uno de ellos. Como dice Eduardo Souto de Moura “as fachadas e as aberturas surrounding landscape. (FIG. 21)
deixam de ser um compromisso, uma dependência e passam a ser uma «vontade» do With a little more time and space, we could stop on our tour at each and every
autor. A paisagem deixa de ser uma fatalidade, para ser uma decisão nossa de como a one of the houses built by Eduardo Souto de Moura to find their variations of
queremos ver: ao alto, ao baixo, toda, ou só uma parte. A geografia passa a ser como elements and solutions, with small or large changes in the details and materials.
nós queremos e não como tinha de ser. É este o grande salto do Movimento Moderno, But I do not want to finish this tour without visiting the proposal he has made for
e como consequência do Pós-Modernismo”22. (FIG. 22-23)
one of the most recent Venice Biennales, which I think is significant with respect
En las obras que contiene el presente volumen se confirma la persistencia de la to his research on the look and the limit of the space. This is an installation called
temática en múltiples ejemplos. Dejo en manos del lector descubrir los secretos y “Windows” in which we have three connected spaces that are defined by their
matices que se prologan de esta investigación y confío en que el material que aquí se boundaries with a specific type of opening in each of them. Eduardo Souto de
presenta sea de utilidad para profundizar en los temas que permiten a Eduardo Souto Moura says, “facades and openings are no longer an obligation, a dependence,
de Moura trabajar siempre la casa en el límite. and become a “desire” of the author. The landscape is no longer fate, and it
becomes our decision how we want to see: the high, the low, all or only a part.
NOTAS
1 Geography becomes as we want and not how it is. This is the great leap of the
“El primer anticipo de teoría creo que es la obstinación en algunos temas, y que precisamente
es propio de los artistas, y de los arquitectos en particular, el hecho de centrar un tema para Modernist Movement and, as a consequence, of Postmodernism”22. (FIG. 22-23)
desarrollarlo, realizar una elección dentro de la arquitectura, y procurar resolver siempre
aquel problema”. Rossi, Aldo, “Architettura per i musei”, en: AA.VV, Teoria della progettazione In the works that this volume contains, we find the persistence of the thematic in
architettonica, Dedalo libri, Bari, 1968. many examples. I will leave it in the hands of the reader to discover the secrets and
2
Conferencia impartida para la Cátedra Blanca de Valencia, el 27 de marzo de 2004. nuances that flow from this investigation and I trust that the material presented
3
La primera versión conocida de los cinq points d’une architecture nouvelle se corresponde con la here will be useful to delve into the issues that allow Eduardo Souto de Moura to
publicada el 1 de mayo de 1927 en la Europaïsche Revue, versión igual a la que meses más tarde
always work on the House’s edge.
se incluirá en la entrega de otoño-invierno de 1927 de L’Architecture Vivante. Esta versión inicial
incluye no cinco sino seis puntos, aunque en realidad ninguno de ellos es original habiéndose ENDNOTES
recogido anteriormente cada uno de ellos por separado. Le Corbusier, “Ou en est l’Architecture?”, 1
La Architecture Vivante, automne-hiver 1927, Dir. Jean Badovici, Éditions Albert Morancé, Paris. Rossi, Aldo, “Architettura per i musei”, in: AA.VV, Teoria della progettazione architettonica, Dedalo
4
libri, Bari, 1968.
En lo alto de Lagoal, en el término de Caixias, el arquitecto João Andresen proyecta en 1953 una 2
casa para el ingeniero Carlos Lino Gaspar, que supone uno de los ejemplos de mayor depuración Conference given at the Cátedra Blanca of Valencia on 27 March 2004.
3
formal e intensidad en el manejo de la gramática moderna en este periodo en Portugal. Para más The first known version of the cinq points d’une architecture nouvelle was published on 1 May 1927
información consultar la tesis doctoral: Figueiredo e Rosa, Edite Maria, ODAM: valores modernos in the Europäische Revue, the same version that months later would be included in the delivery
e a confrontação com a realidade produtiva, ETSAB, 2005 of L’Architecture Vivante of Autumn-Winter 1927. This initial version includes not five but six
5
La casa Sande e Castro fue proyectada y construida por el arquitecto Ruy Jervis D’Athouguia points, although in fact none of them is original, each having been previously collected separately.
entre los años 1954 y 1956, y es uno de los más claros ejemplos de investigación en los Le Corbusier, “Ou en est l’Architecture?” La Architecture Vivante, Autumn-Winter 1927, Dir. Jean
mecanismos que permiten concretar visual y físicamente el concepto de disolución del límite. Badovici, Albert Morancé Publishing, Paris.
4
Para más información consultar: Correia, Graça, Ruy d’Athouguia: a modernidade em aberto, At the top of Lagoal, at the end of Caixias, the architect João Andresen designed, in 1953, a house
Caleidoscopio, Casal de Cambra, 2008. for the engineer Carlos Lino Gaspar, which is one of the examples of more formal refinement and
6 intensity in the handling of modern grammar in this period in Portugal. For more information see
Siza, Álvaro, “Fernando Távora”, Catálogo de la exposición: Arquitectura, Pintura, Escultura,
the doctoral thesis: Figueiredo e Rosa, Edite Maria, ODAM: valores modernos e a confrontação
Desenho, FAUP, enero de 1987. Recogido en: Campos Morais, Carlos, Álvaro Siza: Textos,
com a realidade produtiva, ETSAB, 2005
Civilizaçao Ed., Barcelos, 2009.
5
7 The Sande e Castro house was designed and built by architect Ruy Jervis D’Athouguia between
Álvaro Siza, ampliación de una Casa en Moledo do Minho para Alcino Cardoso, 1973.
1954 and 1956, and is one of the clearest examples of research on the mechanisms to visually and
8
Álvaro Siza, casa para Carlos Beires en Povoa de Varzim, 1973-76. physically specify the concept of dissolution of the boundary. For more information see: Correia,
9
Martins Barata, Paulo, Álvaro Siza. 1954-1976, Blau, Lisboa, 1997, p. 144. Graça, Ruy d’Athouguia: a modernidade aberto em, Kaleidoscope, Casal de Cambra, 2008.
6
10
Casa en la rua do Padrão, construida para D. F. J. de Campos Taxa de Faria entre 1982 y 1985. Siza, Álvaro, “Fernando Távora”, Catalogue of the exposition: Arquitectura, Pintura, Escultura,
11 Desenho, FAUP, January 1987. Collected in: Campos Morais, Carlos, Álvaro Siza: Textos, Civilizaçao
La casa en Miramar fue proyectada y construida entre 1987 y 1991 para J. Álvares Ribeiro.
Ed., Barcelos, 2009.
12
“Parece sencillo y fue eso lo que ensayamos. Sabíamos por el Poeta que sólo ‘la palabra exacta 7
Álvaro Siza, extension of a home in Moledo do Minho for Alcino Cardoso, 1973.
es de utilidad pública’”. Eugénio de Andrade, Diario Expresso, 23/05/87.
8
13 Álvaro Siza, home for Carlos Beires in Povoa de Varzim, 1973-76.
Casa en Alcanena, Torres Novas, proyectada y construida entre 1987 y 1992 para P. Carvalho.
9
14 Martins Barata, Paulo, Álvaro Siza. 1954-1976, Blau, Lisbon, 1997, p. 144.
La casa de Tavira se proyecta y construye entre 1991 y 1996 para P. Rebelo.
10
15 Home on do Padrão Street, built for D. F. J. de Campos Taxa de Faria between 1982 and 1985.
La casa en la Serra da Arrabida, se proyecta y construye para P. Filipe Guveia Monteiro, desde
11
1994 hasta 2002. The home in Miramar was designed and built between 1987 and 1991 for J. Álvares Ribeiro.
12
16
“Puede parecer la cosa más banal del mundo, pero abrir un agujero, una puerta o ventana en una Eugénio de Andrade, Diario Expresso, 23/05/87.
pared, es peor que escribir un texto. Me faltan los criterios, el programa, la escala, la proporción, 13
Home in Alcanena, Torres Novas, designed and built between 1987 and 1992 for P. Carvalho.
y no consigo encontrarlas en este final del siglo XX. Conseguí encontrar una regla funcional 14
The Tavira home was designed and built between 1991 and 1996 for P. Rebelo.
que confortará los alzados. ‘Las ventanas’, invisibles correderas, son rasgadas al máximo, en el
15
40% de la fachada. Nos sobra aún un 10% para errores”. Fragmento de la memoria de proyecto The home in the Serra da Arrabida was designed and built for P. Filipe Guveia Monteiro between
elaborada por Eduardo Souto de Moura para acompañar la publicación del proyecto, extraída del 1994 and 2002.
archivo del estudio. 16
Fragment from the report of the project carried out by Eduardo Souto de Moura to accompany
17
Casa que construye Le Corbusier para sus padres en el lago Leman. the publication of the project, extracted from the archive of the studio.
17
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Casa en Moledo, proyectada y construida entre 1991 y 1998, para A. Reis. The house that Le Corbusier built for his parents on Lake Leman.
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“debería quedar visible, asumiéndose como un objeto nuevo, visible como caído del cielo”. House in Moledo, designed and built between 1991 and 1998, for A. Reis.
Fragmento de la memoria de proyecto elaborada por Eduardo Souto de Moura para acompañar la 19
Fragment from the report of the project carried out by Eduardo Souto de Moura to accompany
publicación del proyecto, extraída del archivo del estudio. the publication of the project, extracted from the archive of the studio.
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“Looking through the glass wall one is struck instead by an impression of visual distance, of “Looking through the glass wall one is struck instead by an impression of visual distance, of
detachment. The landscape here appears to the viewer no longer as a spatial frame of reference, detachment. The landscape here appears to the viewer no longer as a spatial frame of reference,
but takes on a distinctly pictorical”. Tegethoff, Wolf, Mies van der Rohe: The villas and country but takes on a distinctly pictorical.” Tegethoff, Wolf, Mies van der Rohe: The villas and country
houses, Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1985, p. 128. houses, Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1985, p. 128.
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En referencia a las palabras de Karl Marx que sirven como título para el ensayo sobre la In reference to the words of Karl Marx that serve as the title for the essay on the modernity of
modernidad de Marshall Berman. Marshall Berman.
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Eduardo Souto de Moura, Memoria de la instalación “Windows” para la Bienal de Venecia de 2012. Eduardo Souto de Moura, Report on the installation “Windows” for Venice Biennale of 2012.