Toxics Link Factsheet Number 16 / June 2002 Waste-to-Energy Technologies

The Indian detergent industry – washing its According to Prof Kaushick, strict
regulations in North America and Europe make AWARENESS HANDS-ON
A voluntary initiative of the detergents industry in Europe hands of its responsibilities
it mandatory for the multinational detergent
Toxics Link
The Association Internationale de la Savonnerie, de la Détergence et des Produits Make your own detergent21
The issues of environmental protection and industry to produce detergents with nominal Detergent use can
Factsheet
d’Entretien (A.I.S.E.) is a voluntary initiative that represents more than 1200
companies in Europe, covering approximately 90 per cent of the market. It represents
the soap, detergent and maintenance industry with European and other international
a regulatory policy on the use of detergents
need to be addressed by the Indian detergent
industry. As a proactive approach to reduce the
environmental risks, the industry needs to
phosphate content (or even phosphate-free
detergent). The same businesses absolve
themselves of this responsibility in India, where
they manufacture detergents with a high
never be a totally
non-polluting
Laundry Detergent: Basic Mix
1 cup soap flakes
1/2 cup washing soda
Detergents Number 16 / June 2002

organisations. This covers household laundry powder and liquid, heavy- and light- activity. The
reduce the perilously high phosphate levels phosphate content. The industry vehemently 1/2 cup borax
duty detergents. from 30 per cent to 5 per cent. Industry opposes any regulation of phosphate use in consumer needs to
This voluntary scheme is open to all manufacturers, importers, or other persons representatives have declined to do so on detergents. be informed that the
Laundry Detergent: Soft Water Mix Counting the cost of cleanliness AT A GLANCE
(subsequently referred to as ‘the manufacturer’) whether or not affiliated to A.I.S.E. grounds that the amount of phosphate used in 1 cup soap flakes
northern countries is higher as compared to An environment-friendly household cleaning smaller detergent v Detergents contain
national associations, placing household detergents on the market. To comply with 1/4 cup washing soda
that in India17. What this ignores is that India powder products can also be Cleanliness has been an important market share. The introduction of small chemicals that can
this code, a manufacturer must commit to: 1/2 cup borax
relies only on sewage treatment plants (STPs) consideration for human beings since affordable sachets is further promoting the harm the human
1. Design composition and packaging of his products taking into account their which are not fully functional even in metro- An environmentally superior detergent is the least polluting civilisation began, but few see the relationship market for detergents. body as well as the
Laundry Detergent: Hard Water Mix
impact on the environment identified by acknowledged scientific criteria. politan cities, whereas in the northern countries, one that uses fewer chemical ingredients. The ones between personal and environmental natural environment
1 cup soap flakes
2. Provide consumer information designed to encourage the correct use of products.
STPs are installed for every few households. toxicity of detergents decreases if you remove cleanliness. What are detergents?
additives like perfumes, colour and brightening 1 cup washing soda
3. Fully comply with all relevant environmental and consumer protection legislation, Industry also needs to voluntarily label its agents. Minimal packaging can also reduce According to an ancient Roman legend, soap With detergents spreading in usage, it is v The Indian govern-
1 cup borax
including the European Union Directives on biodegradability of surfactants products regarding phosphate content, so that environmental harm substantially. Synthetic derives its name from Mount Sapo, where imperative that we understand what they are ment has not taken
classification, safety labelling provisions including dosage instructions covering it can be left to the consumer to decide the surfactants may be replaced by non- Liquid Laundry Detergent animals were sacrificed to appease the gods. and how they affect our environment. enough steps to
different soils, loads and water hardness.
merits of the product. But as there are no petrochemical surfactants or vegetable oil 1 cup of any of the above mixes The mixture of melted animal fat and wood ash Detergents are household chemical cleaning address these issues
mandatory legislations, the detergent industry soaps; builders like phosphates can be replaced 2 tablespoons glycerin that ran down to the clay soil near the river was compounds used for laundering and
5. Ensure that the environmental advertising claims for the products are truthful, refuses to take any action in this respect. by sodium citrate and sodium bicarbonate; dyes found to make washing easy for women dishwashing. They contain wetting agents and v Without mandatory
2 cups warm water
supported by factual data and designed to inform the consumer. and fragrances can be eliminated or minimised. inhabiting the area. According to the medical emulsifiers based on non-soap synthetic legislation, industry
6. Provide to A.I.S.E a written declaration on commitment to this code, signed by the The vast run-off of phosphates into water One of the traditional alternatives to detergents document Papyrus, soap-making dates back to surfactants. Synthetic detergent powders are does nothing to
manufacturer’s legal representative.
streams is due to fertilisers and manure as well is reetha, which is known for its washing Mix ingredients and store in a sealed glass about 1500 BC, when a combination of animal made up of surface-active agents, builders and reduce the levels of
as detergents. Findings show that, during the properties and is used in a number of shampoo container which has already been used for and vegetable oils with alkaline salts was used fillers. In addition, they contain additives such harmful chemicals,
These targets may need to be adjusted for individual countries depending on ongoing dry seasons, when the run-off from agriculture preparations as well. to form a soap-like material.1 In ancient India as anti re-deposition agents, optical fibre
storing detergents. To use, measure ½ to ¾ cup or to inform the
environmental progress, washing habits and consumer choices. Established for the is virtually zero, and manure run-off is down to too, people used soap preparations made from brighteners (whitening agents), bluing agents, consumer about
of the mix and wash your clothing in warm or
past five years, there is a need for a similar initiative in India. one-fifth of the total annual rate, detergents are Detergents can be made using soap and plant or animal fats. bleaching agents, foam regulators, organic potential damage
Source: http://www.aise-net.org
responsible for additional loading of rivers by other household cleaning products. Soap, unlike cold water. Use cold water for the rinse cycle. sequestering agents, enzymes, perfumers, and
about 7.3 per cent. Owing to the low flow rates detergents, is made from animal fat and is an Modern technology has led to the creation substances that regulate density and assure the v This is even true of
of rivers during dry seasons, eutrophication can excellent cleanser because of its ability to act as Detergent use can never be a totally non- of synthetic detergents that have gradually crispness of the material they are used on.
multinational firms
ment-friendly detergents, not a single compliant have a severe toxic impact. an emulsifying agent. Being salts of weak acids, polluting activity. The consumer needs to be replaced soaps in the laundry. The first
who are forced to
product has made its way to the consumer. soaps get converted by mineral acids into free informed that the smaller detergent products detergents were used chiefly for hand Soap vs Detergents3
follow much stricter
According to Professor Kauschik, the industry fatty acids. These fatty acids, having a lower can also be the least polluting ones. By using dishwashing and fine fabric laundering. This
norms in Western
has simply sabotaged the plan. solubility, form a precipitate or soap scum, ‘green detergents’ that do not contain non- was followed by the development of all- l Soaps are made from natural resources such
FACTFILE20 rendering them ineffective in acidic water. The essential additives like perfumes, colour and purpose laundry detergents introduced in the as fats and oils, while detergents are
countries
According to the labelling requirements laid l
formation of these insoluble salts in hard water brightening agents and minimal packaging we US in 1946. Today, the detergent market is a
Experts suggest that as much as 70 per
down by BIS, each packet of detergent powder can be overcome by mixing in such household can ensure a cleaner environment. highly competitive one where a myriad
should carry information on the name/grade cent of the ‘target’ population is using chemicals as borax or washing soda that can brands vie with each other to get the
of the material used, the source of manufac- detergents in India. help get better results. customers’ attention. Each brand claims to
ture, and a caution statement which reads: l India has perhaps the most diverse product clean whiter, boasting of technologically
Detergent solutions can be skin irritants. Avoid dubious terms such as “fighting granules”,
range of detergents.
prolonged contact. Rinse garments and hands thor- “power pearls”, etc.
Personal Communication l The total annual consumption of detergents If you have any suggestions or require more information, please visit our website at www.toxicslink.org or contact:
oughly. The label should also carry information
17 Interaction Workshop about the critical ingredients used in the in India holds a retail value of billions of RUCHITA KHURANA Toxics Link – Mumbai As with many other countries, India too
“Environment and Detergents: Toxics Link – Chennai
Global Scenario and Indian
formulations. rupees. Toxics Link – Delhi 4th floor CVOD Jain School has a diverse range of detergents available
8, Fourth Street
Perspective”, reported in Down to l H2 Jungpura Extension 84 Samuel Street off the shelf. The annual consumption of
The specific and general requirements laid Venkateswara Nagar
Earth. A recent test done by Consumer Voice on Ground Floor Dongri 400 009 detergents in India is in the magnitude of
down by BIS for ecomarking of detergents Adyar, Chennai 600 020
18 www.wash4less.com detergents showed that of the 14 brands New Delhi 110 014 Tel: +91-(0)22-3752050/3759657/ hundreds of thousands of tonnes.2 The
Tel: +91-(0)44-4460387/4914358
19 http://www.tradeport.org/ts/
selected, only one complied with the BIS states that they should not contain any Tel: +91-(0)11-4328006/0711 3716690 formal sector, with its increasing ability to
E-mail: tlchennai@vsnl.net
countries/india/isa/isar0035.html standards for detergent labelling. phosphate. E-mail: tldelhi@vsnl.com E-mail: tlmumbai@vsnl.com influence consumers through
20 Consumer Voice, Mar-Apr 2001
advertisements, is rapidly expanding its
21 www. Laundry-detergent.com Designed and produced by Splash! Communications, e-mail makeasplash@vsnl.net

Det-finl.p65 1 9/19/02, 7:52 PM

Black
 Toxics Link Factsheet Number 16 / Jue 2002 Laundry detergents
Table 1: Detergent composition, their relative functions, environmental and health effects. chemical compounds made from synthetic Continuous and excessive exposure of the is projected to rise to over 4 kg/capita by 2005. Research conducted by Raka Sharan of IIT
materials. skin to detergents leads to drying, fissuring and In rural areas the use of detergent bars is Kanpur on the “Socio-demographic context of STANDARDS
dotting of the keratin layer. This results in expected to grow 7-8 per cent annually. The detergent consumers: A case of Kanpur
Detergent Chemicals Function Environmental Health toxicity
l The calcium and magnesium salts of soap increased permeability, which causes figures are of concern because high-quality (India)” found an increase in detergents being Despite the laying
constituent involved effect / are insoluble in water, unlike detergents. sensitisation, which with time may develop into detergents have as much as 35 per cent STPP in used throughout India. Dhobis, and rural as well down of an Ecomark
Biodegradability* dermatitis5 . The elderly are more susceptible to them (see Table 1 for harmful effects of as urban women extensively use phosphate-
l Soaps are not as readily soluble in hard water infections that may lead to developing eczema. STTP). In fact, most laundry detergents in containing detergents. There are various rules plan by BIS, which
Surfactants Alkyl benzene Wetting, emulsifying and dispersing Manufacturing process Causes slight to moderate eye and as detergents. This property of soaps is due India are phosphate-based, but there is no and regulations like the law of Environmental encourages
to the fact that soaps react with minerals control or regulation for phosphate use in Protection in India (1989), and the Hazardous
sulfonates (ABS) properties, enable removal of dirt emits Benzene, a known skin irritation.7
present in the water leading to the formation detergents16. The fact that the phosphates in Waste Rules, which categorise phosphine and phosphate-free
or Linear alkyl (‘soil’) from fabrics and keep the soil carcinogen and of curdles, or scum, that makes them Eutrophication or Nutrient pollution is normally a natural a process by which water these detergents can cause eutrophication of phosphorus and its compounds as toxic environment-friendly
benzene sulfonates suspended in the washing water. reproductive toxin. insoluble in water. bodies gradually age and become more productive. In nature, the process might take waterways portends a grim situation, since these chemicals. Such regulations, however, are not
(LAB), a cationic thousands of years to progress but human activities accelerate this process water bodies are the primary sources of water applied to household detergents. detergents, not a
surfactant Slow to biodegrade.6
How are detergents related to our health? for a large section of the population. single compliant
tremendously. The presence of excessive plant nutrients causes pollution of water
Labelling requirements laid down by BIS
A study undertaken to understand the bodies. These plant nutrients are supplied primarily in the form of phosphorus, So far, India’s action towards controlling product has made its
Surfactants Alkyl phenoxy same as above. Are toxic to aquatic Is a suspected endocrine toxicant.9 Indian consumer’s knowledge of the harmful advanced eutrophication has been addressed The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has
nitrogen and carbon to water bodies in various ways. Sewage perhaps is a particular way to the consumer
polyethoxy ethanol organisms8 effects of detergents on the health and source of phosphorus when detergents containing large amounts of phosphates are and dealt with only through sewage treatment laid down the standards for eco-labelling of
or nonyl phenol environment showed that 77.6 per cent of plants (STPs). Despite several action plans, the detergents in India. Based on the quality, safety
drained into water bodies. The algal boom leads to consumption of the oxygen
respondents had experienced some kind of skin issue remains largely ignored. The ever- and performance of these detergents, a set of
irritation due to the use of detergents. Of dissolved in water, creating a hypoxic, and at times, a near anoxic situation. This can increasing demand of phosphate-laden deter- general and specific requirements for an
Surfactants Diethanolamines same as above. Are slow to biodegrade Cause cancer. React with
these, the majority were dhobis and rural lead to excessive eutrophication that kills the fish, causes odour and increases gents in rural areas is sure to escalate Ecomark have been established. The standards
natural nitrogen oxides and women.4 eutrophication of local water bodies that serve suggest replacing phosphates with any other 1 www.chemistry.co.nz/
pathogenic animals.
sodium nitrite pollutants in as the primary water resource. Even environment-friendly substance. They also deterghistory.htm

the atmosphere to form Conventional laundry detergents leave metropolitan cities like Delhi, Calcutta, Mumbai stress that the surfactants used in the manufac- 2 Consumer Voice, Mar-Apr 2001

nitrosamines, a family of
chemical residues on clothes. These enter our Detergents and water pollution15 and Chennai are only partially sewered. More ture of household laundry detergent powders 3 Soaps are sodium salts of long
bodies either through the skin or lungs. They specifically, only 43 per cent of class I cities and should be readily biodegradable and the chain carboxylic acids while
potent carcinogens.10 cause many health problems, including allergies, Phosphates are a major source of water 12 per cent of class II cities are sewered, of products be packed in packages made of detergents are salts of long chain
alkyl benzene sulphonic acid
skin infections and, in rare cases, cancer. The pollution which, in turn, accounts directly for which only 37 per cent of sewage is partially recyclable or biodegradable materials. (Source: http://
Builders Sodium Removes hard water minerals like Contribute to – fragrances used in laundry detergents can prove 42 per cent of human and animal diseases. treated in class I cities and 5 per cent in class II www.citycollegiate.com/
tripolyphosphate calcium and magnesium ions to eutrophication of allergic and be highly irritating to the lungs, According to Prof Narinder K. Kauschik, cities. Despite the laying down of this Ecomark industry2.htm.)

(STPP) increase effectiveness of detergents. waterways

Act as deflocculating agents to
prevent dirt redeposition.
Builders Ethlene-diamino- Reduces calcium and magnesium
causing serious health effects on people with Professor Emeritus for environmental biology plan which encourages phosphate-free environ- 4 Detergents and the environment
asthma or chronic heart problems. at the Canadian University of Guelph, “the – The Canadian Experience and
the Indian Scenario, by Clive
main problem with phosphate-based detergents Southey et al., 2001, Tata McGraw
Table 2: A typical phosphate-based detergent formulation Detergents damage your washing machines
Are biodegradable is that they promote the eutrophication of Hill Publishing Company Limited
aquatic environments”. as well18. Harsh abrasives in the detergents
5 http://telemedicine.org/
– Short term exposure can cause Components Conventional Compact leave a residue that slowly builds up in the soaps.htm

tetra-acetate (EDTA), hardness in water. Also prevents eye and skin irritation.11 Powders (%) Powders (%)
Prof Kauschik reveals that in Canada and in machine and corrodes machine parts and 6 www.healthy-
many states of USA public pressure has led to communications.com
a phosphate- bleaching agents from becoming Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) 20-25 50 water pipes.
the regulation of phosphates in detergents 7 www.epa.gov
alternate compound active before immersion in water. Organic phosphonates 0 to 0.2 0 since the early 1970s. According to him, these
countries have spent $8.5 billion in the 1970s Packaging 8 ICSC - April 2000
Sodium silicate 6 5
Anti-redeposition Polyethylene glocol Prevents dirt from settling back – Is a suspected skin or to upgrade sewage treatment plants to remove Detergents are mostly packaged in plastic 9 www.scorecard.org
Sodium carbonate 5 4
agents (PEG) onto clothes. sense organ toxicant.12
excessive phosphates. Canada successfully bags or containers. This poses significant 10 www.healthy-
Surfactants 12 14 implemented appropriate regulation to control communications.com
environmental impact from raw material
Sodium perborate 14 10 phosphate emission into water systems by 11 ICSC - April 1997
Optical Chlorine bleach or Convert UV light wavelengths to Is toxic to aquatic organisms. extraction to disposal. The packaging industry
Activator 0 to 2 3 limiting the amount of phosphates in laundry 12 www.scorecard.org
brighteners sodium hypochlorite visible light, thus making laundered Can cause allergic reaction detergents to 0.5 per cent. is one of the largest end-users of commodity
Sodium sulphate 1-24 4 13 ICSC - Oct 1999
clothes appear ‘whiter’. when in contact with skin, and plastics19 . Detergents that were earlier
Enzymes 1 0.8 India and phosphate control 14 www.foe.co.uk
is also an eye and lung irritant.13 available in large packs are now also being
Anti-redeposition agents 0.2 1 15 Detergents and the
marketed in small plastic sachets, adding to
Optical brightening agents 0.2 0.3 The Law of Environment Protection in environment – The Canadian
Artificial Made from Provide a fragrant odour to clothes Bio-accumulative14 – India (1989) recognises phosphorus as a waste generation. Also, packaging has now Experience and the Indian
Perfume 10 0.2 Scenario, by Clive Southey et al.,
fragrances petroleum products after washing. pollutant chemical. Despite that, its usage is on become multi-layered that can often not be 2001, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Water 0 8 the rise. In India, per capita consumption of Company Limited
recycled and ends up in landfills.
*Biodegradability (IS:13933 – 1995) is the ability of a material to give a result of greater than 60 per cent field of carbon dioxide within 28 days. Source: Consumer Voice, Mar-Apr 2001 detergents in 1994 was 2.8 kg per annum. This 16 Prof. Narinder Kaushick,

Det-finl.p65 2 9/19/02, 7:52 PM

Black
 Toxics Link Factsheet Number 16 / Jue 2002 Laundry detergents
Table 1: Detergent composition, their relative functions, environmental and health effects. chemical compounds made from synthetic Continuous and excessive exposure of the is projected to rise to over 4 kg/capita by 2005. Research conducted by Raka Sharan of IIT
materials. skin to detergents leads to drying, fissuring and In rural areas the use of detergent bars is Kanpur on the “Socio-demographic context of STANDARDS
dotting of the keratin layer. This results in expected to grow 7-8 per cent annually. The detergent consumers: A case of Kanpur
Detergent Chemicals Function Environmental Health toxicity
l The calcium and magnesium salts of soap increased permeability, which causes figures are of concern because high-quality (India)” found an increase in detergents being Despite the laying
constituent involved effect / are insoluble in water, unlike detergents. sensitisation, which with time may develop into detergents have as much as 35 per cent STPP in used throughout India. Dhobis, and rural as well down of an Ecomark
Biodegradability* dermatitis5 . The elderly are more susceptible to them (see Table 1 for harmful effects of as urban women extensively use phosphate-
l Soaps are not as readily soluble in hard water infections that may lead to developing eczema. STTP). In fact, most laundry detergents in containing detergents. There are various rules plan by BIS, which
Surfactants Alkyl benzene Wetting, emulsifying and dispersing Manufacturing process Causes slight to moderate eye and as detergents. This property of soaps is due India are phosphate-based, but there is no and regulations like the law of Environmental encourages
to the fact that soaps react with minerals control or regulation for phosphate use in Protection in India (1989), and the Hazardous
sulfonates (ABS) properties, enable removal of dirt emits Benzene, a known skin irritation.7
present in the water leading to the formation detergents16. The fact that the phosphates in Waste Rules, which categorise phosphine and phosphate-free
or Linear alkyl (‘soil’) from fabrics and keep the soil carcinogen and of curdles, or scum, that makes them Eutrophication or Nutrient pollution is normally a natural a process by which water these detergents can cause eutrophication of phosphorus and its compounds as toxic environment-friendly
benzene sulfonates suspended in the washing water. reproductive toxin. insoluble in water. bodies gradually age and become more productive. In nature, the process might take waterways portends a grim situation, since these chemicals. Such regulations, however, are not
(LAB), a cationic thousands of years to progress but human activities accelerate this process water bodies are the primary sources of water applied to household detergents. detergents, not a
surfactant Slow to biodegrade.6
How are detergents related to our health? for a large section of the population. single compliant
tremendously. The presence of excessive plant nutrients causes pollution of water
Labelling requirements laid down by BIS
A study undertaken to understand the bodies. These plant nutrients are supplied primarily in the form of phosphorus, So far, India’s action towards controlling product has made its
Surfactants Alkyl phenoxy same as above. Are toxic to aquatic Is a suspected endocrine toxicant.9 Indian consumer’s knowledge of the harmful advanced eutrophication has been addressed The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has
nitrogen and carbon to water bodies in various ways. Sewage perhaps is a particular way to the consumer
polyethoxy ethanol organisms8 effects of detergents on the health and source of phosphorus when detergents containing large amounts of phosphates are and dealt with only through sewage treatment laid down the standards for eco-labelling of
or nonyl phenol environment showed that 77.6 per cent of plants (STPs). Despite several action plans, the detergents in India. Based on the quality, safety
drained into water bodies. The algal boom leads to consumption of the oxygen
respondents had experienced some kind of skin issue remains largely ignored. The ever- and performance of these detergents, a set of
irritation due to the use of detergents. Of dissolved in water, creating a hypoxic, and at times, a near anoxic situation. This can increasing demand of phosphate-laden deter- general and specific requirements for an
Surfactants Diethanolamines same as above. Are slow to biodegrade Cause cancer. React with
these, the majority were dhobis and rural lead to excessive eutrophication that kills the fish, causes odour and increases gents in rural areas is sure to escalate Ecomark have been established. The standards
natural nitrogen oxides and women.4 eutrophication of local water bodies that serve suggest replacing phosphates with any other 1 www.chemistry.co.nz/
pathogenic animals.
sodium nitrite pollutants in as the primary water resource. Even environment-friendly substance. They also deterghistory.htm

the atmosphere to form Conventional laundry detergents leave metropolitan cities like Delhi, Calcutta, Mumbai stress that the surfactants used in the manufac- 2 Consumer Voice, Mar-Apr 2001

nitrosamines, a family of
chemical residues on clothes. These enter our Detergents and water pollution15 and Chennai are only partially sewered. More ture of household laundry detergent powders 3 Soaps are sodium salts of long
bodies either through the skin or lungs. They specifically, only 43 per cent of class I cities and should be readily biodegradable and the chain carboxylic acids while
potent carcinogens.10 cause many health problems, including allergies, Phosphates are a major source of water 12 per cent of class II cities are sewered, of products be packed in packages made of detergents are salts of long chain
alkyl benzene sulphonic acid
skin infections and, in rare cases, cancer. The pollution which, in turn, accounts directly for which only 37 per cent of sewage is partially recyclable or biodegradable materials. (Source: http://
Builders Sodium Removes hard water minerals like Contribute to – fragrances used in laundry detergents can prove 42 per cent of human and animal diseases. treated in class I cities and 5 per cent in class II www.citycollegiate.com/
tripolyphosphate calcium and magnesium ions to eutrophication of allergic and be highly irritating to the lungs, According to Prof Narinder K. Kauschik, cities. Despite the laying down of this Ecomark industry2.htm.)

(STPP) increase effectiveness of detergents. waterways

Act as deflocculating agents to
prevent dirt redeposition.
Builders Ethlene-diamino- Reduces calcium and magnesium
causing serious health effects on people with Professor Emeritus for environmental biology plan which encourages phosphate-free environ- 4 Detergents and the environment
asthma or chronic heart problems. at the Canadian University of Guelph, “the – The Canadian Experience and
the Indian Scenario, by Clive
main problem with phosphate-based detergents Southey et al., 2001, Tata McGraw
Table 2: A typical phosphate-based detergent formulation Detergents damage your washing machines
Are biodegradable is that they promote the eutrophication of Hill Publishing Company Limited
aquatic environments”. as well18. Harsh abrasives in the detergents
5 http://telemedicine.org/
– Short term exposure can cause Components Conventional Compact leave a residue that slowly builds up in the soaps.htm

tetra-acetate (EDTA), hardness in water. Also prevents eye and skin irritation.11 Powders (%) Powders (%)
Prof Kauschik reveals that in Canada and in machine and corrodes machine parts and 6 www.healthy-
many states of USA public pressure has led to communications.com
a phosphate- bleaching agents from becoming Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) 20-25 50 water pipes.
the regulation of phosphates in detergents 7 www.epa.gov
alternate compound active before immersion in water. Organic phosphonates 0 to 0.2 0 since the early 1970s. According to him, these
countries have spent $8.5 billion in the 1970s Packaging 8 ICSC - April 2000
Sodium silicate 6 5
Anti-redeposition Polyethylene glocol Prevents dirt from settling back – Is a suspected skin or to upgrade sewage treatment plants to remove Detergents are mostly packaged in plastic 9 www.scorecard.org
Sodium carbonate 5 4
agents (PEG) onto clothes. sense organ toxicant.12
excessive phosphates. Canada successfully bags or containers. This poses significant 10 www.healthy-
Surfactants 12 14 implemented appropriate regulation to control communications.com
environmental impact from raw material
Sodium perborate 14 10 phosphate emission into water systems by 11 ICSC - April 1997
Optical Chlorine bleach or Convert UV light wavelengths to Is toxic to aquatic organisms. extraction to disposal. The packaging industry
Activator 0 to 2 3 limiting the amount of phosphates in laundry 12 www.scorecard.org
brighteners sodium hypochlorite visible light, thus making laundered Can cause allergic reaction detergents to 0.5 per cent. is one of the largest end-users of commodity
Sodium sulphate 1-24 4 13 ICSC - Oct 1999
clothes appear ‘whiter’. when in contact with skin, and plastics19 . Detergents that were earlier
Enzymes 1 0.8 India and phosphate control 14 www.foe.co.uk
is also an eye and lung irritant.13 available in large packs are now also being
Anti-redeposition agents 0.2 1 15 Detergents and the
marketed in small plastic sachets, adding to
Optical brightening agents 0.2 0.3 The Law of Environment Protection in environment – The Canadian
Artificial Made from Provide a fragrant odour to clothes Bio-accumulative14 – India (1989) recognises phosphorus as a waste generation. Also, packaging has now Experience and the Indian
Perfume 10 0.2 Scenario, by Clive Southey et al.,
fragrances petroleum products after washing. pollutant chemical. Despite that, its usage is on become multi-layered that can often not be 2001, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Water 0 8 the rise. In India, per capita consumption of Company Limited
recycled and ends up in landfills.
*Biodegradability (IS:13933 – 1995) is the ability of a material to give a result of greater than 60 per cent field of carbon dioxide within 28 days. Source: Consumer Voice, Mar-Apr 2001 detergents in 1994 was 2.8 kg per annum. This 16 Prof. Narinder Kaushick,

Det-finl.p65 2 9/19/02, 7:52 PM

Black
 Toxics Link Factsheet Number 16 / Jue 2002 Laundry detergents
Table 1: Detergent composition, their relative functions, environmental and health effects. chemical compounds made from synthetic Continuous and excessive exposure of the is projected to rise to over 4 kg/capita by 2005. Research conducted by Raka Sharan of IIT
materials. skin to detergents leads to drying, fissuring and In rural areas the use of detergent bars is Kanpur on the “Socio-demographic context of STANDARDS
dotting of the keratin layer. This results in expected to grow 7-8 per cent annually. The detergent consumers: A case of Kanpur
Detergent Chemicals Function Environmental Health toxicity
l The calcium and magnesium salts of soap increased permeability, which causes figures are of concern because high-quality (India)” found an increase in detergents being Despite the laying
constituent involved effect / are insoluble in water, unlike detergents. sensitisation, which with time may develop into detergents have as much as 35 per cent STPP in used throughout India. Dhobis, and rural as well down of an Ecomark
Biodegradability* dermatitis5 . The elderly are more susceptible to them (see Table 1 for harmful effects of as urban women extensively use phosphate-
l Soaps are not as readily soluble in hard water infections that may lead to developing eczema. STTP). In fact, most laundry detergents in containing detergents. There are various rules plan by BIS, which
Surfactants Alkyl benzene Wetting, emulsifying and dispersing Manufacturing process Causes slight to moderate eye and as detergents. This property of soaps is due India are phosphate-based, but there is no and regulations like the law of Environmental encourages
to the fact that soaps react with minerals control or regulation for phosphate use in Protection in India (1989), and the Hazardous
sulfonates (ABS) properties, enable removal of dirt emits Benzene, a known skin irritation.7
present in the water leading to the formation detergents16. The fact that the phosphates in Waste Rules, which categorise phosphine and phosphate-free
or Linear alkyl (‘soil’) from fabrics and keep the soil carcinogen and of curdles, or scum, that makes them Eutrophication or Nutrient pollution is normally a natural a process by which water these detergents can cause eutrophication of phosphorus and its compounds as toxic environment-friendly
benzene sulfonates suspended in the washing water. reproductive toxin. insoluble in water. bodies gradually age and become more productive. In nature, the process might take waterways portends a grim situation, since these chemicals. Such regulations, however, are not
(LAB), a cationic thousands of years to progress but human activities accelerate this process water bodies are the primary sources of water applied to household detergents. detergents, not a
surfactant Slow to biodegrade.6
How are detergents related to our health? for a large section of the population. single compliant
tremendously. The presence of excessive plant nutrients causes pollution of water
Labelling requirements laid down by BIS
A study undertaken to understand the bodies. These plant nutrients are supplied primarily in the form of phosphorus, So far, India’s action towards controlling product has made its
Surfactants Alkyl phenoxy same as above. Are toxic to aquatic Is a suspected endocrine toxicant.9 Indian consumer’s knowledge of the harmful advanced eutrophication has been addressed The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has
nitrogen and carbon to water bodies in various ways. Sewage perhaps is a particular way to the consumer
polyethoxy ethanol organisms8 effects of detergents on the health and source of phosphorus when detergents containing large amounts of phosphates are and dealt with only through sewage treatment laid down the standards for eco-labelling of
or nonyl phenol environment showed that 77.6 per cent of plants (STPs). Despite several action plans, the detergents in India. Based on the quality, safety
drained into water bodies. The algal boom leads to consumption of the oxygen
respondents had experienced some kind of skin issue remains largely ignored. The ever- and performance of these detergents, a set of
irritation due to the use of detergents. Of dissolved in water, creating a hypoxic, and at times, a near anoxic situation. This can increasing demand of phosphate-laden deter- general and specific requirements for an
Surfactants Diethanolamines same as above. Are slow to biodegrade Cause cancer. React with
these, the majority were dhobis and rural lead to excessive eutrophication that kills the fish, causes odour and increases gents in rural areas is sure to escalate Ecomark have been established. The standards
natural nitrogen oxides and women.4 eutrophication of local water bodies that serve suggest replacing phosphates with any other 1 www.chemistry.co.nz/
pathogenic animals.
sodium nitrite pollutants in as the primary water resource. Even environment-friendly substance. They also deterghistory.htm

the atmosphere to form Conventional laundry detergents leave metropolitan cities like Delhi, Calcutta, Mumbai stress that the surfactants used in the manufac- 2 Consumer Voice, Mar-Apr 2001

nitrosamines, a family of
chemical residues on clothes. These enter our Detergents and water pollution15 and Chennai are only partially sewered. More ture of household laundry detergent powders 3 Soaps are sodium salts of long
bodies either through the skin or lungs. They specifically, only 43 per cent of class I cities and should be readily biodegradable and the chain carboxylic acids while
potent carcinogens.10 cause many health problems, including allergies, Phosphates are a major source of water 12 per cent of class II cities are sewered, of products be packed in packages made of detergents are salts of long chain
alkyl benzene sulphonic acid
skin infections and, in rare cases, cancer. The pollution which, in turn, accounts directly for which only 37 per cent of sewage is partially recyclable or biodegradable materials. (Source: http://
Builders Sodium Removes hard water minerals like Contribute to – fragrances used in laundry detergents can prove 42 per cent of human and animal diseases. treated in class I cities and 5 per cent in class II www.citycollegiate.com/
tripolyphosphate calcium and magnesium ions to eutrophication of allergic and be highly irritating to the lungs, According to Prof Narinder K. Kauschik, cities. Despite the laying down of this Ecomark industry2.htm.)

(STPP) increase effectiveness of detergents. waterways

Act as deflocculating agents to
prevent dirt redeposition.
Builders Ethlene-diamino- Reduces calcium and magnesium
causing serious health effects on people with Professor Emeritus for environmental biology plan which encourages phosphate-free environ- 4 Detergents and the environment
asthma or chronic heart problems. at the Canadian University of Guelph, “the – The Canadian Experience and
the Indian Scenario, by Clive
main problem with phosphate-based detergents Southey et al., 2001, Tata McGraw
Table 2: A typical phosphate-based detergent formulation Detergents damage your washing machines
Are biodegradable is that they promote the eutrophication of Hill Publishing Company Limited
aquatic environments”. as well18. Harsh abrasives in the detergents
5 http://telemedicine.org/
– Short term exposure can cause Components Conventional Compact leave a residue that slowly builds up in the soaps.htm

tetra-acetate (EDTA), hardness in water. Also prevents eye and skin irritation.11 Powders (%) Powders (%)
Prof Kauschik reveals that in Canada and in machine and corrodes machine parts and 6 www.healthy-
many states of USA public pressure has led to communications.com
a phosphate- bleaching agents from becoming Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) 20-25 50 water pipes.
the regulation of phosphates in detergents 7 www.epa.gov
alternate compound active before immersion in water. Organic phosphonates 0 to 0.2 0 since the early 1970s. According to him, these
countries have spent $8.5 billion in the 1970s Packaging 8 ICSC - April 2000
Sodium silicate 6 5
Anti-redeposition Polyethylene glocol Prevents dirt from settling back – Is a suspected skin or to upgrade sewage treatment plants to remove Detergents are mostly packaged in plastic 9 www.scorecard.org
Sodium carbonate 5 4
agents (PEG) onto clothes. sense organ toxicant.12
excessive phosphates. Canada successfully bags or containers. This poses significant 10 www.healthy-
Surfactants 12 14 implemented appropriate regulation to control communications.com
environmental impact from raw material
Sodium perborate 14 10 phosphate emission into water systems by 11 ICSC - April 1997
Optical Chlorine bleach or Convert UV light wavelengths to Is toxic to aquatic organisms. extraction to disposal. The packaging industry
Activator 0 to 2 3 limiting the amount of phosphates in laundry 12 www.scorecard.org
brighteners sodium hypochlorite visible light, thus making laundered Can cause allergic reaction detergents to 0.5 per cent. is one of the largest end-users of commodity
Sodium sulphate 1-24 4 13 ICSC - Oct 1999
clothes appear ‘whiter’. when in contact with skin, and plastics19 . Detergents that were earlier
Enzymes 1 0.8 India and phosphate control 14 www.foe.co.uk
is also an eye and lung irritant.13 available in large packs are now also being
Anti-redeposition agents 0.2 1 15 Detergents and the
marketed in small plastic sachets, adding to
Optical brightening agents 0.2 0.3 The Law of Environment Protection in environment – The Canadian
Artificial Made from Provide a fragrant odour to clothes Bio-accumulative14 – India (1989) recognises phosphorus as a waste generation. Also, packaging has now Experience and the Indian
Perfume 10 0.2 Scenario, by Clive Southey et al.,
fragrances petroleum products after washing. pollutant chemical. Despite that, its usage is on become multi-layered that can often not be 2001, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Water 0 8 the rise. In India, per capita consumption of Company Limited
recycled and ends up in landfills.
*Biodegradability (IS:13933 – 1995) is the ability of a material to give a result of greater than 60 per cent field of carbon dioxide within 28 days. Source: Consumer Voice, Mar-Apr 2001 detergents in 1994 was 2.8 kg per annum. This 16 Prof. Narinder Kaushick,

Det-finl.p65 2 9/19/02, 7:52 PM

Black
 Toxics Link Factsheet Number 16 / June 2002 Waste-to-Energy Technologies
The Indian detergent industry – washing its According to Prof Kaushick, strict
regulations in North America and Europe make AWARENESS HANDS-ON
A voluntary initiative of the detergents industry in Europe hands of its responsibilities
it mandatory for the multinational detergent
Toxics Link
The Association Internationale de la Savonnerie, de la Détergence et des Produits Make your own detergent21
The issues of environmental protection and industry to produce detergents with nominal Detergent use can
Factsheet
d’Entretien (A.I.S.E.) is a voluntary initiative that represents more than 1200
companies in Europe, covering approximately 90 per cent of the market. It represents
the soap, detergent and maintenance industry with European and other international
a regulatory policy on the use of detergents
need to be addressed by the Indian detergent
industry. As a proactive approach to reduce the
environmental risks, the industry needs to
phosphate content (or even phosphate-free
detergent). The same businesses absolve
themselves of this responsibility in India, where
they manufacture detergents with a high
never be a totally
non-polluting
Laundry Detergent: Basic Mix
1 cup soap flakes
1/2 cup washing soda
Detergents Number 16 / June 2002

organisations. This covers household laundry powder and liquid, heavy- and light- activity. The
reduce the perilously high phosphate levels phosphate content. The industry vehemently 1/2 cup borax
duty detergents. from 30 per cent to 5 per cent. Industry opposes any regulation of phosphate use in consumer needs to
This voluntary scheme is open to all manufacturers, importers, or other persons representatives have declined to do so on detergents. be informed that the
Laundry Detergent: Soft Water Mix Counting the cost of cleanliness AT A GLANCE
(subsequently referred to as ‘the manufacturer’) whether or not affiliated to A.I.S.E. grounds that the amount of phosphate used in 1 cup soap flakes
northern countries is higher as compared to An environment-friendly household cleaning smaller detergent v Detergents contain
national associations, placing household detergents on the market. To comply with 1/4 cup washing soda
that in India17. What this ignores is that India powder products can also be Cleanliness has been an important market share. The introduction of small chemicals that can
this code, a manufacturer must commit to: 1/2 cup borax
relies only on sewage treatment plants (STPs) consideration for human beings since affordable sachets is further promoting the harm the human
1. Design composition and packaging of his products taking into account their which are not fully functional even in metro- An environmentally superior detergent is the least polluting civilisation began, but few see the relationship market for detergents. body as well as the
Laundry Detergent: Hard Water Mix
impact on the environment identified by acknowledged scientific criteria. politan cities, whereas in the northern countries, one that uses fewer chemical ingredients. The ones between personal and environmental natural environment
1 cup soap flakes
2. Provide consumer information designed to encourage the correct use of products.
STPs are installed for every few households. toxicity of detergents decreases if you remove cleanliness. What are detergents?
additives like perfumes, colour and brightening 1 cup washing soda
3. Fully comply with all relevant environmental and consumer protection legislation, Industry also needs to voluntarily label its agents. Minimal packaging can also reduce According to an ancient Roman legend, soap With detergents spreading in usage, it is v The Indian govern-
1 cup borax
including the European Union Directives on biodegradability of surfactants products regarding phosphate content, so that environmental harm substantially. Synthetic derives its name from Mount Sapo, where imperative that we understand what they are ment has not taken
classification, safety labelling provisions including dosage instructions covering it can be left to the consumer to decide the surfactants may be replaced by non- Liquid Laundry Detergent animals were sacrificed to appease the gods. and how they affect our environment. enough steps to
different soils, loads and water hardness.
merits of the product. But as there are no petrochemical surfactants or vegetable oil 1 cup of any of the above mixes The mixture of melted animal fat and wood ash Detergents are household chemical cleaning address these issues
mandatory legislations, the detergent industry soaps; builders like phosphates can be replaced 2 tablespoons glycerin that ran down to the clay soil near the river was compounds used for laundering and
5. Ensure that the environmental advertising claims for the products are truthful, refuses to take any action in this respect. by sodium citrate and sodium bicarbonate; dyes found to make washing easy for women dishwashing. They contain wetting agents and v Without mandatory
2 cups warm water
supported by factual data and designed to inform the consumer. and fragrances can be eliminated or minimised. inhabiting the area. According to the medical emulsifiers based on non-soap synthetic legislation, industry
6. Provide to A.I.S.E a written declaration on commitment to this code, signed by the The vast run-off of phosphates into water One of the traditional alternatives to detergents document Papyrus, soap-making dates back to surfactants. Synthetic detergent powders are does nothing to
manufacturer’s legal representative.
streams is due to fertilisers and manure as well is reetha, which is known for its washing Mix ingredients and store in a sealed glass about 1500 BC, when a combination of animal made up of surface-active agents, builders and reduce the levels of
as detergents. Findings show that, during the properties and is used in a number of shampoo container which has already been used for and vegetable oils with alkaline salts was used fillers. In addition, they contain additives such harmful chemicals,
These targets may need to be adjusted for individual countries depending on ongoing dry seasons, when the run-off from agriculture preparations as well. to form a soap-like material.1 In ancient India as anti re-deposition agents, optical fibre
storing detergents. To use, measure ½ to ¾ cup or to inform the
environmental progress, washing habits and consumer choices. Established for the is virtually zero, and manure run-off is down to too, people used soap preparations made from brighteners (whitening agents), bluing agents, consumer about
of the mix and wash your clothing in warm or
past five years, there is a need for a similar initiative in India. one-fifth of the total annual rate, detergents are Detergents can be made using soap and plant or animal fats. bleaching agents, foam regulators, organic potential damage
Source: http://www.aise-net.org
responsible for additional loading of rivers by other household cleaning products. Soap, unlike cold water. Use cold water for the rinse cycle. sequestering agents, enzymes, perfumers, and
about 7.3 per cent. Owing to the low flow rates detergents, is made from animal fat and is an Modern technology has led to the creation substances that regulate density and assure the v This is even true of
of rivers during dry seasons, eutrophication can excellent cleanser because of its ability to act as Detergent use can never be a totally non- of synthetic detergents that have gradually crispness of the material they are used on.
multinational firms
ment-friendly detergents, not a single compliant have a severe toxic impact. an emulsifying agent. Being salts of weak acids, polluting activity. The consumer needs to be replaced soaps in the laundry. The first
who are forced to
product has made its way to the consumer. soaps get converted by mineral acids into free informed that the smaller detergent products detergents were used chiefly for hand Soap vs Detergents3
follow much stricter
According to Professor Kauschik, the industry fatty acids. These fatty acids, having a lower can also be the least polluting ones. By using dishwashing and fine fabric laundering. This
norms in Western
has simply sabotaged the plan. solubility, form a precipitate or soap scum, ‘green detergents’ that do not contain non- was followed by the development of all- l Soaps are made from natural resources such
FACTFILE20 rendering them ineffective in acidic water. The essential additives like perfumes, colour and purpose laundry detergents introduced in the as fats and oils, while detergents are
countries
According to the labelling requirements laid l
formation of these insoluble salts in hard water brightening agents and minimal packaging we US in 1946. Today, the detergent market is a
Experts suggest that as much as 70 per
down by BIS, each packet of detergent powder can be overcome by mixing in such household can ensure a cleaner environment. highly competitive one where a myriad
should carry information on the name/grade cent of the ‘target’ population is using chemicals as borax or washing soda that can brands vie with each other to get the
of the material used, the source of manufac- detergents in India. help get better results. customers’ attention. Each brand claims to
ture, and a caution statement which reads: l India has perhaps the most diverse product clean whiter, boasting of technologically
Detergent solutions can be skin irritants. Avoid dubious terms such as “fighting granules”,
range of detergents.
prolonged contact. Rinse garments and hands thor- “power pearls”, etc.
Personal Communication l The total annual consumption of detergents If you have any suggestions or require more information, please visit our website at www.toxicslink.org or contact:
oughly. The label should also carry information
17 Interaction Workshop about the critical ingredients used in the in India holds a retail value of billions of RUCHITA KHURANA Toxics Link – Mumbai As with many other countries, India too
“Environment and Detergents: Toxics Link – Chennai
Global Scenario and Indian
formulations. rupees. Toxics Link – Delhi 4th floor CVOD Jain School has a diverse range of detergents available
8, Fourth Street
Perspective”, reported in Down to l H2 Jungpura Extension 84 Samuel Street off the shelf. The annual consumption of
The specific and general requirements laid Venkateswara Nagar
Earth. A recent test done by Consumer Voice on Ground Floor Dongri 400 009 detergents in India is in the magnitude of
down by BIS for ecomarking of detergents Adyar, Chennai 600 020
18 www.wash4less.com detergents showed that of the 14 brands New Delhi 110 014 Tel: +91-(0)22-3752050/3759657/ hundreds of thousands of tonnes.2 The
Tel: +91-(0)44-4460387/4914358
19 http://www.tradeport.org/ts/
selected, only one complied with the BIS states that they should not contain any Tel: +91-(0)11-4328006/0711 3716690 formal sector, with its increasing ability to
E-mail: tlchennai@vsnl.net
countries/india/isa/isar0035.html standards for detergent labelling. phosphate. E-mail: tldelhi@vsnl.com E-mail: tlmumbai@vsnl.com influence consumers through
20 Consumer Voice, Mar-Apr 2001
advertisements, is rapidly expanding its
21 www. Laundry-detergent.com Designed and produced by Splash! Communications, e-mail makeasplash@vsnl.net

Det-finl.p65 1 9/19/02, 7:52 PM

Black
 Toxics Link Factsheet Number 16 / June 2002 Waste-to-Energy Technologies
The Indian detergent industry – washing its According to Prof Kaushick, strict
regulations in North America and Europe make AWARENESS HANDS-ON
A voluntary initiative of the detergents industry in Europe hands of its responsibilities
it mandatory for the multinational detergent
Toxics Link
The Association Internationale de la Savonnerie, de la Détergence et des Produits Make your own detergent21
The issues of environmental protection and industry to produce detergents with nominal Detergent use can
Factsheet
d’Entretien (A.I.S.E.) is a voluntary initiative that represents more than 1200
companies in Europe, covering approximately 90 per cent of the market. It represents
the soap, detergent and maintenance industry with European and other international
a regulatory policy on the use of detergents
need to be addressed by the Indian detergent
industry. As a proactive approach to reduce the
environmental risks, the industry needs to
phosphate content (or even phosphate-free
detergent). The same businesses absolve
themselves of this responsibility in India, where
they manufacture detergents with a high
never be a totally
non-polluting
Laundry Detergent: Basic Mix
1 cup soap flakes
1/2 cup washing soda
Detergents Number 16 / June 2002

organisations. This covers household laundry powder and liquid, heavy- and light- activity. The
reduce the perilously high phosphate levels phosphate content. The industry vehemently 1/2 cup borax
duty detergents. from 30 per cent to 5 per cent. Industry opposes any regulation of phosphate use in consumer needs to
This voluntary scheme is open to all manufacturers, importers, or other persons representatives have declined to do so on detergents. be informed that the
Laundry Detergent: Soft Water Mix Counting the cost of cleanliness AT A GLANCE
(subsequently referred to as ‘the manufacturer’) whether or not affiliated to A.I.S.E. grounds that the amount of phosphate used in 1 cup soap flakes
northern countries is higher as compared to An environment-friendly household cleaning smaller detergent v Detergents contain
national associations, placing household detergents on the market. To comply with 1/4 cup washing soda
that in India17. What this ignores is that India powder products can also be Cleanliness has been an important market share. The introduction of small chemicals that can
this code, a manufacturer must commit to: 1/2 cup borax
relies only on sewage treatment plants (STPs) consideration for human beings since affordable sachets is further promoting the harm the human
1. Design composition and packaging of his products taking into account their which are not fully functional even in metro- An environmentally superior detergent is the least polluting civilisation began, but few see the relationship market for detergents. body as well as the
Laundry Detergent: Hard Water Mix
impact on the environment identified by acknowledged scientific criteria. politan cities, whereas in the northern countries, one that uses fewer chemical ingredients. The ones between personal and environmental natural environment
1 cup soap flakes
2. Provide consumer information designed to encourage the correct use of products.
STPs are installed for every few households. toxicity of detergents decreases if you remove cleanliness. What are detergents?
additives like perfumes, colour and brightening 1 cup washing soda
3. Fully comply with all relevant environmental and consumer protection legislation, Industry also needs to voluntarily label its agents. Minimal packaging can also reduce According to an ancient Roman legend, soap With detergents spreading in usage, it is v The Indian govern-
1 cup borax
including the European Union Directives on biodegradability of surfactants products regarding phosphate content, so that environmental harm substantially. Synthetic derives its name from Mount Sapo, where imperative that we understand what they are ment has not taken
classification, safety labelling provisions including dosage instructions covering it can be left to the consumer to decide the surfactants may be replaced by non- Liquid Laundry Detergent animals were sacrificed to appease the gods. and how they affect our environment. enough steps to
different soils, loads and water hardness.
merits of the product. But as there are no petrochemical surfactants or vegetable oil 1 cup of any of the above mixes The mixture of melted animal fat and wood ash Detergents are household chemical cleaning address these issues
mandatory legislations, the detergent industry soaps; builders like phosphates can be replaced 2 tablespoons glycerin that ran down to the clay soil near the river was compounds used for laundering and
5. Ensure that the environmental advertising claims for the products are truthful, refuses to take any action in this respect. by sodium citrate and sodium bicarbonate; dyes found to make washing easy for women dishwashing. They contain wetting agents and v Without mandatory
2 cups warm water
supported by factual data and designed to inform the consumer. and fragrances can be eliminated or minimised. inhabiting the area. According to the medical emulsifiers based on non-soap synthetic legislation, industry
6. Provide to A.I.S.E a written declaration on commitment to this code, signed by the The vast run-off of phosphates into water One of the traditional alternatives to detergents document Papyrus, soap-making dates back to surfactants. Synthetic detergent powders are does nothing to
manufacturer’s legal representative.
streams is due to fertilisers and manure as well is reetha, which is known for its washing Mix ingredients and store in a sealed glass about 1500 BC, when a combination of animal made up of surface-active agents, builders and reduce the levels of
as detergents. Findings show that, during the properties and is used in a number of shampoo container which has already been used for and vegetable oils with alkaline salts was used fillers. In addition, they contain additives such harmful chemicals,
These targets may need to be adjusted for individual countries depending on ongoing dry seasons, when the run-off from agriculture preparations as well. to form a soap-like material.1 In ancient India as anti re-deposition agents, optical fibre
storing detergents. To use, measure ½ to ¾ cup or to inform the
environmental progress, washing habits and consumer choices. Established for the is virtually zero, and manure run-off is down to too, people used soap preparations made from brighteners (whitening agents), bluing agents, consumer about
of the mix and wash your clothing in warm or
past five years, there is a need for a similar initiative in India. one-fifth of the total annual rate, detergents are Detergents can be made using soap and plant or animal fats. bleaching agents, foam regulators, organic potential damage
Source: http://www.aise-net.org
responsible for additional loading of rivers by other household cleaning products. Soap, unlike cold water. Use cold water for the rinse cycle. sequestering agents, enzymes, perfumers, and
about 7.3 per cent. Owing to the low flow rates detergents, is made from animal fat and is an Modern technology has led to the creation substances that regulate density and assure the v This is even true of
of rivers during dry seasons, eutrophication can excellent cleanser because of its ability to act as Detergent use can never be a totally non- of synthetic detergents that have gradually crispness of the material they are used on.
multinational firms
ment-friendly detergents, not a single compliant have a severe toxic impact. an emulsifying agent. Being salts of weak acids, polluting activity. The consumer needs to be replaced soaps in the laundry. The first
who are forced to
product has made its way to the consumer. soaps get converted by mineral acids into free informed that the smaller detergent products detergents were used chiefly for hand Soap vs Detergents3
follow much stricter
According to Professor Kauschik, the industry fatty acids. These fatty acids, having a lower can also be the least polluting ones. By using dishwashing and fine fabric laundering. This
norms in Western
has simply sabotaged the plan. solubility, form a precipitate or soap scum, ‘green detergents’ that do not contain non- was followed by the development of all- l Soaps are made from natural resources such
FACTFILE20 rendering them ineffective in acidic water. The essential additives like perfumes, colour and purpose laundry detergents introduced in the as fats and oils, while detergents are
countries
According to the labelling requirements laid l
formation of these insoluble salts in hard water brightening agents and minimal packaging we US in 1946. Today, the detergent market is a
Experts suggest that as much as 70 per
down by BIS, each packet of detergent powder can be overcome by mixing in such household can ensure a cleaner environment. highly competitive one where a myriad
should carry information on the name/grade cent of the ‘target’ population is using chemicals as borax or washing soda that can brands vie with each other to get the
of the material used, the source of manufac- detergents in India. help get better results. customers’ attention. Each brand claims to
ture, and a caution statement which reads: l India has perhaps the most diverse product clean whiter, boasting of technologically
Detergent solutions can be skin irritants. Avoid dubious terms such as “fighting granules”,
range of detergents.
prolonged contact. Rinse garments and hands thor- “power pearls”, etc.
Personal Communication l The total annual consumption of detergents If you have any suggestions or require more information, please visit our website at www.toxicslink.org or contact:
oughly. The label should also carry information
17 Interaction Workshop about the critical ingredients used in the in India holds a retail value of billions of RUCHITA KHURANA Toxics Link – Mumbai As with many other countries, India too
“Environment and Detergents: Toxics Link – Chennai
Global Scenario and Indian
formulations. rupees. Toxics Link – Delhi 4th floor CVOD Jain School has a diverse range of detergents available
8, Fourth Street
Perspective”, reported in Down to l H2 Jungpura Extension 84 Samuel Street off the shelf. The annual consumption of
The specific and general requirements laid Venkateswara Nagar
Earth. A recent test done by Consumer Voice on Ground Floor Dongri 400 009 detergents in India is in the magnitude of
down by BIS for ecomarking of detergents Adyar, Chennai 600 020
18 www.wash4less.com detergents showed that of the 14 brands New Delhi 110 014 Tel: +91-(0)22-3752050/3759657/ hundreds of thousands of tonnes.2 The
Tel: +91-(0)44-4460387/4914358
19 http://www.tradeport.org/ts/
selected, only one complied with the BIS states that they should not contain any Tel: +91-(0)11-4328006/0711 3716690 formal sector, with its increasing ability to
E-mail: tlchennai@vsnl.net
countries/india/isa/isar0035.html standards for detergent labelling. phosphate. E-mail: tldelhi@vsnl.com E-mail: tlmumbai@vsnl.com influence consumers through
20 Consumer Voice, Mar-Apr 2001
advertisements, is rapidly expanding its
21 www. Laundry-detergent.com Designed and produced by Splash! Communications, e-mail makeasplash@vsnl.net

Det-finl.p65 1 9/19/02, 7:52 PM

Black