MECANISMOS

COESIVOS
COHESIVE TIES
TEXTO BASE: HALLIDAY, M. A. K.; R. HASAN.
1976. COHESION IN ENGLISH. LONDON:
LONGMAN

Karen Santorum
TEXT:

• A text is best regarded as a SEMANTIC unit: a unit not of

form but of meaning. Thus it is related to a clause or sentence
not by size but by REALJ ZATION, the coding of one
symbolic system in another. A text does not CONSIST OF
sentences; it is REALIZED BY, or encoded in sentences.
COHESION
• The concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it refers to relations of meaning that exist
within the text and that define it as a text. Cohesion occurs where the INTERPRETATION
of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another. The one
PRESUPPOSES the other, in the sense that it cannot be effectively decoded except by
recourse to it.

• When this happens, a re1ation of cohesion is set up, and the two elements, the
presupposing and the presupposed one, are thereby at least potentially integrated into a
text.
COHESION

Wash and core six cooking apples. Put

[I: I J

them into a fireproof dish.

• Cohesion is effected not by the presence of the referring item alone

but by the presence of both the referring item and the item that it
refers to. In other words, it is not enough that there should be a
presupposition; the presupposition must also be satisfied.
COHESION...

• Cohesion is part of the system of a language. The potential for cohesion

lies in the systematic resources of reference, ellipsis and so on that are
built into the language itself. The actualization of cohesion in any given
instance, however, depends not merely on the selection of some option
from within these resources, but also on the presence of some other
element which resolves the presupposition that this sets up.
COHESION

• Cohesion is a semantic relation. But, like all

components of the semantic system, it is realized
through the lexicogrammatical system; and it is at this
point that the distinction can he drawn. Some forms of
cohesion are realized through the grammar and
others through the vocabulary.
 COHESION
• cohesion is expressed through the stratal
organization of language. Language can
be explained as a multiple coding system
comprising three levels of coding, or
‘strata’: the semantic (meanings), the
lexicogrammatical (forms) and the
phonological and orthographic
(expressions). Meanings are realized
(coded) as forms, and forms are realized
in turn (recoded) as expressions. To put
this in everyday terminology, meaning is
put into wording, and wording into sound
or writing:
HALLIDAY & HASAN IDENTIFY GENERAL CATEGORIES OF
COHESIVE DEVICES THAT SIGNAL COHERENCE IN THE
TEXTS:
First Cohesive Tie:
REFERENCE

What characterizes this particular type of cohesion, that

which we are calling REFERENCE, is the specific nature
of the information that is signalled for retrieval.
ENDOPHORIC AND
EXOPHORIC REFERENCE

There are certain items in

every language which have
the property of reference, in
the specific sense in which
we are using the term here;
that is to say, instead of being
interpreted semantically in
their own right, they make
reference to something else
for their interpretation. In
English these items are
personals, demonstrarives
and comparatives.
EXOPHORIC REFERENCE – CONTEXT OF
SITUATION
• For he’s a jolly good fellow
And so say all of us.
The term SITUATION, meaning
the ‘context of situation' in which
a text is embedded, refers to all
those extra-linguistic factors
which have some bearing on the
text itself.
CONTEXT OF SITUATION
Interpreted in the context of
situation, it is the particular
semantic system, or set of
systems, which is associated
with a particular type of situation
or social context”. (HALLIDAY,
1978 p. 109)
CONTEXTO DE SITUAÇÃO
Variáveis do Contexto de Situação
Fonte: Adaptado de Rose e Martin (2012, p. 23).
O contexto de situação ‘é o ambiente
imediato no qual um texto ganha vida’ (p.109).
A situação é um construto teórico
sociolinguístico, é por essa razão, segundo
Halliday (1978), que se interpreta um tipo
específico de situação ou contexto social
como uma estrutura semiótica. Essa estrutura
semiótica pode ser assim representada como
um complexo de três dimensões: a atividade
social em curso, o papel que as relações
envolvidas desempenham, e o canal
simbólico ou retórico. O autor se refere a
essas três dimensões respectivamente como:
campo, relações e modo.
 EXOPHORIC
REFERENCE

An exophoric item,
however, is one which
does not name
anything; it signals that
reference must be
made to the context of
situation.
For he’s a jolly good fellow
And so say all of us.
ENDOPHORIC
REFERENCE
 • Personal
REFERENCE • demonstratives
• comparatives
• Personal reference is reference by means of function in the speech situation, through
the category of PERSON.
• Demonstrative reference is reference by means of location, on a scale of PROXIMiTY
• Comparative reference is indirect reference by means of IDENTITY or SIMlLARITY
PERSONAL REFERENCE
DEMONSTRATIVE REFERENCE
Cataphoric and Anaphoric Reference
 • Nominal
Substitution • Verbal
• Clausal
Substitution
NOMINAL SUBSTITUTION
NOMINAL SUBSTITUTION
VERBAL SUBSTITUTION
CLAUSAL SUBSTITUTION
CLAUSAL SUBSTITUTION
 • Nominal
Ellipsis • Verbal
• Clausal
ELLIPSIS
NOMINAL ELLIPSIS
VERBAL ELLIPSIS
CLAUSAL ELLIPSIS
 • Additive
• Adversative
Conjunctions • Causal
• Temporal
EXAMPLES
 coordination

Conjunction
s

subordination
 e.g. Though he seemed to
be tired, he did not refuse
https://www.solinguainglesa.com.br/conteudo/Conjunctions1.php to go out with us.
ADDITIVE
ADVERSATIVE
CAUSAL
TEMPORAL
LEXICAL COHESION
Reiteration
REITERATION
REITERATION
Collocation
COLLOCATION