COHESION IN

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM THIS CHAPTER?

 Understanding the purpose and scope of Cohesion in Discourse Analysis

 Identify the functions and form in different types of cohesion

 Demonstrate the usage of the cohesion in or daily language.

Discourse Analysis

Relationship between language and

contexts in which language is used.
Devices For Discourse Analysis

Cohesion Coherence Parallelism

Conversationa
Turn Taking Speech Events
l Analysis

Background
Co- operative Hedges
Knowledge
Cohesion
grammatical
relationship between
item in a text such as
word phrase and clauses
and other items such as
pronouns, nouns and
conjunction.
Example:
My father once bought a Toyota Fortuner. He did it
by saving every penny he could. That car would be
worth a fortune nowadays. However, he sold it to
help pay for my college education. Sometimes I
think I’d rather have the car.
COHESION
Two types of Cohesions:
Grammatical Cohesion
Lexical Cohesion
GRAMMATICAL
COHESION
Grammatical Cohesion

Constructed by the grammatical structure that

each component is tie to each other.
4 MAJOR CLASSES GRAMMATICAL COHESION
 Reference
 Substitution
 Ellipsis
 Conjunction
REFERENCE
Reference

the identity of which can be determined

by referring to other parts of the text or the
situation.
Reference
Personal Pronouns: I, you, he, she, it.

Possessive Pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers.

Possessive Adjectives: my, your, his, her;

Demonstratives: this, that, these, those; and the

definite article, the
Reference Sub-categories
Reference System
Endophoric Reference
Grammatical term used to describe forms of
reference made within any given text to other
element within the text.
Example: She gave the books to John. He left
the room,
Reference System: Two types of
Endophoric
Anaphoric Reference occurs when a word or
phrase references a thing or idea mentioned earlier
in the text or discourse.
Example: Mary went out for drinks. She returned
at 7 o'clock.
Reference System: Two types of
Endophoric

Cataphoric reference occurs when a word or phrase

refers to something mentioned later in the discourse.
Example: Before she returned at 7 o'clock, Mary
went out for drinks.
Reference System
Exophoric Reference
occurs when a word or phrase refers to
something outside the discourse
Example: “They‘re late again, can you believe
it?”
“I know! Well, they’d better get here soon or it‘ll get
cold.
SUBTITUTION
Substitution (Paltridge 2012)
A process using a form to substitute another language
item, phrase or group.
It can involve substituting an item for a noun. In the
following example, ‘one’ substitute for the noun ‘book’
Example: Try reading this book. That one’s not very
good.
Substitution
There is a new restaurant on my street but I’ve never
eaten at the restaurant (incorrect) / There is a new
restaurant on my street but I’ve never eaten there (correct)

A pen is needed to fill out the form but I don’t have a pen
(incorrect) / A pen is needed to fill out the form but I don’t
have one (correct).
ELLIPSIS
Ellipsis (Paltridge 2012)
Is omitting some elements from the text which they can be
recovered by referring to a preceding element in the text.
Example:
Announcer: Gary what did you want to say to Allison tonight?
Caller : [ I want to say ] that I’m very sorry for the fight we had
the other night.
Announcer : What was that over?
Caller : [It was over] something rather silly actually
Ellipsis
Example:
We went for a walk and (we) took some lovely
phonographs
Do you want to stay in or (do you want to) go out tonight?
CONJUNCTION
Conjunction (Paltridge 2012)

Refers to words, such as ‘and’, ‘however’, ‘finally’

and ‘in conclusion’ that join phrases, clauses, or
sections of a text in such a way that they express the
‘logical-semantic’ relationship between them.
Conjunction Martin and Rose (2007)
Additive Conjunctions include ‘and’, ‘or’, ‘moreover’, ‘in
addition’,
Comparative Conjunctions include ‘whereas’, ‘but’, ‘on the other
hand’, ‘likewise’, and ‘equally’,
Temporal Conjunctions include ‘while’, ‘when’, ‘after’,
‘meanwhile’, ‘then’, ‘’finally’, and ‘at the same time’,
Consequential Conjunctions include ‘so that’, ‘because’, ‘since’,
‘thus’, ‘If’, ‘therefore’, ‘in conclusion’, and ‘in this way’.
LEXICAL COHESION
Lexical Cohesion (Haliday and Hasan 1976)

The meaning of the text is influenced with the

selection of vocabulary. It deals with the
lexical items relate to each other and to other
cohesive devices so that textual continuity is
created.
THE MAIN CLASS OF LEXICAL COHESION
 Repetition  Meronymy
 Synonymy  Collocation
 Antonymy
 Hyponymy
Lexical Cohesion: Repetition
◦ refers to words that are repeated in the text, as well
as words that have changed to reflect tense or
number such as feel and felt, feeling and feelings.
Lexical Cohesion: Synonymy
Refers to words which are similar in meaning such as ‘’date’ and
‘go out’, in the repetition example ‘blokes’ and ‘men’ .

Example:
I'm just not one of those blokes that finds approaching women
easy. The book assumes all men are confident, or that if they
really like a girl, they’ll overcome their shyness. The opposite is
true.’
Lexical Cohesion: Antonymy
Describe relationship between lexical items that have
opposite meaning.

Example:
good/bad, hot/cold, women/men.

He fell asleep. What woke him was a loud crash

Lexical Cohesion: Hyponymy
refers to classes of lexical items where the relationship is one of
'general - specific' or ' a type of', such as entree and main course.
The logical relationship of entailment.
Example:
Word : Colour
Hyponymy: blue, red, yellow, green, black, and purple
Word: Cook
Hyponymy: Roast, boil, fry, grill, bake.
Lexical Cohesion: Hyponymy
Lexical Cohesion: Meronymy
refers to lexical items which are in a whole-part relation,
such as the relationship between main course, potatoes and
broccoli; and fish, bones, and scales.
example: Ester Malimbag + Ernesto Biato = couple
planets + galaxies = solar system
Lexical Cohesion: Collocation

 On the other hand, collocation is the various lexical

relations which do not suspended to the referential identity
and do not accompanied by "the" or demonstrative.
Lexical Cohesion: Collocation

According to Hasan,(1986) collocation is lexical cohesion that

achieved through the association of lexical items that regularly co-
occur. It is not only represented by synonym or superordinate, but
also by pairs of opposites in various kinds
 TYPES OF
COLLOCATION
Expectancy Relations

This occurs where there is a predictable relationship between a

verb and either the subject or the object of the verb.

These relations link nominal elements with verbal elements (e.g.

love/book, waste/time)
Expectancy Relations

They can also link an action with a participant (e.g. ask/guy) or

an event with its location (e.g. dating/sites) .

Expectancy can also refer to the relationship between individual

lexical items and the composite nominal group that they form
(e.g. art/classes, life/drawing, online/ dating):
Lexical Bundles
Lexical bundles are multi-word combinations “such as’’
“as a result of”, “on the other hand,” “if you look at” and
“as can be seen”. that occur in genres such as university
textbooks, academic essays, etc.
References
◦ Paltridge, B. 2012. Discourse Analysis, Second Edition. London: Bloomsbury
◦ Halliday, M. A. K., and Ruqaiya Hasan. Cohesion in English. Longman, 1976.
◦ Flowerdew J 2013 Discourse in English Language Education