Chapter 5

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Chapter 5
◆ Source Transformation

By KVL: By KCL:
Vs=iRs + v is=i + v/Rp
Vs/Rs=i + v/Rs Two circuits have
is=Vs/Rs the same terminal
is=i + v/Rp voltage and current
Rs=Rp
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Chapter 5
◆ Source Transformation

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Chapter 5
◆ Source Transformation
Example 1: Find the values of is and R in two circuits if they are
equivalent

R=10 Ω
is=12/R=1.2 A

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Chapter 5
◆ Source Transformation
Example 2: Find current i in circuit (a)

i=(5V-1.2V)/(5Ω+12Ω)=0.224A
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Chapter 5
◆ Superposition
Example1:(a) A circuit containing two independent sources. (b) The circuit after
the ideal ammeter has been replaced by the equivalent short circuit and a label
has been added to indicate the current measured by the ammeter im.

De-activate the current source De-activate the voltage source

im=i1+ i2=1.33 Α
i1=6/(3+6)=0.67 Α i2=[3/(3+6)]% 2=0.67 Α Department of Mechanical Engineering
Chapter 5
◆ Superposition
Example2: a) A circuit containing two independent sources. (b) The circuit after
the ideal voltmeter has been replaced by the equivalent open circuit and a label
has been added to indicate the voltage measured by the voltmeter vm.

With only the With only the

voltage source current source
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Chapter 5
◆ Superposition
Example3: (a) A circuit containing two independent sources. (b) The circuit after
the ideal ammeter has been replaced by the equivalent short circuit and a label has
been added to indicate the current measured by the ammeter im.

With only the With only the

voltage source current source
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Chapter 5
◆ Superposition
Example4: (a) A circuit containing two independent sources. (b) The circuit after
the ideal voltmeter has been replaced by the equivalent open circuit and a label
has been added to indicate the voltage measured by the voltmeter vm.

With only the With only the

current source voltage source
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Chapter 5
◆ Superposition
Example5:Find current i.

De-activate the current source De-activate the voltage source

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Chapter 5
◆ Superposition
Example5: Find current i.

For circuit (a): by KVL, we have For circuit (b): we use node voltage
analysis at node a
24-(3+2)i1-3i1=0 -i2 –7+ (va-3i2)/2=0
For 3Ω resistor, we have
Then i1=3 (A) -i2=va/3
Then i2=-7/4
i=i1 +i2 =1.25 (A)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Chapter 5
◆ Thévenin’s Theorem
(a) A circuit partitioned into two parts: circuit A and circuit B.
(b) Replacing circuit A by its Thévenin equivalent circuit.

A: Driving circuit
B: Load
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Chapter 5
◆ Thévenin’s Theorem
The Thévenin equivalent circuit involves three parameters:
(a) the open-circuit voltage, voc,
(b) the short-circuit current isc, and
(c) the Thévenin resistance, Rt.

voc=Rt isc
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Chapter 5
◆ Thévenin’s Theorem
(a) The Thévenin resistance, Rt,
(b) A method for measuring or calculating the Thévenin
resistance, Rt.

Rt=vt/it
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Chapter 5
◆ Thévenin’s Theorem
Example1: Find current i using
Thévenin’s Theorem

+
voc Rt=4+5//20=8Ω
-
20
Voc= % 50
20+5
=40 V

40
i= R+8
Steps for determining the Thévenin equivalent
circuit for the circuit left of the terminals Department of Mechanical Engineering
Chapter 5
◆ Thévenin’s Theorem
Example2: Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit for:

Keep in mind:
The Thévenin equivalent circuit involves
three parameters:
(a) the open-circuit voltage, voc,
(b) the short-circuit current isc, and voc=Rt isc
(c) the Thévenin resistance, Rt.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Chapter 5
◆ Thévenin’s Theorem
First, find Rt:

Circuit reduction by
de-activate all ideal
sources
Then find the
equivalent resistant

Rt =10//40 + 4=12Ω

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Chapter 5
◆ Thévenin’s Theorem
Then, find voc:
+

voc

-
Using Node voltage mothod to find vc, since 1-b
is open circuit, no voltage drop for 4Ω resistor,
voc= vc
vc -10 vc
+ + 2=0
10 40
Solve for vc

vc =-8V
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Chapter 5
◆ Thévenin’s Theorem
For circuit with dependent sources, we can not directly
obtain the Rt from simple circuit reduction.
The procedure to get Rt :
• Find open circuit voltage voc,
voc
• Find the short-circuit current isc, Rt =
isc
Example 3: Find the Thévenin’s equivalent circuit for the following circuit:

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Chapter 5
◆ Thévenin’s Theorem
First, find open circuit voltage Voc

Voc

For the left loop, apply KVL:

20-6i+2i-6i=0

i=2 (A)

Voc =6i=12 (V)

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Chapter 5
◆ Thévenin’s Theorem
Make a-b a short circuit, and find isc,

By mesh current method, we have

20-6i1+2i1-6(i1-i2)=0
i2 = isc=120/136 (A)
And -6(i2-i1)-10i2 =0
voc
Rt =
isc
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Chapter 5
◆ Thévenin’s Theorem
The Thévenin’s resistance is
voc 10
Rt = = =13.6 Ω
isc 120/136

The Thévenin’s equivalent circuit is

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Chapter 5
◆ Norton’s equivalent Circuit

(a) A circuit partitioned into two parts: circuit A and circuit B.

(b) Replacing circuit A by its Norton equivalent circuit.

Norton equivalent is simply the source transformation of the

Thévenin equivalent

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Chapter 5
◆ Norton’s equivalent Circuit

Example1: Find the Norton Equivalent Circuit for

Find Rn by replacing the

voltage source with a short
circuit

6x12
Rn = = 4 kΩ
6+12
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Chapter 5
◆ Norton’s equivalent Circuit

Find the short circuit current isc,

Apply KVL for the large

loop:

15-12000isc=0

isc=1.25mA
(Note: No current for the 6kΩ resistor
—it is shorted)

Rn =4000Ω
isc=1.25mA

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Chapter 5
◆ Norton’s equivalent Circuit

Example2: Find the Norton Equivalent Circuit for

First, find the open circuit voltage:

Apply KVL for the close loop: voc

12+6ia-2ia=0

ia=-3(A) voc=2ia=-6(V)
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Chapter 5
◆ Norton’s equivalent Circuit

Then, find the short circuit current:

isc
Apply KVL for the left loop:
12+6ia-2ia=0
ia=-3(A)
2ia
isc= =-2 (A)
3
voc -6 V =3Ω
Rt = = -2 A
isc

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Chapter 5
◆ Maximum Power Transfer

For a circuit A and load resistor RL

The Thévenin equivalent is

Circuit A contains resistors
substituted for circuit A.
and independent and
Here we use vs for the
dependent sources.
Thévenin source voltage.

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Chapter 5
◆ Maximum Power Transfer

It can be proved that when

Rt=RL
maximum power transferred from circuit A to the
load resistor, and the power is vs 2
Pmax=
4Rt

We can also use Norton’s

equivalent circuit to substitute
circuit A. Here we use is as the
Norton source current.
Again, the maximum power occurs at Rt=RL
and the maximum power is
Rt is2
Pmax=
4 Department of Mechanical Engineering
Chapter 5
◆ Maximum Power Transfer

Example: Find the Load RL that result in maximum

power delivered to the load. Also determine Pmax
First, we use the circuit (b) to obtain the
Thévenin equivalent circuit.

Find the open circuit voltage voc. Apply

KVL to the close loop:
voc
6-6i+2vab-4i=0

And vab=4i

i=3A
voc= vab= 12 (V)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Chapter 5
◆ Maximum Power Transfer

Find the short circuit current for circuit (c), isc.

Since ab is short, vab=0.

Apply KVL to the close loop:

6-6isc+2vab=0

isc=1 (A)
Find the equivalent resistance:
voc
Rt = =12 Ω
isc
voc2 122
RL=Rt=12 Ω Pmax= = 4(12) =3 W
4Rt
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