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Roject FUNDA: Let's Make Engineering More Easy
Roject FUNDA: Let's Make Engineering More Easy
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PROJECTIONS OF PLANES
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PROJECTIONS OF PLANES
1.Inclination of it’s SURFACE with one of the reference planes will be given.
2. Inclination of one of it’s EDGES with other reference plane will be given
(Hence this will be a case of an object inclined to both reference Planes.)
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CASE OF A RECTANGLE – OBSERVE AND NOTE ALL STEPS.
For T.V.
For Tv
For T.V.
FV-1 FV-2
FV-3
For Fo
For Fv r
F.V F.V
. .
-1
TV
3
-2
T V-
TV
a’ d’ a1’ b1’
b’ c’
d1
a d a1 d1
c1
b c b1 c1 a1
HP A HP engineering108.com B HP b1 C
PROCEDURE OF SOLVING THE PROBLEM:
Now Complete STEP 3. By making side inclined to the resp plane & project it’s other view.
(Ref. 3nd pair C on previous page illustration )
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Problem 1: Read problem and answer following questions
Rectangle 30mm and 50mm 1. Surface inclined to which plane? ------- HP
sides is resting on HP on one 2. Assumption for initial position? ------// to HP
small side which is 300 inclined 3. So which view will show True shape? --- TV
to VP, while the surface of the 4. Which side will be vertical? ---One small side.
plane makes 450 inclination with Hence begin with TV, draw rectangle below X-Y
HP. Draw it’s projections. drawing one small side vertical.
a’b’ c’d’
a’ b’ 450 b’1 a’1 Y
X 300
a a1 d1
a1
d Side
Inclined
to Vp
b1
b c b1 c1
d1
c1
engineering108.com
Problem 2: Read problem and answer following questions
A 300 – 600 set square of longest side 1 .Surface inclined to which plane? ------- VP
100 mm long, is in VP and 300 inclined 2. Assumption for initial position? ------// to VP
to HP while it’s surface is 450 inclined 3. So which view will show True shape? --- FV
to VP.Draw it’s projections 4. Which side will be vertical? ------longest side.
c’ c’1
side inclined to Hp
c’1
a’1
b’1
b’1
b’
300
X a
b 450 a1 b1 Y
a c
b c1
c
Surface // to Vp Surface inclined to Vp
engineering108.com
Problem 3: Read problem and answer following questions
A 300 – 600 set square of longest side 1 .Surface inclined to which plane? ------- VP
100 mm long is in VP and it’s surface 2. Assumption for initial position? ------// to VP
450 inclined to VP. One end of longest 3. So which view will show True shape? --- FV
side is 10 mm and other end is 35 mm 4. Which side will be vertical? ------longest side.
above HP. Draw it’s projections
Hence begin with FV, draw triangle above X-Y
(Surface inclination directly given.
keeping longest side vertical.
Side inclination indirectly given)
a’1
35
b’1
b’1
b’
X 10 Y
a a1
b 450 b1
a c
b c1
c
engineering108.com
Problem 4: Read problem and answer following questions
A regular pentagon of 30 mm sides is 1. Surface inclined to which plane? ------- HP
resting on HP on one of it’s sides with it’s 2. Assumption for initial position? ------ // to HP
surface 450 inclined to HP. 3. So which view will show True shape? --- TV
Draw it’s projections when the side in HP 4. Which side will be vertical? -------- any side.
makes 300 angle with VP Hence begin with TV,draw pentagon below
SURFACE AND SIDE INCLINATIONS X-Y line, taking one side vertical.
ARE DIRECTLY GIVEN.
d’ d’1
c’e’
e’1 c’1
b’ a’
X b’ a’ c’e’ d’ 450 b’1 Y
a’1
a1
e e1 300
e1
a a1 b1
d1
d
d1 c1
b b1
c c1
engineering108.com
Problem 5: Read problem and answer following questions
A regular pentagon of 30 mm sides is resting 1. Surface inclined to which plane? ------- HP
on HP on one of it’s sides while it’s opposite 2. Assumption for initial position? ------ // to HP
vertex (corner) is 30 mm above HP. 3. So which view will show True shape? --- TV
Draw projections when side in HP is 300 4. Which side will be vertical? --------any side.
inclined to VP. Hence begin with TV,draw pentagon below
SURFACE INCLINATION INDIRECTLY GIVEN
X-Y line, taking one side vertical.
SIDE INCLINATION DIRECTLY GIVEN:
c c1
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c’ c’1
d’ b’1
Problem : A circle of 50 mm diameter is a’ b’ d’ c’ b’
resting on Hp on end A of it’s diameter AC a’ 300 a’1 d’1 Y
X
which is 300 inclined to Hp while it’s Tv d1
450
a
d d
is 450 inclined to Vp.Draw it’s projections. 1 1
a ca c1
1
b c
Read problem and answer following questions 1 1
b b1
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Read problem and answer following questions
Problem 10: End A of diameter AB of a circle is in HP 1. Surface inclined to which plane? ------- HP
A nd end B is in VP.Diameter AB, 50 mm long is 2. Assumption for initial position? ------ // to HP
300 & 600 inclined to HP & VP respectively. 3. So which view will show True shape? --- TV
Draw projections of circle. 4. Which diameter horizontal? ---------- AB
Hence begin with TV,draw CIRCLE below
X-Y line, taking DIA. AB // to X-Y
300
X Y
600
SOLVE SEPARATELY
ON DRAWING SHEET
TL GIVING NAMES TO VARIOUS
POINTS AS USUAL,
AS THE CASE IS IMPORTANT
engineering108.com
Problem 11: Read problem and answer following questions
A hexagonal lamina has its one side in HP and 1. Surface inclined to which plane? ------- HP
Its apposite parallel side is 25mm above Hp and 2. Assumption for initial position? ------ // to HP
In Vp. Draw it’s projections.
Take side of hexagon 30 mm long.
3. So which view will show True shape? --- TV
4. Which diameter horizontal? ---------- AC
Hence begin with TV,draw rhombus below
X-Y line, taking longer diagonal // to X-Y
ONLY CHANGE is the manner in which surface inclination
is described:
One side on Hp & it’s opposite side 25 mm above Hp.
Hence redraw 1st Fv as a 2nd Fv making above arrangement.
Keep a’b’ on xy & d’e’ 25 mm above xy.
e’ e’1 d’1
d’
f’
25 c’ f’1 c1’
X a’b’ c’ f’ d’e’ b’ a’1 b’1 Y
a’ e1 d1
f f1
f1 c1
a e a1 e1
a1 b1
As 3rd step
b d b1 d1
redraw 2nd Tv keeping
c c1 side DE on xy line.
Because it is in VP
as said in problem.
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FREELY SUSPENDED CASES.
IMPORTANT POINTS
1.In this case the plane of the figure always remains perpendicular to Hp.
Problem 12: 2.It may remain parallel or inclined to Vp.
An isosceles triangle of 40 mm long 3.Hence TV in this case will be always a LINE view.
base side, 60 mm long altitude Is 4.Assuming surface // to Vp, draw true shape in suspended position as FV.
freely suspended from one corner of (Here keep line joining point of contact & centroid of fig. vertical )
Base side.It’s plane is 450 inclined to 5.Always begin with FV as a True Shape but in a suspended position.
Vp. Draw it’s projections. AS shown in 1st FV.
a’1
a’
C
b’1
b’ g’ g’1
H
G c’ c’1
H/3
X Y
A B b
a,
b a,g c g 450
First draw a given triangle
With given dimensions, c
Locate it’s centroid position
And
join it with point of suspension.
engineering108.com
IMPORTANT POINTS
Problem 13 1.In this case the plane of the figure always remains perpendicular to Hp.
:A semicircle of 100 mm diameter 2.It may remain parallel or inclined to Vp.
is suspended from a point on its 3.Hence TV in this case will be always a LINE view.
straight edge 30 mm from the midpoint 4.Assuming surface // to Vp, draw true shape in suspended position as FV.
of that edge so that the surface makes (Here keep line joining point of contact & centroid of fig. vertical )
an angle of 450 with VP. 5.Always begin with FV as a True Shape but in a suspended position.
Draw its projections. AS shown in 1st FV.
A
a’
20 mm
p’
P
G b’
CG g’
c’
e’
d’
X Y
0.414R
b
c
First draw a given semicircle
a
With given diameter,
b c a p,g d e
p,
Locate it’s centroid position
g
And
d
join it with point of suspension.
engineering108.com
e
To determine true shape of plane figure when it’s projections are given.
BY USING AUXILIARY PLANE METHOD
WHAT WILL BE THE PROBLEM?
Description of final Fv & Tv will be given.
You are supposed to determine true shape of that plane figure.
NOW FINAL VIEWS ARE ALWAYS SOME SHAPE, NOT LINE VIEWS:
SO APPLYING ABOVE METHOD: Study Next
WE FIRST CONVERT ONE VIEW IN INCLINED LINE VIEW .(By using x1y1 aux.plane) Four Cases
THEN BY MAKING IT // TO X2-Y2 engineering108.com
WE GET TRUE SHAPE.
Problem 14 Tv is a triangle abc. Ab is 50 mm long, angle cab is 300 and angle cba is 650.
a’b’c’ is a Fv. a’ is 25 mm, b’ is 40 mm and c’ is 10 mm above Hp respectively. Draw projections
of that figure and find it’s true shape.
s per the procedure-
irst draw Fv & Tv as per the data.
n Tv line ab is // to xy hence it’s other view a’b’ is TL. So draw x 1y1 perpendicular to it.
roject view on x1y1.
a) First draw projectors from a’b’ & c’ on x1y1.
b) from xy take distances of a,b & c( Tv) mark on these projectors from x 1y1. Name points a1b1 & c1.
c) This line view is an Aux.Tv. Draw x2y2 // to this line view and project Aux. Fv on it.
for that from x1y1 take distances of a’b’ & c’ and mark from x 2y= on new projectors.
Name points a’1 b’1 & c’1 and join them.
Y1 This will be the required true shape.
a1b1 Y2
900
b’ b’1
15 TL
a’
15
C1
10 C’ X1
X X2 a’1
Y
c c’1 TRUE SHAPE
engineering108.com
Problem 17 : Draw a regular pentagon of
30 mm sides with one side 300 inclined to xy.
This figure is Tv of some plane whose Fv is
A line 450 inclined to xy. TR
U E
Determine it’s true shape. b1 SH
AP
a1 E
c1
IN THIS CASE ALSO TRUE LENGTH
IS NOT AVAILABLE IN ANY VIEW. X1
d
ALWAYS FOR NEW FV a
TAKE DISTANCES OF
PREVIOUS FV AND FOR
NEW TV, DISTANCES OF
PREVIOUS TV c
b
REMEMBER!!
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