You are on page 1of 49

10/21/2014

Neural Mobility:
Examination & Intervention
Strategies
An Overview

Mark W Butler, PT, DPT, OCS, Cert. MDT

Objectives
ƒ Review current state of evidence
ƒ Review neuropathic pain and neural 
sensitivity
ƒ Identify patients with neural sensitivity
ƒ Quantify restricted neural mobility
ƒ Understand basic treatment principles to treat 
patients with restricted neural dynamics

J Man Manipulative Ther. 2008;16(1):8‐22 

1
10/21/2014

How Effective is Neural Mobilization?
ƒ Ten RCT’s reviewed

ƒ Different methods used for each

ƒ Different neurodynamic dysfunctions for each

ƒ No standardization for assessment or treatment

ƒ All utilized tensioning techniques

Conclusion
ƒ Limited evidence to support neural 
mobilization

ƒ Justification for treatment based on anatomy, 
ifi i f b d
physiology, clinical trials, anecdotal evidence

Recommendations for Future Studies

ƒ Need to classify into homogeneous 
subcategories

ƒ Need to standardize treatment and 
assessment techniques

ƒ Then proceed with clinical research

2
10/21/2014

Ideal Conditions for Nerve Health
• Space

• Movement

• Limited 
sustained 
tension

Brief Review of Nerve Anatomy & 
Physiology 
• Connective Tissue

• Vasa Nervorum
V N

• Axonal Transport

• Nervi Nervorum

Connective Tissue Layers
• Endoneurium

• Perineurium

• Epineurium

• Mesoneurium

3
10/21/2014

Endoneurium
• Separates 
individual 
axons

• Highly elastic

Perineurium
• Surrounds 
fascicles

• Contributes
Contributes most 
most
to nerve’s tensile 
strength

• Collagen based

Epineurium
• Internal

– Adipose

– Loose 
connective 
tissue

4
10/21/2014

Epineurium
• External

– Collagen 
based

Mesoneurium
• Loose 
connective 
tissue

• Facilitates 
gliding

5
10/21/2014

Potential for Nerve Injury
• Nerve passes through several tight anatomic 
compartments along nerve bed
– Conflict between free space and contents
• Diminished compartment aperture
• Increased volume of contents

• Result → restricted gliding between tissues in 
the compartment, interrupted nerve 
physiology & impaired blood supply

Pop Quiz
Pop Quiz

6
10/21/2014

Video Quiz
This individual is stamping his foot and moving 
in this manner because:
A. Of the toilet tissue stuck on his shoe
B. The edge of the toilet seat cut off the blood 
supply to the sciatic nerve and his leg has gone 
to “sleep”
C. The toilet seat interrupted the axonal transport 
system of the sciatic nerve and his leg has gone 
to “sleep”
D. All of the above 

Vasa Nervorum

Axonal Transport
• Uninterrupted axonal transport is
necessary for neuron health
• Activity affects intra-cellular motility

7
10/21/2014

Axonal Transport
• Antegrade flow
ƒ Fast
• 400 mm / day
ƒ Slow
• 1 – 6 mm / day

• Retrograde flow
ƒ 200 mm / day

Axonal Transport Vehicle

Goldstein AYN, et al.  Axonal transport and the delivery of presynaptic components.  Curr Opin Neurobiol.  2008;18;495‐503

Kinesin & Dynein Motor Protein

Encalada SE, et al.  Stable kinesin and dynein assemblies drive the axonal transport of mammalian prion protein vesicles.  Cell.  2011;144:551‐65

8
10/21/2014

Video Quiz
This individual is stamping their foot and moving 
in this manner because:
A. Of the toilet tissue stuck on their shoe
B. The edge of the toilet seat cut off the blood 
g
supply to the sciatic nerve and their leg has gone 
to “sleep”
C. The toilet seat interrupted the axonal transport 
system of the sciatic nerve and their leg has gone 
to “sleep”
D. All of the above 

Inflammation & Axonal Transport

Inflammation

Axonal
Transport

9
10/21/2014

Nerve’s Response to Injury

• Mild focal compression


– Injury to Schwann cell
– Demyelination results

Nerve’s Response to Injury

• Mild focal compression


– Injury to Schwann cell
– Demyelination results

• More severe trauma


– Degeneration of the distal axon
– Reactive changes to the nerve cell body
– Wallerian degeneration
– Potential for axonal death

Seddon’s Classification

• Published in 1943

• 3 stages of injury

• Useful in predicting outcome and


formulating treatment

10
10/21/2014

Neuropraxia
• Segmental reduction or block of
conduction
• Axonal continuity preserved – no wallerian
degeneration
• Nerve conduction preserved distal and
proximal to the lesion
• Full recovery

Axonotmesis

• Axonal damage with preservation of


endoneurium

• Distal wallerian degeneration occurs

• Endoneurial tubes guide re-growth of axon

Neurotmesis

• Most severe of nerve injuries

• Connective tissue components of nerve


damaged or transected

• Recovery cannot occur through axonal


regeneration alone

• Surgical intervention required

11
10/21/2014

Sunderland’s Classification
• Published in 1951

• 5 grades of nerve injury

• Neurpraxia = Grade I

• Axonotmesis = Grade II

• Neurotmesis = Grades III, IV, V

Grade III Injuries


• Damage to the nerve Endoneurial tube
– Axon
– Endoneurium

• Perineurium preserved

• Results in intrafascicular scarring

Grade IV Injuries
• Damage to the nerve fasciculi
– Axon
– Endoneurium
– Perineurium

• Epineurium preserved

• Results in intraneural scarring

12
10/21/2014

Grade V Injuries
• Neurotmesis injury
• Nerve trunk divided
• Surgical repair

Injury Without Axonal Degeneration
• The nerve to the 
nerve
• Consists of C and 
Aδ fibers
• Protective and 
pro‐inflammatory 
function

EMG and NCV Testing
• Of value in detecting large diameter motor 
and Aβ sensory nerve injury
• Of no value in detecting small diameter nerve 
injury
j y
– Aδ fibers
– C fibers
– Nervi Nervorum

(Greening,2006; Wilbourn, 2003)

13
10/21/2014

How do we identify these patients

Neural Sensitization
• Very often occurs without axonal damage (Dilley 
et al, 2005; Schmid et al, 2013 )
• Conduction velocities maintained
• Involves sensitization of of Aδ and C fibers of the 
nervi nervorum & nerve (Bove et al, 2003)
• Sensitized nerve fibers respond to pressure and 
stretch (Dilley et al, 2005)
– Pressure responding fibers > stretch responders by 
50%
– Stretch responders needed as little as 3% elongation

Mechanism of Occurrence
• Inflammation in and around the nerve (Dilley et 
al, 2005; Bove, 2009)

• Interruption of axonal transport (Dilley & Bove, 
p p ( y ,
2008, Dilley et al, 2013)

• Mechanical stress of stretch and/or 
compression       Neuropraxia

14
10/21/2014

Summary
• Vast number of nerve injuries not detected via 
EMG/NCV
• Neural sensitization involves injury to small 
diameter Aδ and C fibers of the nerve and
diameter Aδ and C fibers of the nerve and 
nervi nervorum
• Occurs through inflammation and interruption 
of axonal transport system
• Detected via palpation and stretch on clinical 
exam

Case Study

15
10/21/2014

Case Study
• 42 y.o. hunter fell while walking in woods

• Axilla impaled by dead tree branch

• Presented to ED with branch spike in situ

• Removed by surgeon, wound explored, closed

• Presented to PT 3 weeks later with c/o 
restricted elbow extension

16
10/21/2014

Motion ‐ Gliding

Coppeiters MW, et al. Different nerve‐gliding exercises induce different magnitudes of median nerve longitudinal 
excursion…  J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39(3):164‐71.

Tensioning

Coppeiters MW, et al. Different nerve‐gliding exercises induce different magnitudes of median nerve longitudinal 
excursion…  J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39(3):164‐71.

Gliding = Flossing = Sliding

Coppeiters MW, et al. Different nerve‐gliding exercises induce different magnitudes of median nerve longitudinal 
excursion…  J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39(3):164‐71.

17
10/21/2014

UE Neural Mobility Testing


• Based on work by R.L. Elvey (1997) and D.S.
Butler (2000)

• Kleinrensink et al (2000) demonstrated stressing


of the brachial plexus with the ULNT 1 test

• Technique should be standardized

• Use of grading scales recommended by M.W.


Butler (2014)

• Test carried out in sequence to onset or change


of patient’s symptoms

18
10/21/2014

The Brachial Plexus Biasing 
Neurodynamic Test
ULTT 1, ULNT 1
or
BPNT

BPNT 0/5
• Shoulder in IR
• Elbow at 90°
• Arm across 
stomach
• Wrist and fingers in 
neutral 

BPNT 1/5

• Shoulder ER to neutral

• Elbow at 90°

• Wrist and fingers in 
neutral

19
10/21/2014

BPNT 2/5
• Shoulder in ~ 100°
of abduction
• Elbow at 90°
• Neutral rotation
Neutral rotation
• Wrist and fingers in 
neutral
• Thumb in radial 
abduction – align 
with humerus

BPNT 3/5
• Shoulder in ~ 100° of 
abduction, 90° ER

• Elbow at 90°

• Forearm in 
supination

• Fingers in neutral

• Thumb in radial 
abduction

BPNT 4/5
• Shoulder in ~100°
of abduction, 90°
ER
• Elbow at 0°
• Forearm in 
supination
• Fingers in neutral
• Thumb in radial 
abduction

20
10/21/2014

BPNT 5/5
• Shoulder in ~ 100°
of abduction, 90°
ER
• Elbow at 0°
• Forearm 
supination
• Wrist extension
• Fingers in neutral
• Thumb in radial 
abduction

BPNT

Important points
• DO NOT DEPRESS THE SHOULDER – only block 
elevation
• Do not drop the shoulder into extension or 
bring it into flexion during testing
bring it into flexion during testing
• Change to ‘gangsta’ grip at 45° shoulder 
position between 1/5 and 2/5
• Pause at each of the above steps to check 
your patient’s status before moving to the 
next step

21
10/21/2014

• Test data points:
– S1 = onset or change of patient’s symptoms
– S2 = definite stop point in the test based on 
patient’s discomfort level
– Motion available between S1 & S2 = the 
treatment zone
treatment zone
• Add (+) if beyond a grade level, but less than 
halfway to the next level i.e. 3+/5
• Use the next level with a (‐) if over halfway to 
that level i.e. 4‐/5

Recognition Reliability BPNT
• Data collected between March to October
2104

• Collected in Austin, Chicago, Philadelphia,


a a, a
Atlanta, and
d Kansas
a sas C City
y

• Video of 7 different test positions graded

• PT’s, PTA’s, OT’s, COTA’s, ATC’s, CHT’s,


PA’s; N = 223

• Intertester Reliability = 0.9007 or 90%

The Median Nerve Biasing 
Neurodynamic Test
ULTT 2A, ULNT2A
or
MNT

22
10/21/2014

MNT 0/5
• Stand at your patient’s 
head with them laying 
diagonally, their 
shoulder just off the 
table

• Shoulder in IR

• Elbow at 90°

• Wrist & fingers neutral

MNT 1/5
• Depress the shoulder 1” 
with your hip

• Shoulder ER to neutral

• Shoulder abduction to 
45°

• Wrist and fingers 
relaxed‐neutral

MNT 2/5
• Externally rotate the 
patient’s shoulder to 90°

• Elbow maintained at 90°

• Wrist and fingers in 
relaxed‐neutral

23
10/21/2014

MNT 3/5
• Elbow Extension

• Forearm neutral

• Wrist and fingers 
relaxed‐neutral

MNT 4/5
• Shoulder in ER

• Forearm supination

• Elbow extended

• Wrist & fingers in 
relaxed‐neutral

MNT 5/5
• Extend the patient’s 
wrist with focus on the 
thumb through ring 
fingers.

• The thumb in radial 
abduction

24
10/21/2014

MNT

The Radial Nerve Biasing 
Neurodynamic Test
ULTT 2B, ULNT 2B
or
RNT

RNT 0/5
• Stand at your patient’s 
head with them laying 
diagonally, their 
shoulder just off the 
table

• Shoulder in IR

• Elbow at 90°

• Wrist & fingers neutral

25
10/21/2014

RNT 1/5
• Depress the shoulder 1” 
with your hip

• Shoulder ER to neutral

• Shoulder abduction to 
45°

• Wrist and fingers 
relaxed‐neutral

RNT 2/5
• Internally rotate the 
patient’s shoulder

• Elbow maintained at 
90°

• Wrist and fingers in 
relaxed‐neutral

RNT 3/5
• Elbow Extension

• Forearm neutral

• Wrist and fingers 
relaxed‐neutral

• Shoulder maintained in 
IR

26
10/21/2014

RNT 4/5
• Shoulder in IR

• Forearm pronated

• Elbow extended

• Wrist & fingers in 
relaxed‐neutral

RNT 5/5
• Wrist and finger 
flexion with ulnar 
deviation

RNT

27
10/21/2014

Important Points for MNT & RNT
• Prevent patient from laterally flexing their neck 
away from the side being tested
• Depress your patient’s shoulder ~ 1 inch, watching 
their face for signs of discomfort before continuing 
on with the test
• Keep the patient’s arm in line with the axillary 
midline
• Pause at each step to check your patient’s status 
before continuing on with the test
• Once symptoms occur or intensify, there is no 
reason to continue with the test

The Ulnar Nerve Biasing 
Neurodynamic Test
ULTT 3, ULNT 3
or
UNT

UNT 0/5
• Start standing below 
the patient’s shoulder
• Shoulder in IR
• Elbow at 90°
• Arm across stomach
• Wrist and fingers in 
neutral 

28
10/21/2014

UNT 1/5

• Shoulder ER to 
neutral

• Shoulder
Shoulder abduction 
abduction
to 45°

• Free hand blocks 
shoulder elevation

UNT 2/5
• Externally rotate the 
shoulder to 90°

• Maintain stabilizing 
g
hand on shoulder to 
block elevation

UNT 3/5
• Prevent shoulder hiking 
with firm counter 
pressure using your 
shoulder stabilizing 
hand

• Abduct the patient’s 
shoulder to 110°

29
10/21/2014

UNT 4/5
• Pronate the patient’s 
forearm

• Extend the wrist, ring 
and small finger
d ll fi

• Maintain firm counter 
pressure with you 
shoulder stabilizing 
hand

UNT 5/5
• Flex the patient’s elbow, 
bringing their hand to 
the side of their face

• M
Maintain stabilizing 
i i bili i
force on the shoulder, 
wrist, and fingers 

UNT

30
10/21/2014

LE Neural Mobility Testing
The SLR
• Described in 1880 by a Serbian physician Laza
Lazarevic to detect back pain via tension on the
sciatic nerve

• Used to detect herniated lumbar discs


– Cochrane Review estimated a sensitivity of 92% and a
specificity of 28% (van der Windt et al, 2010)

• Modifications allow for nerve biasing and tissue


differentiation

The SLR

31
10/21/2014

SLR – Tibial Nerve Bias

SLR Fibular Nerve Bias

SLR
Hamstring vs. Neural Pattern

32
10/21/2014

Hamstrings Schematic

Increases origin‐
insertion distance

Decreases origin‐insertion 
distance

Sciatic Nerve Schematic

Imparts windlass effect 
on the nerve around the 
ischial tuberosity  

Hamstring Pattern

33
10/21/2014

Neural Pattern

Relief Discomfort

Piriformis Syndrome
• External rotator at 
neutral
• By 60° SLR has become 
an internal rotator
an internal rotator
• Piriformis/sciatic nerve 
anomalies exist in ~ 10% 
of the population 
(Kosukegawa et al, 2006)

Normal vs. Piriformis Pattern

Normal Piriformis

34
10/21/2014

Treatment

Initial Treatment Objectives

• Patient education of problem


• Instruct in diaphragmatic breathing
• Establish Home Exercise Program
• Link posture to recovery
• Teach stable sleeping position

35
10/21/2014

Diaphragmatic Breathing

• Seated and supine


• Hand position for
feedback

Home Exercise Program

• Posture Correction
• Proximal Glides
• Tray Nerve Glides
• Functional Box

Posture
• Most important aspect of treatment
• Patient’s inability to achieve proper
posture with comfort predicts treatment
failure
• Goal is to help patient achieve habitual
proper resting posture

36
10/21/2014

Posture Correction with Proximal


Gliding

Posture Correction with Proximal


Gliding - The “D”

Lift Sternum D
D

The Tray

37
10/21/2014

The Tray

Median/Ulnar Glide

Radial Glide

38
10/21/2014

The Box

Sleeping Position

Ongoing Treatment Objectives

• Maximize space along the nerve bed

• Maximize tolerance to nerve bed length


changes (restore neural mobility)

• Minimize sustained adverse tension on


neural tissue

39
10/21/2014

Cervical Mobilization
Scalene Stretch

Pectoralis Minor Doorway Stretch

Kinematics - The Scapular Clock

12:00 1:00 2:00

40
10/21/2014

Scapular Clock Shrugs

HEP Progression
the
‘Vanna White’ or ‘Spiderman’

The Vanna White / Spiderman

41
10/21/2014

Slump Glides

Slump Glides

Plexus Glide

42
10/21/2014

Therapist Intervention

• Plexus mobilization - glides and


stretches
• Scalene mobilization
• Pectoralis minor lift / mobilization

Flossing

Sciatic Ankle Pumps

43
10/21/2014

Mobilizing the Plexus


‘Tensioning’

Proximal Plexus:
Lateral Cervical Glides

IVF Opening with Nerve Glide

44
10/21/2014

IVF Opening with Nerve Glide

Proximal Plexus:
Scalene Mobilization

Distal Plexus:
Pectoralis Minor Lift + Stretch

45
10/21/2014

Distal Plexus:
Pectoralis Minor Lift + Glide

Strengthening
Lower / Middle / Upper Traps

Strengthening
Serratus Anterior

46
10/21/2014

Serratus Press-Ups

Advanced Scapular Stabilizaton

Important Treatment Points


• Postural symmetry and awareness – reduce
sustained tension on neural tissue
• Neural mobility
• Breathing
B thi patterns
tt
• Symptom “quiet point” for rest and sleep
• Tolerance to exercise
• Manual Interventions to enhance mobility and
create space - decompress

47
10/21/2014

Questions?

Thank You

References
1. Bove GM, Focal nerve inflammation induces neuronal signs consistent with 
symptoms of complex regional pain syndromes. Exp Neurol.
2009;219(1):223‐7.
2. Bove GM, Ransil BJ, Lin HG, Leem JG.  Inflammation induces ectopic 
mechanical sensitivity in axons of nociceptors innervating deep tissues.  J 
Neurophyisol. 2003;90:1949‐55.
3. Butler MB, Common shoulder diagnoses.  In Cooper C, editor: Fundamentals 
of hand therapy 2nd ed., St. Louis, Mosby Elsevier, 2014.
of hand therapy 2 ed St Louis Mosby Elsevier 2014
4. Butler DS, The Sensitive Nervous System. Noigroup Publications, Adelaide, 
Australia, 2000.
5. Coppeiters MW, Hough AD, Dilley A. Different nerve‐gliding exercises induce 
different magnitudes of median nerve longitudinal excursion: an in vivo 
study using dynamic ultrasound imaging. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther
2009;39(3):164‐171. 
6. Dilley A, Bove GM.  Disruption of Axoplasmic transport induces mechanical 
sensitivity in intact rat C‐fibre nociceptor axons. J Physio. 2008;586(2):593‐
604.

48
10/21/2014

7. Dilley A, Lynn B, Pang SJ.  Pressure and stretch mechanosensitivity of 
peripheral nerve fibres following local inflammation of the nerve trunk.  Pain
2005;117:462‐472.
8. Dilley A, Richards N, Pulman KG, Bove GM.  Disruption of fast axonal 
transport in the rat induces behavioral changes consistent with neuropathic 
pain.  J Pain 2013;14(11):1437‐49.
9. Elvey R, Physical evaluation of the peripheral nervous system in disorders of 
pain and dysfunction, J Hand Ther 10:122, 1997.
10. Greening J.  Clinical implications for clinicians treating patients with non‐
specific arm pain, whiplash and carpal tunnel syndrome.  Man Ther.  
p p , p p y
2006;11:171‐2.
11. Greening J, Dilley A, Lynn B.  In vivo study of nerve movement and 
mechanosensitivity of the median nerve in whiplash and non‐specific arm 
pain patients.  Pain 2005;115:248‐53.
12. Goldstein AYN, Wang X, Schwartz TL. Axonal transport and the delivery of 
presynaptic components.  Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2008;18;495‐503.
13. Kleinrensink GJ, Stoeckart R, et al, Upper limb tension tests as tools in the 
diagnosis of nerve and plexus lesions.  Anatomical and biomechanical 
aspects.  Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon), 15 (1):  9‐14, January, 2000.

14. Kosukegawa I, Yoshimoto M, Isogai S, et al.  Piriformis syndrome resulting 


from a rare anatomic variation.  Spine 2006;39(18):E664‐6.
15. Schmid AB, Coppieters MW, et al.  Local and remote immune‐mediated 
inflammation after mild peripheral nerve compression in rats.  J Neuropathol
Exp Neurol. 2013;72(7):662‐80. 
16. van der Windt DA, Simons E, Riphagen II, et al. Physical examination for 
lumbar radiculopathy due to disc herniation in patients with low‐back pain.  
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;17(2):CD007431. 
17. Wilbourn, A.  The electordiagnostic
, g examination with peripheral nerve 
p p
injuries.  Clinics Plastic Surg. 2003;30:139‐54 

49

You might also like