REVIEW

• Bone
• Function of bone

• Classification of bone

• Parts of developing long bone

• Blood supply
• Nerve supply

• Bone marrow

• Ossification
 INTRODUCTION
• Joints and its types

• Stability of synovial joints

• Nervous system

• Central nervous system

• Peripheral nervous system

• Autonomic nervous system

• Structures related to muscles

 JOINTS
• A site where two or more bones come together

• Whether or not movement occurs between them is

called a joint

• Joints are classified according to the tissue that lie

between the bones

 TYPES OF JOINTS

• Fibrous joint

• Cartilaginous joint

• Synovial joint
 FIBROUS JOINT

• Fibrous joints are connected by dense connective

tissue

• Consist mainly of collagen

• These are fixed joints where bones are united by a

layer of white fibrous tissue of varying thickness

FIBROUS JOINT
 CARTILAGINOUS JOINT

• Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely

by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline)

• Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between

bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly

mobile synovial joint
 SYNOVIAL JOINT

• The articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer

of hyaline cartilage separated by a joint cavity

• The cavity of joint is lined by synovial membrane

• Which extends from margins of one articular surface to other

• The articular surface is protected on outside by a

capsule of the joint

• The articular surfaces of synovial joint are

lubricated by a viscous fluid called synovial fluid

 TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT

• Plane joint

• Hinge joint

• Pivot joint

• Ellipsoid joint

• Saddle joint

• Ball and socket joint

 STABILITY OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

The stability of a joint depends on three main

factors:
• The shape, size and arrangement of articular
surfaces
• The ligaments

• The tone of muscle around

 ARTICULAR SURFACES

• Bone shape plays an important role in joint

stability
• Ball and socket arrangement of shoulder joint
• Mortise arrangement of ankle joint
 LIGAMENTS

• A cord or band of connective tissue uniting

two structures

• Commonly found in association with joints

 TYPES OF LIGAMENTS

Ligaments are of two types

• Fibrous ligaments

• Elastic ligaments
NERVOUS SYSTEM
 NERVOUS SYSTEM

• It is responsible for transmitting and receiving

electrical and chemical signals within body

• It controls and integrate activities of different

parts of body
DIVISION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

• It integrates information, coordinates and influences

activity of, all parts of body

• CNS consist of large numbers of nerve cells and their

processes

• Supported by specialized tissue called neuroglia

 NEURON

• Neuron is a term given to nerve cell and its

processes

• The neuron has a cell body and two types of

processes, dendrites and axon

 CELL BODY
(Grey matter)

DENDRITE

NEURON Short process of

cell body

AXON
Longest process of cell
body
(white matter)
 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

• The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is part of

nervous system

• It consists of nerves and ganglia outside of

the brain and spinal cord
 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Main function of PNS is to connect CNS to limbs and

organs

• Serves as a communication relay going back and

forth between brain and extremities

 8 CERVICAL

12 THORACIC
SPINAL NERVES
(31 PAIRS)

PNS 5 LUMBAR

CRANIAL
NERVES 5 SACRAL
(12 PAIRS)

1 COCCYGEAL
 NERVOUS SYSTEM

It messages through

• Afferent neurons

• Efferent neurons

• Interneurons
 AFFERENT NEURON

• Neurons that send signals from peripheral

nervous system (arms and legs) to spinal cord

• And onto cerebral cortex also

 EFFERENT NEURON

• Neurons that send messages from cerebral

cortex  to muscles and various organs in body

• Achieve a desired response

 PLEXUSES

• Interconnection between spinal nerves

• When ventral rami of 2 or more then 2 spinal

nerves interconnect with each other they form

nerve plexus
 PLEXUS IN BODY

• Cervical plexuses

• Brachial plexuses

• Lumbar plexuses

• Sacral plexuses
 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

• The autonomic nervous system (ANS), also known as visceral

nervous system and involuntary nervous system

• It is part of nervous system that controls involuntary actions

• Beating of your heart

• Widening or narrowing of your blood vessels etc

STRUCTURES RELATED TO MUSCLE

• Tendon

• Aponeurosis

• Tendon-synovial sheaths

• Raphes
 TENDON

• Tough whitish cords

• Inextensible

• Varying in length and thickness

• Comprise of parallel fascicles bundles of collagen

fibers and tendon cells.

 POINT OF ATTACHMENT OF TENDON

• Endotendon: It blends with the periosteum

• Collagen fiber component: pass through cortical

bone
 FUNCTION OF TENDON

• Connect the muscles with bone and cartilages

• Move the parts of body

 APONEUROSIS

• White fibrous tissue

• Flattened and expanded sheets

• Supplied with blood vessels

• Parallel within and inclined in different directions

 TENDON-SYNOVIAL SHEATHS

• A synovial sheath is a tubular bursa surrounds

a tendon

• The tendon invaginates the bursa from one

side
 RAPHES

• A linear fibrous band

• Formed by interdigitation of the short

tendinous ends of muscle fibers

 SUMMARY

• Stability of synovial joints

• Nervous system

• Central nervous system

• Peripheral nervous system

• Autonomic nervous system

• Structures related to muscles

 SUMMARY AND
REVISION OF
GENERAL ANATOMY
 QUESTIONS

1. A cord or band of connective tissue uniting two

joints

a. Ligament
b. Raphe
c. Aponeurosis
 QUESTIONS

1. A cord or band of connective tissue uniting two

joints

a. Ligament
b. Raphe
c. Aponeurosis
 QUESTIONS
2. Interdigitation of the short tendinous ends of
muscle fibers is

a. Ligament

b. Raphe

c. Soft tissue

d. None
 QUESTIONS

2. Interdigitation of the short tendinous ends of

muscle fibers is

a. Ligament

b. Raphe

c. Soft tissue

d. None
 QUESTIONS

3. Nerve supply to viscera is through

a. Central nervous system

b. Peripheral nervous system

c. Autonomic nervous system

 QUESTIONS

3. Nerve supply to viscera is through

a. Central nervous system

b. Peripheral nervous system

c. Autonomic nervous system

 QUESTIONS
4. Tough whitish cord and inextensiblity are
characteristics of?

a. Raphe

b. Ligament

c. Tendon

d. Synovial tendon sheath

 QUESTIONS

4. Tough whitish cord and inextensiblity are

characteristics of?

a. Raphe

b. Ligament

c. Tendon

d. Synovial tendon sheath

 QUESTIONS

5. Neurons that send signals from peripheral

nervous system to spinal cord

a. Afferent neurons
b. Efferent neurons
 QUESTIONS

5. Neurons that send signals from peripheral

nervous system to spinal cord

a. Afferent neurons
b. Efferent neurons