CLASSIFICATION of BONES

• According to shape
1. long bones = length is greater than breadth
= consists of shaft (diaphysis) &
two extremities (epiphysis)
diaphysis = filled with yellow marrow
= cylindrical, large space or canal at the center
= periosteum
epiphysis = made up of cancellous tissue
e.g.: femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, radius, ulna, phalanges

Membranes: 1. periosteum
2. endosteum
CLASSIFICATION of BONES cont’n.

• According to shape
2. short bones = cuboidal in shape
= spongy bone with thin coat of compact bone
e.g.: carpals (wrist), tarsal (ankle) bones

3. flat bones = broad or elongated flat plates

= for protection & muscle attachments
composition: 2 thin layers of compact tse. enclosing
a thin layer of spongy bone
e.g.: bones of the skull, sternum, ribs, scapula
CLASSIFICATION of BONES cont’n.

• According to shape

4. Irregular bones = all other bones not assigned to

the previous groups

e.g.: vertebrae
pelvic bones
bones of the base of the skull
5. Sesamoid bone -- short bone embedded in a tendon e.g.:
patella
CLASSIFICATION of BONES cont’n.

• According to shape

6.Pneumatic bones- flat or irregular bones possessing a

hollow space with in their body, contains air.

e.g.: ethmoid
maxilla
mastoid part of temporal bone.
7. Accessory bones- (supernumerary) ununited epiphyses
developed from extra centres of ossification.

e.g.: Sutural bones

Os trigonum.
CLASSIFICATION of BONES cont’n.

• According to development
1. Membranous = starts as fibrous membrane,
calcium gradually deposited until structure
becomes ossified  intramembranous ossification

e.g.: bones of the skull, mandible

2. Cartilagenous = starts as cartilage, gradually ossified

enchondral or intracartilagenous ossification.

e.g.: long bones

2 Types of Bone

Compact bone

Spongy bone
CLASSIFICATION of BONES

• According to structure

1. compact = solid mass; dense & hard

= forms the outer layer of bone structure
= functional unit --- Haversian system

2. cancellous or spongy = contain spaces

filled with bone marrow
= incomplete Haversian system
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone

 Diaphysis
 Shaft

 Composed of
compact bone
 Epiphysis
 Ends of the bone

 Composed mostly of
spongy bone Figure 5.2a
Structures of a Long Bone
 Periosteum
 Outside covering of
the diaphysis
 Fibrous connective
tissue membrane
 Sharpey’s fibers
 Secure periosteum to
underlying bone
 Arteries
 Supply bone cells Figure 5.2c

with nutrients
Structures of a Long Bone

 Articular cartilage
 Covers the
external surface of
the epiphyses
 Made of hyaline
cartilage
 Decreases friction
at joint surfaces Figure 5.2a
Structures of a Long Bone

 Medullary cavity
 Cavity of the shaft

 Contains yellow
marrow (mostly fat)
in adults
 Contains red marrow
(for blood cell
formation) in infants Figure 5.2a
Composition of bone matrix
1) Inorganic salts: the hardness of bone result
from the deposition of high specialized
chemical crystal of calcium & phosphorous
called hydroxyapatite, the process called
calcification in addition to mg, Na, sulphate
and fluoride.
2) Organic substance: collagen fiber & mixture
protein and poly saccarids called ground
substance, provide support and adhesion
between cellular and fiberous.
 Chondroitin and glucosamine are required for
repair and maintenance of bone and cartilage.
Types of bone cells
1. Osteoblasts
 Bone-forming cells found in all
bone surfaces Bone-building
cells.
 Synthesize and secrete collagen
fibers and other organic
components of bone matrix.
 serve as a framework for the
deposition of calcium and
phosphate calcification

The blue arrows indicate

the osteoblasts. The
yellow arrows indicate the
bone matrix they’ve just
secreted. 18
Types of bone cells
2. Osteoclasts
 Giant multinucleate cells
 Responsible for the active
erosion of bone minerals
 Contain large numbers of
mitochondria and lysosomes

19
 Types of bone cells
3. Osteocytes—mature, nondividing osteoblast
surrounded by matrix, lying within lacunae

Ahmad ata 20
Bone Marrow
Specialized type of soft, diffuse connective tissue;
called myeloid tissue
Site for the production of blood cells
Found in medullary cavities of long bones and in the
spaces of spongy bone
Bone Marrow
Two types of marrow are present during a person’s
lifetime:
Red marrow
 Found in virtually all bones in an infant’s or child’s body
 Functions to produce red blood cells

Yellow marrow
 As an individual ages, red marrow is replaced by yellow marrow
 Marrow cells become saturated with fat and are no longer active
in blood cell production
Bone Marrow
The main bones in an adult that still contain red
marrow include the ribs, bodies of the vertebrae,
the humerus, the pelvis, and the femur
Yellow marrow can alter to red marrow during
times of decreased blood supply, such as with
anemia, exposure to radiation, and certain diseases
Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone
 Contains many cylinder-shaped
structural units called osteons, or
Haversian systems
 Four types of structures make up
each osteon:

 Lamella—concentric, cylinder-
shaped layers of calcified matrix
Lacunae—small spaces
containing tissue fluid in which
bone cells are located between
hard layers of the lamella

25
Microscopic Structure of
Compact Bone

Canaliculi—ultrasmall canals
radiating in all directions
from the lacunae and
connecting them to each
other and to the Haversian
canal
Haversian canal—extends
lengthwise through the center
of each osteon and contains
blood vessels and lymphatic
vessels

26
 Microscopic Structure of
Compact Bone

Ahmad ata 27
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
 Osteon (Haversian System)
 A unit of bone

 Central (Haversian) canal

 Opening in the center of an osteon

 Carries blood vessels and nerves

 Perforating (Volkman’s) canal

 Canal perpendicular to the central canal

 Carries blood vessels and nerves

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Figure 5.3