INGLÉS MÉDICO

MEDICAL ENGLISH

TEACHER: GEORGIA PACHECO TORREBLANCA M.Sc.

Sistema Nervioso – Nervous Systems
 Sistema Nervioso - Nervous System

This system is organized into two

main subdivisions:

• Central nervous system

• Brain and Spinal cord

• Peripheral nervous system

• Includes all nervous tissue
outside the CNS
• Somatic Nervous System
• Autonomic Nervous
System
FUNTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

1. Sensory function.

• Sensory receptors detect internal stimuli, such as a raindrop landing on your

arm.
• This sensory information is then carried into the brain and spinal cord through
cranial and spinal nerves.

2. Integrative function.

• The nervous system integrates (processes) sensory information by analyzing

and storing some of it and by making decisions for appropriate responses—an
activity called integration.

3. Motor function.

• Once sensory information is integrated, the nervous system may elicit an

appropriate motor response by activating effectors (muscles and glands)
through cranial and spinal nerves.
• Stimulation of the effectors causes muscles to contract and glands to secrete
NEURONS
• Neurons (nerve cells) possess electrical
excitability, the ability to respond to a
stimulus and convert it into an action
potential.
• A stimulus is any change in the environment
that is strong enough to initiate an action
potential.
• An action potential or impulse is an
electrical signal that propagates (travels)
along the surface of the membrane of a
neuron or a muscle fiber
CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS
SPINAL CORD STRUCTURE

• The spinal cord is protected by

the vertebral column,
meninges, and cerebrospinal
fluid. The meninges are three
connective tissue coverings of
the spinal cord and brain:

• Dura mater,
• Arachnoid mater,
• Pia mater
 • The 31 pairs of spinal nerves are named and
numbered according to the region and level of the
spinal cord from which they emerge.

Spinal
• There are:
• 8 pairs of cervical nerves
• 12 pairs of thoracic nerves

Nerve
• 5 pairs of lumbar nerves
• 5 pairs of sacral nerves
• 1 pair of coccygeal nerves.

s
• Branches of spinal nerves, except for T2 to T11, form
networks of nerves called plexuses. Nerves T2 to
T11 do not form plexuses and are called intercostal
nerves.
• The major plexuses are the cervical, brachial,
lumbar, and sacral plexuses.
BRAIN
The major parts of the brain are: the brain stem, diencephalon, cerebellum, and
cerebrum.
CRANIAL NERVES
1. Twelve pairs of cranial nerves emerge from the brain.
2. Like spinal nerves, cranial nerves are part of the PNS.
 Nervous System Diseases

The nervous system is vulnerable to various disorders. It can be damaged by the following:

Trauma
Infections
• Meningitis
• Encephalitis

Degeneration
• Parkinson disease
• Multiple sclerosis
• Alzheimer

Structural defects
• Guillain-Barré syndrome
Tumors
Vascular disorders
• Stroke
• Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Autoimmune disorders
SPECIALTIES RELATED TO THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM

• Anesthesia
• Neurology
• Psychology
• Psychiatry
 Sistema Óseo - Osseous System
AKA
Sistema Esquelético - Skeletal System
Sistema Óseo (Esquelético) - Osseous System or Skeletal System

The Skeletal System

Skeletal system includes:

 Bones of the skeleton

 Cartilages
 Ligaments
 Connective tissues
What are the functions of the skeletal
system?
TYPE OF BONES

On the basis of the shape

MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF BONE
Like other connective tissues, bone, or osseous tissue, contains abundant extracellular
matrix that surrounds widely separated cells. The extracellular matrix is about 25
percent water, 25  percent collagen fibers, and 50 percent crystallized mineral salts.

Four major types of cells are present in bone tissue:

 Osseous System Diseases

The skeletal system, which includes bones, ligaments, and cartilage, gives structure to the
body. The pathologies described below can occur when stress and aging affect the skeletal
system

Low bone density and osteoporosis, which make your bones weak
and more likely to break

Osteogenesis imperfecta makes your bones brittle

Paget's disease of bone makes them weak

Bones can also develop cancer and infections

Other bone diseases, which are caused by poor nutrition, genetics, or

problems with the rate of bone growth or rebuilding
SPECIALTIES RELATED TO THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM

• Orthopedic
• Rheumatologist
• Chiropracter
• Podiatrist