NEUROBIOLOGICAL

BASIS OF
BEHAVIOR

PREPARED BY:
RENZ YSMAEL
SHERWIN TANDANG
JOSE NATHANIEL VILLEGAS
 NEURONS/ NERVE  SPINAL CORD
CELLS  EFFECTORS
 NERVOUS (MUSCLES AND GLANDS)
SYSTEM ENDOCRINE GLANDS
 NEURAL FUCTIONING GENETICS
 BRAIN NEUROTRANSMITTERS
AND FUNCTIONS
DISEASES
DEFINITION OF SOME RELEVANT TERMS:

RESPONSE- REACTION OF THE BODY

IMPULSES- SIGNAL THAT TRAVELS ALONG THE LENGTH
OF A NERVE FIBER AND ENDS IN THE RELEASE OF
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
DENDRITES- A CELL BODY HAS THREADLIKE EXTENSIONS
CARRY IMPULSES TOWARD THE CELL BODY
AXON- CARRIES IMPULSES AWAY FROM THE CELL BODY
NERVE CELLS (NEURONS)
•BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
•CONTAINS NUCLEUS
•CONTAINS AXONS AND
DENDRITES
COMMON FEATURES OF NEURON
IRRABILITY- ABILITY OF THE NEURON TO
RESPOND TO STIMULATION
CONDUCTIVITY- ABILITY OF NERVES TO
RELAY IMPULSES OR STIMULATION FROM
ONE POINT IN THE BODY TO OTHER
POINTS
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
• CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE
PRODUCED BY THE AXOMS
THAT TRANSMITS MESSAGES
ACROSS THE SYNAPSE
MOST DISCOVERED NEUROTRANSMITTERS

1. ANONDOMIDE- (1990`S) AFFECTS

THE MEMORY, MOTOR
COORDINATION AND EMOTION
2. NITRICOXIDE- AFFECTS
AGGRESSION AND THE REGULATION
OF EMOTION
NERVOUS SYSTEM
 COMPLEX NETWORK OF
NERVES THAT CARRY
MESSAGE FROM BRAIN
AND SPINAL CORD
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

•INCLUDES THE BRAIN

AND THE SPINAL CORD
•DECISION MAKER
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYTEM

•INCLUDES ALL NERVES

CONNECTING TO THE BODY
AND DIVIDED INTO TWO;
SOMATIC AND AUTOMATIC
SOMATIC
•CONNECTS TO SENSORY
RECEPTORS AND
CONTROL SKELETAL
MUSCLES
AUTOMATIC
•CONTROLS
INVOLUNTARY BODILY
FUNCTIONS
NEURAL FUNCTIONING
1. STIMULUS STRIKES THE RECEPTORS
2. RECEPTOR STIMULATES THE DENDRITES OF A
SENSORY NEURON, MAKING NERVE IMPULSIVE
3. IMPULSES CROSSES THE SYNAPTIC
CONNECTION A JUNCTION AND STIMULATES
THE DENDRITES OF A CONNECTOR NEURON IN
THE SPINAL
4. IMPULSE PASSES ANOTHER SYNAPSE
FROM THE CONNECTOR NEURON TO THE
DENDRITES OF AN EFFICIENT OF OUTGOING
NUERON
5. THE IMPULSE PASSES ALONG THE
EFFERENT FIBER TO ITS ENDBRUSH
6. AN EFFECTOR TO THE MUSCLE OR GLANDS
RESULT TO REACTION
SYNAPTIC SUMMATION
•IMPULSE REACHING A SYNAPSE FROM A
SINGLE FIBER AND MAY NOT BRIDGE THE
SYNAPSE BUT TWO OR MORE IMPULSES
ARRIVING WITHIN A VERY BRIEF PERIOD
AND MAY CAUSE A RESPONSE
ALTERNATIVE NERVE PATHWAYS
•FROM AN AFFARENT
NEURON TO OTHER
CONNECTOR TO AFFARENT
TO CARRY NEURAL MESSAGE
REVERBERATION
•NERVOUS SYSTEM DOES NOT
ONLY TRANSMID A MESSAGE
THEN LIE IDLY UNTILM THE
NEXT STIMULUS
TEMPORAL SUMMATION

•OCCURS IF THE SECOND

STIMULUS IS APPLIED WITHIN
15 MILLISECONDS AFTER THE
FIRST
INHIBITION
•DIRECT INHIBITION WHENM 2
STIMULI ARE APPLIED
SIMULTAENOUSLY WITH ONLY ONE
OF THE TWO LEADING INTO
RESPONSE
RECIPROCAL INNERVATION
•REFERS TO THE AUTOMATIC
PROCESS WHEREIN THERE IS
SIMULTANEOUS EXCITATION OF
ONE SET OF MOTOR NEURONS AND
INHIBITION OF ANOTHER
IRRADATION
•THE NUMBER OF MUSCLES
USED IS INCREASED BECAUSE
MORE SENSORY FIBERS ARE
ACTIVATED
TIMING
•SIMPLE REFLEX ACTIONS
ARE VERY RAPID,
COMPLEX RESPONSES
REQUIRE LONGER TIME
BRAIN
•1.5 KILOS ( HUMAN AVERAGE
WEIGHT)
•CONTAINS 15 BILLION CELLS
•CENTER OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
PRINCIPLES OF THE BRAIN
•HINDBRAIN
•MIDBRAIN
•FOREBRAIN
HINDBRAIN
MEDULA: LIFE SURVIVAL FUNCTIONS
PONS: RESPIRATION, MOVEMENT, WALKING,
SLEEPING, AND DREAMING
CEREBELLUM: COORDINATION OF
MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS, BALANCE, AND
SOME ASPECTS OF PERCEPTION AND
COGNITION
MIDBRAIN
•COLLECTION OF BRAIN
STRUCTURES INJ THE MIDDLE OF
THE BRAIN THAT COORDINATES
MOVEMENTS PATTERN, SLEEP, AND
AROUSAL
FOREBRAIN
•COLLECTION OF UPPER LEVEL
BRAIN STRUCTURES INCLUDING
THE THALAMUS,
HYPOTHALAMUS AND LIMBIC
SYSTEM
THALAMUS: RELAYS SENSORY MESSAGES
TO THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
HYPOTHALAMUS: RESPONSIBLE FOR
EMOTIONS, DRIVES, AND REGULATING
THE BODY`S INTERNAL MOVEMENT
LIMBIC SYSTEM: INTERCONNECTED
GROUP OF FOREBRAIN STRUCTURES
INVOLVED WITH EMOTIONS, DRIVES AND
MEMORY
SPINAL CORD
•EXTENSION OF THE BRAIN
•SENDS MESSAGES FROM
SENSORY NEURONS IN
VARIOUS PART OF THE BODY
TECHNIQUES IN MEASURING BRAIN FUNCTION
• ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPH (EEG)
• POSITION EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET)
• MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)
• COMPUTED AXIAL TOMOGRAPHY (CAT)
• DIFFUSE OPTICAL IMAGING (DOI)
• FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (FMR)
THE EFFECTORS

MUSCLES AND
GLANDS
MUSCLES
•MOST CONSPICOUS EFFECTORS
KINDS OF MUSCLES:
STRIATED
SMOOTH
HEART MUSCLES
CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCLES
•CONTRACTILITY
•ELASTICITY
•TONACITY
•EXTENSIBILITY
•IRRITABILITY
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
•SECRETIONS
DIRECTLY INTO THE
BLOODSTREAMS
PITUITARY
•MASTER GLAND
•CONTROL THE GROWTH
HORMONE
THYROID
AFFECTS THE
METABOLISM AND THE
PHYSICAL GROWTH
PARATHYROID
•Regulates the level of
calcium and
phosphorous in the
blood
ADRENALS
• SECRETES THE
ADRENALIN
GONADS
•SEX
GLAND
ISLES OF LANGERHANS
•SECRETING
INSULIN
PINEAL BODY

•HELPS FOR
PUBERTY
THYMUS
•GLAND OF CHILDHOOD
GENETICS
•focus on the study of the influence of
genetics blueprints (genotypes) and the
observed qualities (phenotypes). The
gene is the unit of hereditary
transmission" Genes are encoded in the
DNA (Dioxyribonucleic acid).
Development Of Organism

•Heredity X
Environment X time=
development level
•Heredity -determines the level of
development that can be reached in
a given environmental condition at
a given period of time.
•Environment-determines how
effectively a hereditary factor can
influence development over a given
period of time.
GENETIC DISORDER/CHROMOSOMAL
DEFECT
• Hungtington Chorea- is a fatal disease
characterized by the degeneration of the
nervous system caused by dominant
chromosomes. This disorder produces muscles
spasm, depression, and significant changes in
personality. It appears during early adulthood.
 Other types of disorder due to recessive
chromosomes
• Phenylketonuria(PKU)- harming nervous system
resulting in mental retardation.

• Muscular Dystrophy(MD) - inability to walk.

• Sickle-cell Anemia-abnormal shape red blood

cells.
• Tay Saychs disease(TSD)- an enzymes disorder that
results in the brains inability to breakdown certain
fats. Patients usually die before the age of three.

• Spina Bifida- a neural tube defect in which the spine

remains open at the bottom or a portion of the skull
and brain are absent.

• Diabetus Mellitus- insulin deficiency due to recessive

genes.
Neurotransmitters are chemical substances release into
synaptic vesicles from the axon terminal toward the cell
membrane.
Major types of neurotransmitters and their function.
• 1.acetylcholine(ach)- affects movement, learning memory, REM sleep
• 2. Dopamine(DA) - affects movement,attention, learning, reinforcement.
• 3.norepinehrine(ne)- affects alertness, eating and sleep.
• 4.Epinephrine- Affects metabolism of glucose, and energy release during
exercise.
• 5.serotonin- Regulates mood,sleep,impulsity, and agression.
• 6. Glutamate- affects learning, thinking, and emotion.
• 7.GABA-facilitates neural inhibition in the nervous system.
• 8.Endorphines- Provide relief from pain and positively affects mood.
HEMESPHERIC SPECIALIZATION
•The cortex is composed of two cerebral
hemisphere. The two hemisphere are connected
by corpus callosum.
•Left hemisphere(right side of the body)
•Language(verbal and written)
•Logical,Mathematical
•Intellectual,Analytic
•Active
•Perception of sequential order
•Coordinated movement
Right Hemisphere(left side of the body)
• Non verbal
• Spatial, musical
• Emotional perception
• Receptive
• Perception of abstract pattern
• Remembering visual patterns
• Holistic, meaningful
• Mental diseases and behavioral symptoms
• Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia among older adults, is an
irreversible degeneration of the brain.
• Common symptoms:
• *difficulty in remembering, poor judgement, and decision making.
• *deepening confusion about events.
• *inability to manage a budget.
• *difficulty of having a conversation, sometimes forgetting which word to use
•Parkinson’s disease (PD) was
described by James Parkinson
nearly 100 years before Dr. Alois
Alzheimer described the
dementia later named
Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Called
the “shaking palsy” by
Parkinson.
Symptoms:
*slowed movements (bradykinesia),
*muscle rigidity.
*tremor (at rest).

What is Dementia?
Dementia is a syndrome, not a specific disease. This means that the clinical features of
dementia can result from any one of a large group of injuries, infections, or diseases.
Just like people with AD, people with PD can also develop behavioral problems.
*Depression * Anxiety
*Sleep disturbance *psychotic symptoms