MUSCLE TISSUE

MUSCLE TISSUE
 Muscle Tissue

• All 3 muscle tissue types contain cells with the ability to

contract
• Contraction in muscle tissue allows a muscle organ to
pull with great force
• All muscle tissues are composed of long, cylindrical cells
known as
“muscle fibers”
• Muscle fibers are living cells unlike CT fibers
 3 types of muscle tissue
• Skeletal muscle
• Cardiac muscle
• Smooth muscle
 SKELETAL MUSCLE
• Aka as Striated voluntary muscle
• Can be controlled by the conscious mind
• It is large, fiber-like cells with fine cross-stripes &
with many nuclei per cell
• The nuclei are often up against the fiber membrane
• Usually have a coating of fibrous connective tissue
 Examples
1. Skeleton
2. Digestive system
3. Respiratory system
4. Urinary tracts
 CARDIAC MUSCLE

• AKA Striated involuntary muscle

• Has striations but LESS distinct than in skeletal muscles
• Cardiac fibers have single nuclei that are branched but
does not tapered at their ends
• Found only in the walls of the heart
• FUNCTION: encircles and compress the heart chambers
with great strength to pump blood
• Fused end to end by intercalated disk
 Example:
1. Found only in the walls of the heart
- moves blood and maintain pressure
 SMOOTH MUSCLE

• Involuntary type of muscle

• Found in the walls of hollow organs
• It is composed of long, threadlike cells, each
with a single nucleus
• The cells are generally parallel with one
another and with the edge of the wall in which
they are embedded
 Examples:
1. Digestive system
2. Urinary system
3. Reproductive tract
4. Respiratory passageways
5. Blood vessels
NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Function:
• Receiving information
• Integrating information
• Comparing it with stored experiences and/or
predetermined responses
• To select and affect an appropriate reaction
 Main Function
• Communication – based on 2 fundamental
attributes of protoplasm:
a.) Irritability – the capacity to react to various
physical & chemical agents

b.) Conductivity – the ability to transmit the

resulting excitation from one locality to
another
 2 Functional divisions of NT
1. Somatic – embryological somites
2. Autonomic – regulates body fxns as to
maintain homeostasis.
Functional Organization of the Nervous System
1. Somatic (conscious afferent* and efferent, voluntary motor
control)

2. Autonomic (unconscious efferent, involuntary motor control

of internal organs to maintain homeostasis)
a. Sympathetic – thoracolumbar division
b. Parasympathetic – craniosacral division
 2 General divisions of NT
• Peripheral NS
- Reception of information by the sensory
component

• Central NS
- Process of integration, analysis and response
by brain and spinal cord
 The Brain
• Weighs about 6 lbs.
• Resembles a giant, gray walnut with a
consistency of a pudding
• Consists of 2 cells: neurons & neuroglia
 DIFFERENTIAL GRAY MATTER WHITE MATTER
CRITERIA

1. Neurons Present Absent

2. Color Darker Lighter
3. Myelin sheath Absent Present
4. Vascularity More vascular Less vascular
5. Texture More compact Less compact
6. Neuroglia Mossy cells/ Solder cells/
Protoplasmic astrocytes Fibrous astrocytes
 Neuron Characteristics
• “Nerve cells” or brain cells
• 100 billions of neurons
• Require oxygen and glucose

23
Classification of neurons accdg to their
function:
• Sensory neurons – involved in the reception of
sensory stimuli from the environment &
within the body

• Motor neurons – control effector neurons (ex:

muscle fibers, exocrine & endocrine glands)
Nerve cells
• Structure of a neuron:
- dendrite
- cell body
- axon

• Types of a neuron:
- multipolar
- bipolar
- pseudounipolar
- unipolar
- anaxonic
 Neuron Structures
• Receiving stimulus: Dendrites
• Processesing stimulus: Cell body / soma aka ____
• Transmitting stimulus: Axon

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 Myelin Sheath
• What is it?
- fatty, protective wrapping around axons
- excellent insulator

• Nodes of Ranvier:
gaps in myelin sheath where action
potentials develop

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 Types of Neurons
• Multipolar:
- many dendrites and a single axon

• Bipolar:
- 2 extensions of dendrite and single axon

• Pseudo-unipolar:
- dendrites on terminal ends resembling but with
single axon resembling a unipolar neuron. Axon
grows from a short stem (aka single short process).

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 Neuroglia Characteristics

• Supporting cells for neurons

• More numerous than neurons –

trillions of neuroglia in the brain

• Can divide to produce more cells

• 5 types

33
 Types of Neuroglia
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Cilia

Foot
processes
Ependymal
cells

Astrocyte (b)

• ASTROCYTES
- star-shaped
- most abundant
- form blood-brain barrier

• EPENDYMAL CELLS
- produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 34
 Types of Neuroglia

• MICROGLIAL CELLS
-help remove bacteria and cell debris from CNS

• OLIGODENDROCYTES
-produce myelin sheath in CNS
35
 Types of Neuroglia

• SCHWANN CELLS
-Produce myelin
sheath in PNS

36
 Behavior

• It controls how we communicate, cope with

negative feelings and react to stress.

• In response to environmental factors.

 GENETIC BEHAVIOR IS AFFECTED BY
THE FF:
• Neurotransmission

• Myelin synthesis

• Signal transduction
 EATING DISORDERS

1. Anorexia nervosa

2. Bulimia nervosa

3. Muscle dysmorphia
 SLEEP
• “Vital behavior of unknown function”
• We spend a third of our lives in this
mysterious state
• Gene influence sleep characteristics
 SLEEP
1. Narcolepsy
- falls asleep suddenly several times a day. Extreme
daytime sleepiness greatly disrupts daily activities.
Symptoms: Sleep paralysis
Cataplexy

2. Familial Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome

-problem in sleep-wake cycle
-mutation in the gene of chromosome 2
 INTELLIGENCE
• GENERAL INTELLIGENCE value (g)
- A test that measures the inherited portion of
IQ that may underlie population variance in IQ
test performance

• Heritability is a test for intelligence increases

with age, suggesting that environmental
factors are more important in early life
 DRUG ADDICTION
• It is the compulsively seeking and taking a
drug despite knowing its dangers.
 Ex of drugs
• AMPHETAMINES
• CANNABINOIDS
• ANABOLIC STEROIDS
• OPIATES
• PHENCYCLIDINE
 Ocd Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
• is a common, chronic and long-lasting disorder
in which a person has uncontrollable,
reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and
behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels
the urge to repeat over and over.
 MOOD DISORDERS
• Major Depressive Disorder – common

• Bipolar Disorder – rare

 MOOD DISORDERS
• Major Depressive Disorder- deficiency of
serotonin, which affects the mood, emotion,
appetite and sleep. Tx: _________

• Bipolar Disorder- associated with several

chromosomal sites and its genetic roots are
difficult to isolate. Depressive periods and
periods of mania (hypomania). Tx: _________
 SCHIZOPHRENIA
• It greatly disrupts the ability to think and
perceive the world.
• A debilitating loss of ability to organize
thoughts and perceptions leading to
withdrawal from reality.
• Many genes and environmental influences are
associated.
 AUTISM
• Loss of communication and social skills beginning in early childhood
• Signs & Symptoms:
avoid eye contact
Makes facial expressions that don’t match with what they say
React unusually with sight, smell, texture, sound
Don’t respond to their name when called
Make noises to get your attention

• There is abnormalilty in the proteins involved:

– Neurogligins
– Neurexins