ENGLISH SMT 4

meeting 2

Disorders
Nini Martini, M. Pd
of nervous

Program Studi Keperawatan

SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN INDONESIA JAYA
OVERVIEW OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

• What is the nervous system?

The nervous system is a complex, sophisticated system that regulates
and coordinates body activities. It is made up of two major divisions,
including:
• Central nervous system. This consists of the brain and spinal
cord.
• Peripheral nervous system. This consists of all other neural
elements, including the peripheral nerves and the autonomic
nerves.
In addition to the brain and spinal cord, principal organs of
the nervous system include the following:
• Eyes
• Ears
• Sensory organs of taste
• Sensory organs of smell
• Sensory receptors located in the skin, joints, muscles,
and other parts of the body
WHAT ARE SOME DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?

The nervous system is vulnerable to various disorders. It can be damaged by the

following:
• Trauma
• Infections
• Degeneration
• Structural defects
• Tumors
• Blood flow disruption
• Autoimmune disorders
DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Disorders of the nervous system may involve the following:
• Vascular disorders, such as stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), subarachnoid
hemorrhage, subdural hemorrhage and hematoma, and extradural hemorrhage
• Infections, such as meningitis, encephalitis, polio, and epidural abscess
• Structural disorders, such as brain or spinal cord injury, Bell's palsy, cervical spondylosis,
carpal tunnel syndrome, brain or spinal cord tumors, peripheral neuropathy, and Guillain-
Barré syndrome
• Functional disorders, such as headache, epilepsy, dizziness, and neuralgia
• Degeneration, such as Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS), Huntington chorea, and Alzheimer disease
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS
The following are the most common general
signs and symptoms of a nervous system
disorder. However, each individual may
experience symptoms differently. Symptoms
may include:
• Persistent or sudden onset of a
headache
• A headache that changes or is
different
• Loss of feeling or tingling
• Weakness or loss of muscle
strength
• Impaired mental ability
• Lack of coordination
• Muscle rigidity
• Tremors and seizures
• Back pain which radiates to the
feet, toes, or other parts of the
body
• Muscle wasting and slurred
speech
• New language impairment
(expression or comprehension)
HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS WHO TREAT NERVOUS SYSTEM
DISORDERS

•Healthcare providers who treat nervous system

disorders may have to spend a lot of time
working with the patient before making a
probable diagnosis of the specific condition.
Many times, this involves performing numerous
tests to eliminate other conditions, so that the
probable diagnosis can be made
HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS WHO TREAT NERVOUS SYSTEM
DISORDERS

• Neurology. The branch of medicine that manages nervous system disorders

is called neurology. The medical healthcare providers who treat nervous
system disorders are called neurologists. Some neurologists treat acute
strokes and cerebral aneurysms using endovascular techniques.

• Neurological surgery. The branch of medicine that provides surgical

intervention for nervous system disorders is called neurosurgery, or
neurological surgery. Surgeons who operate as a treatment team for nervous
system disorders are called neurological surgeons or neurosurgeons.
HEALTHCARE PROVIDERS WHO TREAT NERVOUS SYSTEM
DISORDERS

• Neuroradiologists and interventional radiologists. Radiologists that

specialize in the diagnosis of neurological conditions using imaging and
in the treatment of certain neurologic conditions such as cerebral
aneurysms, acute strokes, and vertebral fractures, as well as biopsies
of certain tumors.
• Rehabilitation for neurological disorders. The branch of medicine that
provides rehabilitative care for patients with nervous system disorders is
called physical medicine and rehabilitation. Healthcare providers who
work with patients in the rehabilitation process are called physiatrists.
NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES

• ACUTE SPINAL CORD INJURY (SCI)

Car accidents, falls, and other injuries are a common cause of acute spinal cord
injury.
• AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal neurological disorder that causes
progressive degeneration of nerve cells in the spinal cord and brain. It is often
referred to as Lou Gehrig disease.
• ALZHEIMER DISEASE
Alzheimer disease is a disease that affects the brain and nervous system. It is a
type of dementia that happens when nerve cells in the brain die.
NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES

• BELL PALSY
Bell's palsy is an unexplained episode of facial muscle weakness or paralysis
that begins suddenly and worsens over 48 hours. It is caused by a damaged
facial nerve.

• BRAIN TUMORS
A brain tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue in the brain. The tumor can
either originate in the brain itself or come from another part of the body and
travel to the brain.
THERE ARE MORE THAN 600 NEUROLOGIC DISEASES. MAJOR
TYPES INCLUDE

• Diseases caused by faulty genes, such as Huntington's disease and muscular dystrophy

• Problems with the way the nervous system develops, such as spina bifida
• Degenerative diseases, where nerve cells are damaged or die, such as 
Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease
• Diseases of the blood vessels that supply the brain, such as stroke
• Injuries to the spinal cord and brain
• Seizure disorders, such as epilepsy
• Cancer, such as brain tumors
• infections, such as meningitis
Thank you