Physical Education Major Test-4 Hints & Solutions

Q.1 What do you mean by tournaments?

Ans. Series of matches to find out best teams is called tournaments.

Q.2 What is extramural sports

Ans. Sports Conducted between different institutions.

Q.3 Define postures?

Ans. It means balancing the body in accurate and proper manner while sitting, standing, reading, and
writing or during any other action of body.

Q.4 Define food Intolerance.

Ans. Inability in digestion of certain food items is called food Intolerance.

Q.5 Explain obesity.

Ans. Excess acclamation of deposition of fat in body is known obesity.

Q.6 What is hypertension?

Ans. Condition of high blood pressure is hypertension.

Q.7 Explain sensory disability.

Ans. Sensory disability inpairs the sense of individual.

Q.8 What is fine motor developments?

Ans. Fine motor development is development is small muscles and coordination between them.

Q.9 What is lordosis.

Ans. Lordosid is the inward curvature of spine. In fact, it is an increased forward curve in the Lumber
region.

Q.10 Which instruments is used to measure fat in pinch list?

Ans. The name of instruments is skinfold caliper.

Q.11 What is body mass index?

Ans. It is a ratio between height and weight of human body.

Q.12 Explain immediate effects of exercise respiratory system.

Ans. Immediate Effects of Exercise on the Respiratory System
The effects of regular exercise on the respiratory system are as follows:
1. Increase in Respiratory Rate: Due to prolonged physical activity there is increased demand of
energy. To continue the supply of energy, respiratory rate increases.
2. Deep Breathing: When a person participates in a physical activity, there is an increase in the
depth of breathing to facilitate the intake of more oxygen in -the blood.
3. Body Temperature Increases: Due to increased rate of respiration and deep breathing, more
energy is produced in the muscles. Some of the energy produced is utilised in muscular
movement and surplus energy raises the body temperature, resulting in sweating. Due to the
internal rise in temperature, the rate of respiration increases (person starts gasping) so that the
body temperature can be reduced.
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Q.13 Classified the sports injuries.
Ans. CLASSIFICATION OF SPORTS INJURIES
In sports, injuries are common and it can occur to anyone at anytime. Injury causes damage to any
part-external or internal, which affects the health of an individual. Injuries can be classified as:
(a) Soft Tissue Injuries: It is further of two types:
(i) Skin Injuries: It is an injury over skin like Contusion, Abrasion, Laceration, Incision, etc.
(ii) Muscle Injuries: In this injury the muscles, tendons and ligaments are affected like Sprain,
Strain.
(b) Hard Tissue Injuries: These injuries involve damage to bones of skeletal system like Fracture
and Dislocation.
Injuries are further categorised as Minor Injuries and Major Injuries.
Minor Injuries: These injuries do not affect much to the fitness of a player. They are less painful.
The pain vanishes after sometime. In minor injuries there is localized inflammation caused due to
some damage over skin or muscles tissues. These injuries are caused by overuse of affected part. The
patient gets relief by taking sufficient rest. In some cases specific treatment is also required.
Serious Injuries: In these injuries the health is affected and it declines the performance of a player.
These injuries have lot of pain and localized inflammation around the affected part. In serious
injuries skin, muscle, tendons, ligaments and bones are damaged along with rupture of blood vessels
or nerves etc.

Q.14 Describe overuse injuries.

Ans. Sports injuries which takes place during activity is not treated properly and without getting
rehabilitation athletes return back to the activity. If the same injury happened again then the strength
of injured area is decreases. Over happening of injury of the same site of muscle is called overuse
injuries.

Q.15 Explain Newton laws of motion and their application in sports.

Ans. NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION AND THEIR APPLICATION IN SPORTS
1st Law of Motion
A body continues to remain in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is
compelled by a force to change that state. This is also called the law of inertia.
Application in Sports
• A diver before a dive is in a steady position.
• A runner at the starting point is still.
• A cyclist at the start of the race remains static unless he starts paddling.
• A cyclist moves at a constant pace till he applies breaks.
2nd Law of Motion
The acceleration produced in a body is proportional to the force applied. This is also called the law of
acceleration.
Force = Mass x Acceleration
• Power is needed to throw shot put, discus and hammer.
• Force is applied by weight lifters to lift weight.
• Throwing a ball in cricket, baseball, etc. requires force. The faster the arm swings, the greater
will be the speed of the ball.
• A swimmer takes a push off the wall to get started. The more the force is applied, the more
will be the acceleration.

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 3rd Law of Motion
For every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction. This is also called the law of action
and reaction.
Application in Sports
• A swimmer moves in water as the water exerts force opposite to the force of hands pushing
water.
• An athlete jumps off a hard surface because it opposes the force exerted by the body.
• In cricket, the bat exerts opposing force to the force applied by the ball and so, the ball
bounces off the bat.
• Athletes are able to run because of the pressure exerted by foot on ground and the ground
exerting an equal force against the foot.

Q.16 Name the muscles which are used in running.

Ans. Muscles Used in Running
Muscles Function
(i) Quadricep muscles Extend leg and flexes thigh
(ii) Hamstring muscles Flexes leg
(iii) Gluteus maximus Extends and laterally rotates thigh
(iv) Calf muscles: Gastrocnemius and soleus Adducts foot
(v) Abdominal muscles Compress abdomen, depress ribs, flex spine
(vi) Upper arm muscles - Bicep muscle Flexes arm
(vii) Shoulder muscles - Deltoid muscle Abducts arm

Q.17 Describe emotion focused coping strategies.

Ans. Emotion Focused Coping Strategies:
These try to reduce the negative emotional responses linked with the stress such as embarrassment,
fear, anxiety, depression, excitement and frustration. It is an approach that tries to improve the way
you feel about stress without tackling the actual problems. These strategies help us feel better but
don't solve the actual source of distress. Generally these strategies are used when the problem is out
of control. The following are commonly used to manage the stressful situations-
1. Denial of Reality: Sportspersons face various stressful situations in their life. For managing
or reducing the intensity of the stressful situations they deny the reality.
2. Blame: It is also used as a tool to reduce stress by the sportspersons. Sometimes they blame
themselves and sometimes others.
3. Giving Vent to Emotions: Whenever painful or stressful situation is shared with other
persons, the level of stress is reduced.
4. Mentally disengaging from stressful situations: By, oversleeping, day-dreaming or just
giving up dealing with the stressful situation one can manage the stressful situation in a good
manner.
5. Praying for guidance and strength: It depends on faith and belief of an individual.
6. Crying: Emotionally weak sportspersons can find relaxation through this way as well.
7. Ignoring the stressful situation. In this strategy sportspersons ignore the stressful situations
in the hope that it will go away automatically with the passage of time.
8. Substance abuse: Substance abuse or drug abuse or even over-eating may provide a short
relief and aid it disconnect from reality but it begins a vicious cycle of dependency on those
substances and creates further or additional stressful situations.

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Q.18 Explain the type of classification of aggression.
Ans. Aggression may be defined as a behavior where a person is likely to injure or harm there other
person. Aggression may be expressed verbally/physically or both. Sometimes aggression may also
lead to violence.
Positive aggression motivates the players to give their best performance. It enhance competitiveness
within the boundaries of the rules of the game. Whereas, negative aggression involves misbehavior
and violent actions and the strictly prohibited as per the rules of certain sports. In other words,
aggression which is not in line with competitive spirit is illegal and prohibited in the field of sports.
Generally, aggression is of two types:
(i) Instrumental aggression: This is the type of aggression which is expressed to achieve a
particular goal. For example, a basketball player using his body to position for a rebound or a
hockey player talking his opponent to win the ball. Instrumental aggression is evident in
contact games and sports like boxing, wrestling, judo, karate, kabaddi and kick boxing.
Aggression is indispensable in the field of sports. Every athlete wants to achieve the desired
result in a competition. For every sports, level to emotional arousal/aggression is different.
The level of aggression required for games like boxing, wrestling, kabaddi and basketball is
not at all suitable for sport like shooting or archery. Aggression required for a 100 m race is
entirely different from the aggression required for a marathon race.
(ii) Hostile Aggression: Hostile aggression means forceful or destructive behavior. It can
sometimes lead to violent behavior. For example, in India, during riots, many buses and
government offices were set on fire. Hostile aggression is always destructive and the
intention of the aggrieved person is to harm others. Hostile aggression is prohibited in the
field of sports. The objective of a sports person should be to win the title not to harm the
opponent.
Q.19 What do you mean by strength. What are its classification. Explain the method of improving
strength.
Ans. Strength is the ability of overcome resistance or to act against resistance. It should not be considered
a product of only muscular contraction. It is, in fact a product of voluntary muscle contraction caused
by the neuro –muscular system.
Types of Strength
a) Dynamic Strength: It can be also called isotonic strength because it is related to the
movements are clearly visible when someone uses dynamic strength. I
i. Maximum Strength: It is the ability to overcome or to act against maximum
resistance. It is a motor ability an involves force application during a voluntary
movement.
ii. Explosive Strength: It is combination of strength and speed. It can be defined as the
ability to overcome resistance with high speed.
iii. Strength Endurance: It is the ability to overcome resistance or to act against
resistance under condition of fatigue.
b) Static Strength: It is also called isometric strength. It is the ability of the muscles to act
against resistance.
Methods of Improving Strength – Isometric, Isotonic, Isokinetic
(A) Isometric Exercise (Static Muscle Contraction):-
In this method isometric exercises are used for development of strength. In this type of
exercises, the work or activity is carried out but the work done is not visible, a group of
muscles carry out tension against the other group of muscles.

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 (B) Isotonic Exercises (Dynamic Muscle Contraction):-
In this types of muscle contraction the muscle lengthens or shortens. In isotonic exercises, the
movement and activity is clearly visible. Movement can be seen directly; muscles tone up
and become flexible. Length of the muscles can be increased by isotonic exercises. Isotonic
exercises are of two types:
(a) Concentric exercises
(b) Eccentric exercises.
(C) Isokinetic Exercises:
This method involves a special type of muscle contraction called isokinetic contraction. These
exercises are a combination of Isotonic and Isometric exercises. In these exercises the body
is exposed to medium load so that the muscles may both in bulk and tone. In isokinetic
contraction the muscles apply maximal force throughout the range of movement. In isotonic
contraction the muscles apply maximal force only at a particular angle of its range of
movement.

Q.20 What is personality? Explain the dimension of personality. What is the rule of sports in personality
development.
Ans. The word personality is derived from the Latin word 'Persona', which means 'Mask'. Personality is a
dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that influences his/her cognition,
emotions, motivations and behaviors indifferent types of situations.
“Personality is the sum total of one's behaviour”.
Dimensions of Personality:
Personality is a unique combination of many traits. Some of the dimensions of personality can be
observed whereas others are abstract.
1. Physical Dimension: It is based on the fact that first impression is the last impression. It is
related to good physique, good appearance and good health etc. These traits create a good
impression on the viewers. The inner qualities do not matter in the beginning. In fact,
physique is the foundation of personality which has the beginning effect on the viewers.
Apart from physical appearance, the fitness and work efficiency also make a positive
contribution to his personality.
2. Mental Dimension: It is related to mental and intellectual strength and abilities. The real
identification of personality lies in mental dimension. Nobody can contribute to the society
until and unless one is mentally sound and has acquired ample knowledge.
3. Social Dimension: Man is a social animal. He lives in a society in which his socialization
takes place. Social dimensions of a personality such as good habits, attitudes, cooperation,
helpfulness, sportsmanship and relationship etc. are developed in u social environment.
4. Emotional Dimension: It is related to emotional stability. It means that one must have proper
control over various emotions such as fear, anger, disgust, amusement or happiness etc. in
different situations. Emotional control is a sign of good health of an individual.
Role of the Sports in Personality Development:
Sports and games play a vital role in the harmonious development or all round development of
personality of an individual. They improve the personality of an individual consists of four
dimensions are united it makes the personality. Sports play a vital-role in the development of these
aspects of personality. Today sports and games contribute towards the development of an individual
in the following ways:

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 1. Physical Development: Games and sport are stimulants to physical growth. They shape the
body and enhance the physical aspect of an individual. Participation in games and sports is
one of the best means to maintain the optimum health from childhood to adulthood.
2. Mental Development: Sports and games provide ample opportunities for individuals to
participate in creative experience. Individuals learn to make judgments, utilize reflective and
creative thinking and obtain knowledge about the rules and regulations of games and sports. It
also helps in the cultivation of some degree of mental and motor coordination.
3. Social Development: Through games and sports the players, who belong to different-places,
come closer to one another. They adjust themselves according to situations. Human relations
are developed through participation in sports and games.
4. Emotional Development: Every individual has various types of emotions viz. pleasure,
hope; jealousy, hate, fear, distress, anger, wonder, loneliness etc. If an individual does not
have appropriate control over these emotions, he may become abnormal and uncomfortable.
These emotions are vital for every individual but excess of these is always bad. Indeed sports
and games help in developing these emotions and tend to enable the individual to have proper
control over these emotions.

Q.21 Define friction. Explain its types. What are the advantages and disadvantages we have of friction in
sports.
Ans. Friction
Friction is that develops at the surface of contact of bodies and opposes their relative motion. There
are two causes of friction:
1. The roughness or irregularities of surface
2. The strong atomic or molecular forces of attraction between the two surfaces at the points of
actual contact.
Types of Friction
Generally there are two types of friction: .
1. Static Friction: The opposing force that comes into play when one body tends to move over
the surface of another, but the actual motion has not yet started, is called static friction.
2. Dynamic Friction: It is the opposing force that comes into play when one body is actually
moving over the surface of another body. It is of two types.
a. Sliding Friction: The opposing force that comes into play when one body is actually
sliding over the surface of the other body is called sliding friction. E.g. - ice-skating
b. Rolling Friction: The opposing force that comes into play when one body is actually
rolling over the surface of the other body is called rolling, friction. E.g. - when a
hockey or cricket ball is hit, it rolls on the surface of the ground. It stops after some
time due to rolling friction.
Is Friction Advantageous is or Disadvantageous in tile Field of Games and Sports?
Friction is usually called a necessary evil. It means that it is essential in games and sports. Without
friction, we cannot give a better. Performance in the field of sports'. For example, athletes (racers and
jumpers) use spikes and football players use studs to have appropriate friction while they run fast
Without friction they are unable to run fast. Even gymnasts also use lime on their palms to perform
on horizontal bar, uneven bars and roman rings to have friction. Even walking may be difficult due to
less friction. The weightlifters also use lime on palms before holding the bars in jerk and snatch. In
badminton, the players are usually seen to rub their soles with lime before going to the wooden court.
In fact, in sports field, there are a lot of examples where friction is advantageous.

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 On the other hand friction is disadvantageous in some of the sports and games; such as' in cycling;
there should not, be more friction between road and the tyres of cycle. If there is more friction there
will-be more wastage of energy of the rider. The tyres must be fully inflated to reduce the force of
friction in cycling. In roller skating; there should be less friction for better performance.

Q.22 Explain bones and joints injuries. Explain their sign and symptoms and management.
Ans. Management of Hard Tissue Injuries (Bone Injuries)
Bone injury is a serious injury and it is very painful. If bone injury is not handled properly, it y lead
to permanent disability, thus to be handled by an expert doctor. The first-aid steps are to immobilise
the part and to stop bleeding (internal or external bleeding) by ice therapy. In this way, further
damage can be avoided. Bone injury can be classified as dislocation or fracture. It is again various
types, like simple and complicated, in which blood vessels or nerves are damaged.
1. Dislocation: It is an injury of joint in which the adjoining bones are displaced from their
original position. It may be-associated with sprain or fracture. Dislocation is mainly caused
due to direct or indirect impact over the joint. It may be simple dislocation, fractured
dislocation or complicated dislocation. Deformity may arise if treatment is not given properly.
Dislocation is common in throwing and jumping events. It can be prevented by strengthening
muscles; performing proper warming-up; controlling the excessive range of movements of
joint and avoiding jerky
2. Fracture: In this injury, bone breaks-up by some external pressure. There may be slight
leakage or complete breakage. Fracture may be simple or complicated. Incomplete or wrong
treatment of fracture is very dangerous, thus to be handled by an expert. First-aid steps are to
stop bleeding and restrict further movement of that part. Further, take the victim to the
hospital at the Fracture can be categorised as:
(a) Closed Fracture: In this fracture, the broken bones remain inside the covering of skin,
i.e., there is no open cut over the skin.
(b) Open Fracture: In this fracture there is cut over the skin by the sharp edges of broken
bone / bones or by external object along with broken bone / bones.
Fracture are further grouped as:
(i) Complete Fracture: When bone totally breaks-down into two pieces.
(ii) Incomplete Fracture: Bone is cracked or partially breaks-up.
(iii) Green stick (Hair-line) Fracture: When bone is bent with mild cracking, the bone does not
break completely.
(iv) Comminuted Fracture: Bone is broken up into many small pieces at the site of fracture.
(v) Impacted Fracture: The broken bone is driven into another broken bone or when the broken
ends protrude into other bone or part by sudden impact.
(vi) Transverse Fracture: This type of fracture is caused due to breaking of bone at right angle
with the axis of the bone.
(vii) Stress Fracture: A stress fracture is also known as hairline fracture. It is caused by repeated
stress over time. It mostly occurs in jumping events. Bone is pressed from corners and it
causes partial damage to bone.
(viii) Oblique Fracture: An oblique fracture is that in which the bone breaks diagonally. Oblique
fracture tend to occur on longer bones.
(ix) Compound Fracture: Breaking of bone along with dislocation.
(x) Complicated Fracture: Bone is crushed, moreover, the delicate organs like brain, heart,
liver, kidney nerves, blood vessels, etc., are damaged by it.

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 Symptoms of Bone Injury:
(i) Severe pain around fracture or around the joint / bone.
(ii) The joint / bone will look deformed and swelling around the affected part.
(iii) The joint / bone will appear fixed with no movement being possible.
(iv) Local temperature rises.
(v) Fracture part is deformed.
First-aid and Management of Bone Injuries
(i) Do not move the joint or bone. The victim should be kept at a comfortable position.
(ii) Apply cold compression or ice packs to reduce pain swelling and internal bleeding.
(iii) Provide support by using string or splint bandage sling to prevent further movement,
moreover, it gives relief to victim.
(iv) Patient should be handled by an expert doctor and X-ray and other diagnosis should be done
properly. The expert should manage immobility by applying plaster so as to enable the joint
to take its real position.
(v) This immobility should be for 3 to 6 weeks as per expert advice.
(vi) After full treatment of the dislocated joint or bone fracture follows the progressive
rehabilitation exercises or physiotherapy to regain strength of the joint or bone under the
observation of expert.

Q.23 Explain the factors which determines strength. Explain the methods of development of endurance.
Ans. Factors Determining Strength:
1. Size of Muscles: The strength of the muscles largely depends upon the size of the muscles. It is
well known fact that bigger and larger muscles can produce more force. With the help of
different methods of strength training such as weight training the size of the muscles can be
increased and as a result of that strength is improved.
2. Body Weight: It is also a well known fact that the individuals who are heavier are stronger than
the individuals who are lighter. There is a positive correlation between body weight and strength.
3. Muscles Composition: Each muscle consists of basically two types of muscles fibres i.e., fast
twitch fibres (white fibres) and slow twitch fibres (red fibres). The fast twitch fibres are capable
to contact faster and therefore, they can produce more force. On the contrary, the slow twitch
fires are not capable to contact faster but they are capable to contact for a longer duration. The
muscles which have more percentage of fast twitch fibres can produce more strength.
4. Intensity of the Nerve Impulse: A muscle is composed of a number of motor units. The total
force of the muscle depends on the number of contracting motor units.

Q.24 What do you mean by motor fitness. Explain barrow motor ability test.
Ans. General motor fitness of an athlete refers to the ability to perform effectively in his/ her sports. It
involves speed, agility, power, coordination, balance and reaction time." Thus, motor ability refers to
the mastery of physical skills and movement patterns that determine athletic performance. To
measure motor fitness components, Harold Marion Barrow in 1954 introduce three test items-
1. Standing Broad Jump for measuring leg strength.
2. Zig-Zag Run for measuring agility and speed.
3. Medicine Ball Put for measuring arm and shoulder strength.
1. Standing Broad Jump: This test measures the strength of legs in jumping horizontal
distance.

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 Equipment: 1. Floor or marked mat.
2. Measuring tape
3. Chalk for marking
Procedure: 1. The subject stands behind the starting line with feet apart.
2. He jumps as far as possible by bending knees and swinging arms to take off
for the broad jump in the forward direction.
3. The distance between the starting line and the landing point provides the
score of the test.
4. Three trials are given The best trial, i.e., the maximum distance in metres
and centimetres is used as the final score of the test.
2. Zig-Zag Run: This test is similar to the shuttle run in AAPHER test. It measures the agility
and speed of an individual. In this test, the subject is required to complete the course in
shortest possible time. Four cones are placed on the comer of 16 × 10 feet course and fifth
cone in the centre as shown in the figure.

Equipment: 1. Stop watch

2. Marker cones
3. Non-slippery surface or 16 × 10 feet mat
Procedure: 1. Subject is asked stand at the starting position A.
2. After the single 'Go', he begins the zig-zag run and takes three complete
circuits following the path from A  E  B  C  E  D  A
3. Timer starts the stop watch. As soon as the subject crosses the finish point
after the third round, the timer stops the stopwatch.
4. Time is recorded in seconds. Best time of three trials is taken into
consideration.
3. Medicine Ball Put: This test is conducted to check strength and explosive power of
shoulders. It also measures the power, agility, arm and shoulder girdle coordination, speed
and balance.

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 Equipment: 1. Medicine ball (3 kg for boys and 1 kg for girls)
2. Measuring tape
3. Open area for conducting the test.
Procedure: 1. The subject asked to stand between the two restraining lines.
2. The subject holds the medicine ball in right hand (for right handed) and
takes the position.
3. He is asked to put (not, throw) the medicine ball straight down the course.
The maximum distance in metres and centimetres of the three trials is the
final score.

Q.25 Explain the methods of league fixture. Draw fixture of 37 teams of basis of knockout cum league
basis.
Ans. League fixture is of 3 types:
1. Cycle method
2. Staircase method
3. Tabular method
Fixture of 37 team based on knockout cum league

Winner will get 2 points

Draw = 1 – 1 points
Loser = 0 point

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Q.26 Explain the following terms
1. Bye
2. Seeding
3. DOMS
4. Rice Therapy
5. Stress
Ans. Bye: Advantage given to the team where the team which is getting bye will not play in first round.
Seeding: Specific placement in the fixture given to a team or player where the seeded player will not
play in first round an the team which seeded avail initial Byes.
DOMS: DOMS it means delayed onset of muscles soreness.
Rice Therapy: Implantation of rest ice compression and elevation after sports injury called rice
therapy.
Stress: State of mental, emotional or other called stress.

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