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Experiment 1: Mass Volume and Density

In-Lab Notebook (Results and Observations)

Record your general measurements, recorded data and observations directly into this
section during the lab. Data can be transcribed directly into the tables provided below.
Add titles and captions to all tables and figures for full credit. Remove and replace any
highlighted text.

 Present your data in the figures and tables below.*If you collected more data than the
template tables allow, you can add more rows.
 Summarize your observations during the progress of the experiment. Observations should
not include numbers (measurements).
 Tables should be accompanied by a caption which helps the reader understand what the
data means and what conclusions can be drawn from the data in the table.
 Always fill in units in tables - in parentheses below. To avoid confusion, do not add units to
numbers, but instead to data headers or labels (such as what was done in the Excel tutorial)
 Add observations between data tables to log what you see during the experiment (1-2
sentences is usually sufficient for any major steps - i.e. the volume increased noticeably
when...)

TABLES 1 & 2 (4)

Table 1. (Pre-experiment data)

Trial 1 Trial 2
Type of sample (distilled, contaminated, purified
Purified Water Purified Water
water)
Buret segment mass (g): 16.65 16.435
Buret segment mass with sample (g): 21.445 21.425
Mass of sample (g): 4.795 4.99
Largest volume Increment, Vb(mL): 37 37
Initial Volume reading, Vi(mL): 5.01 5.05
Volume reading with thermometer, Vt(mL): 5.51 5.58
Displacement Volume, Vd(mL): 0.49 0.53

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CHEM 101L Post-Lab 1 Fall 2019

Table 2. (Experiment Data)

Corrected Temperature Corrected Temperature
Density (g/mL) Density (g/mL)
Volume (mL) (ºC) Volume (mL) (ºC)
Trial 1 Trial 2
Trial 1 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 2
5.83 72.6 0.822 5.5 70 0.872
5.75 55.6 0.834 5.4 58 0.888
5.71 47.9 0.839 5.39 56.7 0.889
5.58 44.5 0.859 5.38 49.2 0.891
5.51 39.6 0.870 5.32 40 0.901

FIGURES 1 & 2 (6)

Trial Comparisons
0.91
0.9
0.89
0.88
0.87
Density

0.86
Trial 1
0.85
0.84 Trial 2
0.83
0.82
0.81
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Temperature

rt Excel scatter plot of experimentally determined density vs. temperature.

Figure
Include1.both
Thetrials
graphonabove showswith
one graph, trial acomparisons
legend. between Trail 1 and
Trial 2. The chart shows the density and corresponding temperatures for
each trial.

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CHEM 101L Post-Lab 1 Fall 2019

Literature Values
1

0.995

0.99
Density

0.985

0.98

0.975

0.97
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Temperature

Insert Excel plot of literature values for water density vs. temperature. Be
Figure
sure to2.fitThe
the table
curveabove
over ashows the literature
temperature range values foundtoinwhat
comparable the CRC
you
handbook. The chart
measured experimentally.shows the density and corresponding temperatures
between the temperature values of 25 and 80 C.

TABLE 3 (4)

Table 3. Graph Data. Note: Report units for each entry

First Trial 2nd Trial
Literature Values
(Experimental) (Experimental)
Coefficient of determination, R2 0.8767 0.9391 0.99
y-intercept 0.9129 0.9391 1.0101
Slope -0.0013 -0.0009 -0.0005
Slope % error (exp vs. literature) 160% 80% 0%

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CHEM 101L Post-Lab 1 Fall 2019

TABLE 4 (6)

Make sure to have original titles for your figures that explain results.

Table 4. Data comparison across groups and sample types.

Density Mean Slope of
Mean
at room density temp. CV
Type of CV % slope %
Group temp. at dependen (g/mL/
Sample (g/mL) diff. (g/mL/ diff.
(25 ºC; room ce (g/mL/ ºC)
ºC)
g/mL) temp ºC)
1 0.908 0
-
2 0.996 25.8 -0.00062 81.8
Distilled 0.965 4.19 0.000 -0.494
3 0.991 % -0.0005 %
8
4
5 1.01 -0.0007
-
6 0.910 27.9 -0.0004 31.8
Contam. 0.981 4.23 0.000 -2.22
7 1.01 % -0.0009 %
3
8 0.994 -0.0008
9 0.981 -0.0006
10 0.968 23.6 -0.0008 0.000 9.09
Purified 0.947 4.74 -0.789
11 0.970 % -0.0004 4 %
12 0.870 -0.0014

TA ONLY: Performance Points

Post-Lab Analysis (Calculations, Discussion and

Conclusions)
Provide sample calculations for each sample requested in the space below. Answer the
discussion questions within the limit provided.

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS (20)

Equation must be expressed algebraically, with clear labels, and one example with substituted
numbers and units.

- Mass of water = Mass of Buret segment with sample – Mass of Buret segment without sample -
21.445(g)-16.65(g)= 4.795 (g)

- Corrected volume = measured volume-number on bottom of buret – 45.06-40=5.06

- Density = Mass/Volume – 4.795(g)/5.83(mL) = 0.822 (g/mL)

- % error = ((experimental-theoretical)/theoretical)*100 – ((0.0013-0.0005)/0.0005)*100 = 160%

-CV = (standard deviation/average)*100 – (0.0473/0.979)*100=4.84 (both standard deviation and

average were calculated in excel)

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CHEM 101L Post-Lab 1 Fall 2019

Post-Lab Discussion Questions

Questions should be answered in complete sentences directly after a question. You should only
need 1-2 sentences to answer each question.

1. (6) Make sure to post your data on the shared google sheet within 48 hours of the end of
lab. (TAs will confirm timestamps.)
2. (6) Do the values obtained by the class support the literature values? Use specific
numbers from your data tables above to support your answer.

The values obtained by the class do not do a great job at supporting the literature
values. If you look at the graph from my team’s data and the literature value graph, it
follows a similar trend line but the literature values go up to 0.996 in density while ours
only goes up to 0.9. They are similar but our experiment could have been more
accurate. Also there is 160% error in the slope of the class for the first trial.

3. (4) Based on Figures 1 and 2, what is the relationship between density and
temperature?

As the temperature decreases, the density increases.

4. (6) Why does density change with temperature? (Consider what is happening at a
molecular level.) Do not copy/paste from an external source. Explain this in your own
words. Include a citation if necessary.

Density changes with temperature because volume changes with temperature. Volume
increases because molecules move further apart as they are heated which increases
the volume.

5. The coefficient of determination, R2, can range between boundary values of 0 and 1.
Values closer to 1 indicate a better fit of a linear trend line to the experimental data
points.
o (3) Consider the density of your samples: Do you predict the data would be
completely linear from 0 to 100ºC, why or why not?

We can predict that the data will be linear because the current data trend is
linear. It may not be perfectly linear due to inconsistencies in the data but it will
follow a linear path.

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CHEM 101L Post-Lab 1 Fall 2019

o (4) Based on your values in Table 3, did the experimental or literature density
values better fit the linear trend? Postulate a reason for this.

The literature density values better fit the linear trend. This is may be because
the literature densities were calculated in a more controlled environment with
less human errors.

o (4) What does R2 represent in a general sense? How should it be interpreted?

R2 represents how close the data values are to the line of best fit. It should be
interpreted as how well the actual data lines up with the predicted data.

6. (5) Think about sources of error within this experiment. Besides human error (inability to
read clearly, spilling, etc), what are possible sources of error? Define these as
systematic or random.

Possible sources of error is that the electronic thermometer pressed the water up against
the side of the buret which distorted the measurement. This is a random error because it
could lead to fluctuations in taking the measurement due to difficulty taking the
measurement. A systemic error could happen if the thermometer was improperly
calibrated which would mean that all the measurements were off by the same degree.

o (5) When you measure the mass of the water, you use 4 significant figures. Why
is the reported density only given in 3 significant figures?

The fourth significant figure is used to get a more precise measurement when
collecting the data. The reported density is only given in 3 significant figures
because the standard for data in this setting is 3 significant figures.

7. Consider the last three columns of Table 4, and answer the following questions:
o (3) How well do the measurements of distilled water reproduce the literature
values? (Remember to cite specific data.)

The distilled water had a percent difference of 81% which means that it did not
reproduce the literature values very well.

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CHEM 101L Post-Lab 1 Fall 2019

o (3) How different are the densities of the contaminated and purified water from
distilled water?

All of the densities fall into a range of 0.8 to 1. Both the distilled and contaminated water
have similar densities at room temperature, either 1 or 0.9. The purified water is in a
similar range as well.

o (3) How well do different groups' measurements of the same type of water
sample reproduce each other?

Different group’s measurements of the same type of water produce each other
very well. Most were within a range of 0.1. There was only one group who’s
data seemed a bit skewed. I believe this is because there was a human error in
the google doc which lead to all of their densities being stated as 9.08.

CONCLUSIONS (8)

Write a brief (1-2 sentence) conclusion making the strongest statement you can make relating
your experimental results to the purpose statement developed in your pre-lab.

The purpose of the lab was the determine the effectiveness of purification of water. Our
experimental results proved that there is little difference between different types of purification
in relationship to their densities. This is shown because all of the densities fell into the same
range of numbers (0.8-1)

TA ONLY: Formatting Late Penalty