Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Background of the Study

Nowadays many students graduated from elementary school

but most of them are not yet literate. But for these reasons teachers

do not hesitate to guess which students are less proficient in reading

with the help of Philippine Informal Reading Inventory (PHIL. IRI) in

which it is composed of graded passages designed to determine the

individual student's performance in oral reading, silent reading and

listening comprehension. However to find the student’s independent,

instructional and frustration levels.

When used to assess oral reading skills, the Phil-IRI may be

used to describe decoding and word recognition, fluency and

comprehension. The student’s performance in decoding (the ability

to read isolated words using phonics knowledge) and word

recognition (the ability to automatically identify words on sight)

(Salvia, 2009).

Being able to read is an avenue for personal and social growth.

A child can fully view ever winding horizons and explores areas in

the world of people, things, and events through reading. Indeed, the

key to success is through reading; hence, proficiency in reading is

vital to the continuous growth and development of the child

(Villosa,2006). Corollary to this, as early as Grade one, the child must

already be exposed to various low level but interesting reading

materials that will capture his interest, motivate him to turn the pages,

and later develop his love for books, and start to read. Obviously,

highly contributes to the development of the child, especially in

acquiring knowledge and the most needed learning that will help him

become more competitive and language literature (Cutchen,2009).

In school, reading is the most important subject to be learned

by the child. For this matter, a child will learn little in today’s world if

he does not learn to read properly (Salley,2007). In fact, Reading is

both a subject of instruction and a tool employed towards effective

teaching- learning process. It cannot also be denied that every

teacher is in cognizance that skillful handling of Reading as a school

subject is very vital and important especially to beginning readers to

avoid frustrations in the end.

The objectives of this study is to determine how much they

expose and literacy in reading of the grade 7 students. It is used to

find their reading level or proficiency. This study will also help to raise

the level of reading proficiency those who are non-reading of the

grade 7 students.
Review of Related Literature

This part of the study will be discussing the relevant literature

connected to the study of Exposure and Literacy: Readiness of

Grade 7 Students to their Philippine Informal Reading Inventory (Phil.

IRI). These critique are being related to some studies that were fully

published with respected authors.

Educators found difficulty over discovery that pupils who did

poorly in subjects like Math and Science could still do very well in

other subjects. But students who did poorly in reading almost always

did the same in all their other courses. Not until they found in a study

conducted that all the subjects are practically based on reading. The

researcher came across a number of studies bearing semblance to

the present research.

The study of Tongco identified the reading proficiency level of

the Grade IV, V and VI students of Bitano ES in the following reading

comprehension skills: literal, inferential, critical, creativeness and

valuing and devised appropriate school reading programs based

from the findings. 't made use of the different sets of reading

passages of the (Phil. IRI) per grade level as its main tool. The result

of the oral reading test in word recognition and comprehension

wasanaly3ed with the use of (Phil. IRI) reading level criteria. The

findings showed that almost all students fall under frustration level.
 Awareness out performed those with low phonemic awareness

on all literacy measures, whether they were taught using a whole

language approach for traditional basal instruction. Whole language

advocates need to admit that not all children develop this necessary

ability simply through immersion in a print – rich environment and

that some children will need direct instruction in phonological

awareness. “Phonic first” supporters (and perhaps even “phonics

only” supporters) need to admit that teaching students letter – sound

correspondences is meaningless if the students do not have a solid

visual familiarity with the individual letters and if they do not

understand that the sound (which can make complex, shifting, and

notoriously rule-breaking) paired with those letters are what make up

words.

Tongco's study has relevance to the present study because

both aimed to determine the reading level or skills of pupils using the

Phil-IRI material as a research tool and the criteria in determining the

said reading level. Anyway, they vary in that the former used the sets

of reading passages in the gathering of data from grade IV, V and VI

students of a certain school in Legazpi City while the present, will do

documentary analysis of the Phil-IRI results of the present school

year determined what strategies for remediation is effective to use,

through analysis of errors to determine the level of reading

proficiency.
Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to determine the Exposure and Literacy:

Readiness of Grade 7 students to their Philippine Informal Reading

Inventory, (Phil-IRI), Taligaman National High School. Specifically,

the study sought to answer the following research problems:

1. Is there a significant difference between male and female

respondents in terms of?

A. Exposure

B. Literacy

2. Is there a significant difference among two identified age of group

in terms of?

A. Exposure

B. Literacy

3. Generally, is there a significant difference between Exposure and

Literacy regardless of age group?

Hypothesis

This study was guided by the following null hypothesis tested at

0.04 % level of significance.

Ho1. There is no significant difference between male and female

respondents in terms of Exposure.

Ho2. There is no significant difference between male and female

respondents in terms of Literacy.

Ho3. There is no significant difference among the two identified age

groups in terms of Exposure.

Ho4. There is no significant difference among the two identified age

group in terms of Literacy.

Ho5. There is no significant difference on Exposure and Literacy

among the respondents regardless of their age.

Significance and Importance of the Study

The result of the study conducted was significant and relevant to the

following.

Students. They may be able to determine their reading performance

and may evaluate their strengths and weaknesses on reading.

Teachers. They may be guided on their teaching methodologies of

teaching reading which should not stress on accuracy of reading

aloud but which fit to students‟ abilities and skills; they may be helped

in promoting reading as a process of acquiring meaning from text

and may foster a flexible response to difficulties that their learners

might encounter in reading.

Parents. They may be able to help their children develop reading

skills by constant monitoring of their ability and spending time to have

reading discussion at home and helping the teachers in enhancing

their children with intellectual development.

Dep Ed Administrators. The findings may serve as the bases for

designing a lesson model and enhancing reading instruction that will

benefit the students. They may also suggest the good books

appropriate for the students.

Future Researchers. The outcome of the study will give them basis

to conduct more studies regarding the Exposure and Literacy:

Readiness of Grade 7 students to their Philippine Informal Reading

Inventory (Phil-IRI).

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study was focus on Exposure and Literacy: Readiness of

Grade 7 Students to their Philippine Informal Reading Inventory (Phil.

IRI), Taligaman National High School. The researchers gathered

data specifically to all grade 7 students in Taligaman National High

School. They distributed questionnaire items to more than (200)

respondents both male and female.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined theoretically as to understand

each of terms hath given.

Exposure. the state of being exposed to contact with something. The

revelation of an identity or fact, especially one that is concealed or

likely to arouse disapproval.

Literacy. is your ability to read and write. These skills are important

for school, at work, and at home. The key toliteracy is reading

development, a progression of skills which begins with the ability to

understand spoken words and decode written words, and which

culminates in the deep understanding of text.

Phil-IRI. The Philippine Informal Reading Inventory (Phil-IRI) was

created to provide classroom teachers a tool for measuring and

describing reading performance. It is important to note that the

Phil-IRI only provides an approximation of the learner’s abilities

and may be used in combination with other reliable tools of

assessment.

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

This study was anchored by a theory which is the social

cognitive theory appear relevant and been used to guide

research relative to Exposure and Literacy. According to

(Pagaspas, 2008), social-cognitive framework, people learn

from a variety experiences, including their own, and by

observing the behavior of other people. Therefore, students who

are less proficiency in reading and those who not yet literate are
most likely to engage and they should enhance in reading as

well.

However, there are four levels of reading comprehension ability

involved in this study. These are the literal, interpretative, evaluative

and creative levels. The lesson model is the output variable.

Acquiring reading skills is dependent upon the mastery of a wide

variety of reading skills such as the following levels or dimensions of

comprehension – literal, interpretative, evaluative and creative.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Age Exposure

Sex Literacy

Figure 1. Research Paradigm of the Study

The figure 1 shows the relationship between the dependent and

independent variables. A straight line was used to connect both

interrelated variables.
 CHAPTER 2

METHOD

This chapter will highlight the related literature and studies that

are composed of different parts such as: research design, research

respondent, research instrument, research procedure, research

treatment of data.

Research Design

The study was quantitative in nature through the use of

descriptive-comparative survey design where they consider two

variables (not manipulated) and stablishes a formal procedure to

compare and conclude the one is better than the other significant

difference exists. The quantitative research approach on the other

hand focus on proving or disproving hypotheses in a cause-effect

manner by means of taking a close look at pre-defined variables

(Simangca,2008). The study used a survey questionnaire to solicit

information, from the selected sample of respondents, on their

exposure and literacy in reading.

Figure 2. Map of Butuan City locating one area for conducting the

research study in Taligaman National High School.

The Respondents

The researchers conducted the study in the selected urban area

of Butuan City at Taligaman National High School. The researchers

selected two-hundred (200) respondents both male and female.

They were given research questionnaire and confidentiality for the

voluntary involvement of the study was assured.