1.
Humerus
2. Scapula
3. Clavicle
1. Sternoclavicular joint
2. Acromioclavicular joint
3. Glenohumeral joint
4. Scapulothoracic joint
Sternoclavicular joint
Articulation of the *medial
clavicle* with the manubrium
and 1st costal cartilage
1. Supraclavicular nerve
2. Nerve to the subclavius
muscle
Scapula
1. Sternal end
2. Clavicular end
Superior clavicle
Manubriocostal facet
1. Increasing joint
congruence
2. Absorbing forces
transmitted along the
clavicle
1. Anterior sternoclavicular
ligament
2. Posterior sternoclavicular kdjaskndajWhat are the ligaments of the
ligament
3. Costoclavicular ligament
4. Interclavicular ligament
Anterior and posterior
sternoclavicular ligament
*Costoclavicular ligament*
- runs along junction of the
1st rib with the costal
cartilage to the inferior
surface of sternal end of
clavicle
Costoclavicular ligament
Interclavicular ligament
Medial compartment
Lateral compartment
Serratus anterior
Trapezius and rhomboids
kdjaskndajWhat are the bony coponents of the shoulder
complex?
kdjaskndajWhat are the four major joints of the
shoulder complex?
kdjaskndajWhat is considered to be the “base of
operation” for the scapula?
kdjaskndajThe sternoclavicular joint serves as an
articulation for which structures?
kdjaskndajWhat are the nerve supplies of the
sternoclavicular joint?
kdjaskndajMovement of the sternoclavicular joint
results to the movement of
kdjaskndajWhat are the saddle-shaped surfaces of the
sternoclavicular joint?
kdjaskndajThe upper part of the sternoclavicular
joint disk is attached to what structure?
kdjaskndajThe lower part of the sternoclavicular
joint disk is attached to what structure?
kdjaskndajHow does the sternoclavicular joint disk
stabilize the sternoclavicular joint?
sternoclavicular joint?
Which ligaments of the sternoclavicular
joint serve to check for the anterior and
kdjaskndajposterior motion of the head of the
clavicle?
kdjaskndajThe costoclavicular ligament runs along the
junction of which structures?
Which sternoclavicular joint ligament
kdjaskndajmainly checks for clavicular elevation and
superior glide of the clavicle?
Which sternoclavicular joint ligament
kdjaskndajmainly checks for excessive depression or
downward glide of the clavicle?
kdjaskndajForward and backward movements of the
clavicle take place in which compartment?
kdjaskndajElevation and depression of the clavicle
take place in which compartment?
kdjaskndajForward movement of the clavicle is
produced by what muscle?
kdjaskndajBackward movement of the clavicle is
produced by which muscles?
*Late Students Take a Rest*
1. Levator Scapulae
2. Sternocleidomastoid
3. Trapezius
4. Rhomboid
*Please Stay down/depressed*
1. Pectoralis minor
2. Subclavius
Convex clavicular surface and
a concave surface, formed by
the manubrium and 1st costal
cartilage
The alteral end of the
clavicle *elevates*joint*
*Sternoclavicular
Scapular depression - 15
degrees
Scapular elevation - 45
degrees
Concave clavicular surface
and convex *maubrial* surface
Protraction - 15 degrees
Retraction - 15 degrees
Saddle-shaped surfaces (of
the clavicle) and
manubriocostal facet
SC joint rotation occurs only
*posteriorly* within *30-45
degrees*
Acromioclavicular joint
Plane synovial joint
Allows the scapula an
additional range of motion
Unless it has reinforcing
ligaments
It serves to maintain
relationship between the
clavicle and the scapula
It serves to allow the
scapula an additional range
of rotation on the thorax
Superior acromioclavicular
ligament
It assists joint capsule in
*opposing articular surfaces*
and *control AP horizontal
joint stability*
Suprascapular nerve
It is composed of the
trapezoid and concoid
ligament
Clavicle and scapula
It produces longitudinal
rotation of the clavicle
kdjaskndajElevation of the clavicle is produced by
which muscles?
kdjaskndajDepression of the clavicle is produced by
which muscles?
Elevation-depression motion of the
kdjaskndajsternoclavicular joint occurs between which
structures?
When the convex surface of the clavicle
kdjaskndajslides downward, what happens to the
lateral end?
What angles of depression and elevation of
kdjaskndajthe clavicle are produced by the
*sternoclavicular joint*?
Protraction-retration motion of the
kdjaskndajsternoclavicular joint occurs between which
structures?
What angles of clavicular protraction and
kdjaskndajretraction are produced by the
sternoclavicular
Rotation joint?
of the sternoclavicular joint
kdjaskndajoccurs as the spinning motion between which
structures?
What direction of rotation is the
kdjaskndajsternoclavicular joint limited to? This
occurs at what angles?
kdjaskndajWhat joint connects the scapula to the
clavicle?
kdjaskndajjoint?type of joint is the acromioclavicular
What
kdjaskndajWhat is the primary function of the
acromioclavicular joint?
The acromioclavicular joint capsule is weak
kdjaskndajand cannot maintain joint integrity, unless
______
What does the acromioclavicular joint serve
kdjaskndajto in the *early stages* of upper extremity
elevation?
What does the acromioclavicular joint serve
kdjaskndajto in the *late stages* of upper extremity
elevation?
The acromioclavicular ligament is composed
of superior and inferior ligaments. Between
kdjaskndajthe to, which assists the joint capsule in
opposing the articular surfaces and control
horizontal joint stability?
kdjaskndajWhat is the function of the superior
acromioclavicular ligament?
kdjaskndajWhat is the nerve supply of the superior
acromioclavicular ligament?
kdjaskndajThe coracoclavicular ligament is composed
of which ligaments?
kdjaskndajThe coracoclavicular ligament firmly unites
which structures?
What is the most critical role of the
kdjaskndajacromioclavicular ligament considered to be
necessary for a full range of motion in the
upper extremity?
1. Suerior and inferior
acromioclavicular ligaments
2. Coracoclavicular ligament
3. Trapezoid ligament
4. Conoid ligament
Conoid ligament
It provides primary restraint
in the superior and inferior kdjaskndajrestration of the acromioclavicular joint
directions
Scapular rotation
The same
Scapular winging
Horizontal curvature of the
thorax
Scapular tipping
Coronal axistipping, the
In scapular
inferior angle moves
*posteriorly* while the
superior angle moves
*anteriorly*
Rib cage
Scapular tipping
It dooes not have fibrous or kdjaskndajWhy is the scapulothoracic joint not
cartilaginous union
degrees from the coronal
plane
*tipped anteriorly at* 10-20
degrees from the vertical
plane
*upwardly rotated* at 10-20
degrees from the vertical
2in from the midline from T2- kdjaskndajWhat is the reference position of the
T7
Scapular winging
This is due to the small
incongruent surfaces allowing kdjaskndajconsidered to be susceptible to trauma and
large forces per unit area
1. Elevation-depression
2. Abduction-adduction
3. Upward-downward rotation
Shrugging the shoulder upward
(elevation) or downward
(depression)
1. *Orient glenoid* for
optimal contact with the
humerus
2. *Add rage of elevation* to kdjaskndajWhat are the ultimate functions of scapular
the arm
3. *Provide stable base* for
rolling and sliding of
humeral head
kdjaskndajWhat are the ligaments of the
acromioclavicular joint?
Which ligament limits the upward movement
kdjaskndajof the scapula at the acromioclavicular
joint?
The conoid ligament primarly provides
in which directions?
kdjaskndajWhat is the primary movement of the scapula
at the acromioclavicular jiojnt?
kdjaskndajThe diretion of tilt of the glenoids and
scapular rotation is ______
kdjaskndajWhat scapular motion loses the contact
between the scapula and the thorax?
kdjaskndajScapular winging is needed to maintain
contact with what structure?
What scapular motion is described where the
kdjaskndajinferior angle is moved posteriorly and the
superior angle is moved anteriorly around
the coronal axis?
kdjaskndajScapular tipping occurs on what axis?
In scapular tipping, the inferior angle
kdjaskndajmoves _______ while the superior angle
moves ______
kdjaskndajScapular tipping is needed to maintain
contact of the scapula with what structure?
Which scapular motion is required to
kdjaskndajmaintain contact of the scapula with the
rib cage
considered to be a true anatomic joint?
The scapulothoracic joint is
kdjaskndajinternally rotated at _______
tipped anteriorly at _______
upwardly rotated at _______
scapula?
kdjaskndajPosterior movement of the verterbral border
of scapula
Why is the acromioclavicular joint
injury?
kdjaskndajWhat are the motions available for the
scapula at the scapulothoracic joint?
kdjaskndajThe scapula can be isolated at the
scapulothoracic joint by what movement?
motion?
Upward-downward rotation is
due to the *tilting of the
glenoid fossa*;
kdjaskndajscapulothoracic joint are produced by the
This causes the *inferior
scapular angle* to move away
from or towards the vertebral
column
Large humeral head and small
glenoid fossa; links humerus kdjaskndajarticulation of which structures? This
and scapula
kdjaskndajIn the glenoid fossa, the radius of
Glenoid labrum
1. Humeral head
2. Glenoid labrum
3. GH joint capsule
4. Subacromial bursa
5. Subacromial arch
6. Glenoid fossa
Humeral head/head of the
humerus
130-150 degrees
30 degrees
Inferior attachment
Superior attachment
More than 1 inch
Abduction and internal
rotation
Margin of the glenoid cavity
Anatomic head of the humerus
1. Superior, middle, and
inferior GH ligaments
2. Coracohumeral ligaments
Subacromial and subdeltoid
bursae
Subacromial bursa
Subacromial arch
Subacromial arch
Combination of rolling and
gliding
Superior GH ligament
Middle GH ligament
Inferior GH ligament
External rotation and
anterior glide of humeral
head
Upward-downward rotations at the
tilting of what structure? Tilting of such
causes movement of what structure?
The glenohumeral joint serves for the
allows the linkage of which structures?
curvature is increased by
kdjaskndajWhat are the important structures of the
glenohumeral joint?
kdjaskndajIt is the distal segment off the
glenohumeral
What jointof inclination between
is the angle
kdjaskndajthe humeral head and the nexk and shaft of
the
Whathumerus?
is the angle of torsion between the
kdjaskndajhead and neck and through the humeral
condyles?
kdjaskndajWhich glenohumeral ligament attachment is
firmly attached and relatively immobile?
kdjaskndajWhich glenohumeral ligament attachment is
loosely attached?
When the glenohumeral joint capsule is
kdjaskndajslack, it allows distraction of the humeral
head from the fossa to what extent?
kdjaskndajThe glenohumeral joint capsule tightens on
what motions?
kdjaskndajMedially, the GH joint capsule is attached
to
kdjaskndajLaterally, the GH joint capsule is attached
to
kdjaskndajWhat are the ligaments that reinforce the
GH joint capsule?
kdjaskndajThe subacromial bursa is made up of
kdjaskndajThis separates the supraspinatus tendon and
humeral head from the overlying structures
kdjaskndajAll structures of the subacromial bursa are
grouped into
kdjaskndajThis protects the top of the humeral head
and the sensitive structures above it
Since the glenoid fossa and humeral head
kdjaskndajare incongruent, any motion requires a
combination of what humeral head motions on
the
Whichfossa?
ligament provides both anterior and
kdjaskndajinferior stability to the glenohumeral
jiojnt?
kdjaskndajWhich ligament provides only anterior
stability to the glenohumeral joint?
Normally, the arm can abduct up to 45
kdjaskndajdegrees. Beyond that, which glenohumeral
ligament takes over?
kdjaskndajGlenohumeral ligaments tighten on what
motions?

Foramen of weitbretch
Superior and middle GH
ligament
Axillary pouches
Originates from *base of
coracoid process* and inserts
on *greater tubercle of the
Both insert from the
humerus*
supraspinatus. The first band
inserts into the *lesser
tubercle* while the second
band on the *greater
tubercle*
External rotation
The second band of the
coracohumeral ligament forms
a tunnel where *biceps
tendon* passes
Superior coracohumeral
ligaments
Supraspinatus and
subscapularis tendons
1. Flexion-extension
2. Abduction-adduction
3. Internal-external rotation
Flexion - 120 degrees
Extension - 50 degrees
Middle fibers of the deltoid
assisted by supraspinatus
1. Pectoralis major
2. Latissimus dorsi
3. Teres major
4. Teres minor
*Internal* rotation is
limited by *lesser tubercle
on anterior glenoid fossa*
*external* rotation is
limited by *greater tubercle
on acromion*
120 degrees
60 degrees
This is due to the
impingement of the greater
tubercle on the acromion
Scapulohermal rhythm
Scapulothoracic and
glenohumeral joints
The sternothoracic joint
upwardly rotates the glenoid
fossa 60 degrees from resting kdjaskndajsternothoracic joint do?
position
The GH joint adds *120*
degrees of *flexion* and *90- kdjaskndajadds how many degrees of flexion and how
120* degrees of *abduction*
kdjaskndajWhat is the maximum elevation range in the
180 degrees
kdjaskndajIt is a point of weakness found between the
superior and middle GH ligament
kdjaskndajForamen of weitbretch is found between
kdjaskndajThese are weak bands of fibrous tissue that
strengthen the fron of the GH joint capsule
kdjaskndajWhere does the coracohumeral ligament
originate from and where does it insert?
The first band of the coracohumeral
kdjaskndajligament
inserts from the subscapularis
into _____ while the second band inserts
into _____
kdjaskndajThe coracohumeral checks what motion?
kdjaskndajThe second band of the coracohumeral
ligament forms a tunnel where ______ passes
These interconnect capsules which bridge
kdjaskndajthe space between the supraspinatus and
subscapularis tendons
kdjaskndajSuperior coracohumeral ligaments bridge
which structures?
kdjaskndajWhat are the available motions on the
glenohumeral joint?
kdjaskndajWhat angles of flexion and extension are
produced in the glenohumeral joint?
kdjaskndajAbduction in the glenohumeral joint is
carried out by what structure?
kdjaskndajAdduction in the glenohumeral joint is
carried out by which muscles?
kdjaskndajWhat structures limit rotation in the
glenohumeral joint?
A 90 degrees abduction in the glenohumeral
kdjaskndajjoint produces an arc of rotation at what
angle?
When the arm is in internal rotation,
kdjaskndajabduction of the humerus is only up to what
angle?
When the arm is in internal rotation,
kdjaskndajabduction of the humer is only up to 60
degrees
What aredue to?
considered patterns of concomitant
and coordinated movements of the
kdjaskndajscapulothoracic and glenohumeral joints
during shoulder elevation?
kdjaskndajThe scapulohumeral rhythm involves
movements of which joints?
In the scapulohumeral rhythm, what does the
In the scapulohumeral rhythm, the GH joint
many degrees of abduction?
scapulohumeral rhythm?
1. *Permits large ROM* with
less compromise on stability
2. *Increases joint
congruence* while decreasing kdjaskndajWhat is the purpose of the scapulohumeral
forces rhythm?
3. *Minimize active
insufficiency* of
glenohumeral muscles
1. Elevation-depression
kdjaskndajWhat are the motions of muscles acting on
2. Abduction-adduction the shoulder girdle?
3. Upward-downward rotation
1. Flexion-extension
kdjaskndajWhat are the motions os muscles acting on
2. Abduction-adduction the arm?
3. Internal-external rotation
*Primary flexors*
1. Anterior deltoid
2. Coracobrachialis
kdjaskndajWhata re the muscles involved in shoulder
flexion?
*Secondary flexors*
1. Pectoralis major
2. Biceps brachii

*Primary extensors* (LPT)

1. Latissimus dorsi
2. Posterior deltoid
3. Teres major kdjaskndajWhat are the muscles involved in shoulder
extension?
*Secondary extensors*
1. Teres minor
2. Triceps brachii

*PeTAL*

*Primary abductors*
1. Pectoralis major
kdjaskndajWhat are the muscles involved in shoulder
2. Latissimus dorsi abduction?
*Secondary abductor*
1. Teres major
2. Anterior deltoid

*PIT*

*Primary external rotator*

1. Infraspinatus kdjaskndajWhat are the muscles involved in external
2. Teres minor rotation?

*Secondary external rotator*

Posterior deltoid
*Let’s Pay Them Respect*
1. Latissimus dorsi
kdjaskndajWhat are the muscles involved in shoulder
2. Pectoralis depression?
3. Teres major
4. Rhomboids
*Primary retractor*
1. Rhomboid major
2. Rhomboid minor kdjaskndajWhat are the muscles involved in shoulder
retraction?
*Secondary retractor*
Trapezius
 kdjaskndajWhat is the main muscle for shoulder
Serratus anterior protraction
It is a pyramid-shaped structure that
Axilla kdjaskndajcontains the principal vessels and nerves
1. Apex: first rib, scapula, to the upper limb and many lymph nodes
clavicle
2. Base: skin sretchign
between anterior and
posterior walls
3. Walls:
*Anterior wall*: anterior
axillary fold, pectoralis
major kdjaskndajWhat are the major parts of the axilla and
*Upper posterior wall*: what are the contents of those structures?
subscapularis
*Lower posterior wall*:
Latissimus dorsi and teres
major
*Medial wall*: Serratus
anterior and 2nd-6th ribs
*Lateral wall*: Bicipital
groove
1. Firstofrib
the humerus
2. Scapula kdjaskndajWhat are the bones involved in the axilla?
3. Clavicle
Pectoralis major and kdjaskndajWhat are the major muscles of the axilla?
clavipectoral fascia
kdjaskndajIt is a thin triangular muscle that arises
Pectoralis major from the 3rd to th 5th rib
Coracoid process of the kdjaskndajThe apex of the axilla inserts into what
scapula structure?
it is a strong sheet of connective tissue
kdjaskndajattached above the clavicle which acts as
Clavipectoral fascia suspensory ligament of the axilla; This
joings the fascial floor of the armpit
Begins at the *lateral border
of the 1st rib* and ends at kdjaskndajWhat are the boundaries of the axillary
the *lower border of the artery?
teres major*
It is formed at the *lower
border of the teres major*. Where is the axillary vein formed and which
This is formed by the union kdjaskndajvessels unite that contribute to its
of the *venae comitantes of formation?
the brachial artery and the
basilic vein*
1. Axillary artery
2. Axillary vein kdjaskndajWhat supplies blood to the axilla?
3. Brachial plexus
1. Pectoralis major
2. Pectoralis minor kdjaskndajWhat are the muscles connecting the upper
3. Subclavius limb to the thoracic wall?
4. Serratus anterior
1. Trapezius
2. Latissimus dorsi
kdjaskndajWhat are the muscles connecting the upper
3. Levator scapulae limb to the vertebral column?
4. Rhomboid minor
5. Rhomboid major
1. Deltoid
2. Supraspinatus
3. Infraspinatus kdjaskndajWhat are the muscles connecting the scapula
4. Teres major to the humerus?
5. Teres minor
6. Subscapularis
1. Biceps brachii
kdjaskndajWhat are the muscles of the arm in the
2. Coracobrachialis anterior compartment
3. Brachialis
kdjaskndajWhat are the muscles of the posterior
Triceps brachii compartment of the arm?
*SIT* Which muscles connecting the scapula to the
1. Supraspinatus kdjaskndajhumerus insert into the greater tuberosity
2. Infraspinatus of the humerus and capsule of the shoulder
3. Teres minor joint?
*RRL* Which muscles that connect the upper limb
1. Rhomboid major kdjaskndajto the vertebral column commonly insert
2. Rhomboid minor into the medial border of the scapula?
3. Levator scapulae
ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk
ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk
ankdnkk
ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk
ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk
ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk
ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk
ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk
ankdnkk
ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk
ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk
ankdnkk
ankdnkk
ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk
ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk
ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk
ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk
ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk

ankdnkk
1. Elbow joints
LallalalalWhat are the 2 categories of joints in Lalaaoooo
2. Proximodistal the elbow complex? o
radioulnar joints
1. Humeroradial joint Lalaaoooo
LallalalalWhat are the types of elbow joints?
2. Humeroulnar joint o
Modified or loose hinge LallalalalThe elbow joint functions as what type of Lalaaoooo
jointelbow joint is
The joint? o
considered to be a
modified or loose hinge
joint because there is a LallalalalWhy is the elbow considered to be a Lalaaoooo
*slight bit of axial modified or loose hinge joint? o
rotation and side-to-side
motion of the ulna during
flexion and extension*
3 are *flexors* which pass
through the anterior Of the 5 muscles directly associated with
aspect of the joint; Lalaaoooo
Lallalalalthe elbow joint, how many are extensors
2 are *extensors* which o
and how many are flexors?
pass through the posterior
aspect of the joint
What are the articulating surfaces found
Lallalalalon the anterior aspect of the distal Lalaaoooo
Trochlea and capitulum humerus situated between the medial and o
lateral humeral epicondyles?
What is the articulating surface on the
anterior distal humerus in between of the Lalaaoooo
Trochlea Lallalalalmedial and lateral epicondyle that looks o
like
What an
is *hour glass*? articulating
the spherical
Lallalalalsurface on the anterior distal humerus in Lalaaoooo
Capitulum between of the medial and lateral o
epicondyle?
*Olecranon process and
olecranon fossa*

LallalalalWhat structures interact in the Lalaaoooo

In extension, sliding humeroulnar joint during extension? o
continues until the
olecranon process enters
the olecranon
*Trochlear fossa
ridge and
trochlear groove; and
coronoid process and
coronoid fossa*

In flexion, the *trochlear LallalalalWhat structures interact in the Lalaaoooo

ridge* of the ulna slides humeroulnar joint during flexion? o
along the *trochlear
groove* until the
*coronoid process* reache
the floor of the *coronoid
fossa*
Articulation between the
ulna and humerus at the
humeroulnar joint occurs What occurs primarily in the articulation Lalaaoooo
primarily as a *sliding Lallalalalbetween the ulna and humerus in the o
motion of the ulnar humeroulnar joint?
trochlear ridge on the
humeral trochlear
Articulation groove*
between the
radial head and the
capitulum at the What occurs primarily in the articulation
humeroradial joint Lalaaoooo
Lallalalalbetween the radius and capitulum in the
involves *sliding of the o
humeroradial joint?
shallow concave radial
head over the convex
surface of the capitulum*
Radial head and capitulum LallalalalWhat structures articulate in the Lalaaoooo
The humeral capitulum and humeroradial joint? o
the corresponding radial
LallalalalWhy are the joint surfaces on the Lalaaoooo
fovea are not equal in humeroradial joint slightly incongruent? o
size; the humeral
capitulum is smaller.
No contact occurs between LallalalalWhat happens at the humeroradial joint in Lalaaoooo
the
Rim articulating
of the radialsurfaces
head full extension? o
slides in the
capitulotrochlear groove LallalalalWhat happens at the humeroradial join Lalaaoooo
and enters the radial during flexion? o
fossa as the end of the
flexion range is reached
1. Superior (proximal)
radioulnar joint LallalalalWhat are the types of proximodistal Lalaaoooo
2. Inferior (distal) radioulnar joints? o
radioulnar joint
*Rotation* of the forearm LallalalalWhat action is produced upon the Lalaaoooo
interaction of the 2 proximodistal
(pronation and supination) o
radioulnar joints?
Diarthroradial, uniaxial LallalalalWhat type of joints are the proximodistal Lalaaoooo
radioulnar joints? o
*Pronation*: Pronator
teres and pronator What are the muscles associated for
Lalaaoooo
quadratus Lallalalalpronation and supination in the o
*Supination*: Supinator radioulnar joints?
and biceps brachii
*Flexion*:
1. Biceps brachii
2. Brachioradialis What are the muscles of flexion and
3. Brachialis Lalaaoooo
Lallalalalextension that are directly associated to o
the elbow joint?
*Extension*:
1. Anconeus muscle
2. Triceps brachii
1. Medial (Ulnar)
Collateral Ligaments (MCL) LallalalalWhat are the ligaments of the elbow Lalaaoooo
2. Lateral collateral joints? o
ligaments (LCL)
1. Annular ligament
2. Quadrate ligament
LallalalalWhat are the ligaments of the Lalaaoooo
3. Oblique cord proximodistal radioulnar joints? o
4. Dorsal and palmar
radioulnar ligaments
The distal enthesis of the
MCL lies on the *coronoid
process* of the ulna and LallalalalThe distal enthesis of the MCL is found Lalaaoooo
on what part of the ulna and what is its
appears *broad proximally o
appearance?
and tapered distally
(fusiform) *
It runs from the
*anterior* aspect of the LallalalalWhat are the boundaries of the anterior Lalaaoooo
*medial epicondyle* to the medial collateral ligament ? o
*ulnar coronoid process*
This ligament of the elbow joint is
Anterior medial collateral Lallalalalconsidered to be the primary ligamentous Lalaaoooo
epicondyle restraint of *valgus* stress from 20 o
degrees to 120medial
The anterior degrees of elbowepicondyle
collateral flexion
as a ligamentous restraint of valgus Lalaaoooo
20-120 degrees Lallalalalstress functions what angle of elbow o
flexion?
1. Flexor carpi ulnaris
2. Pronator teres LallalalalThe anterior medial collateral ligament Lalaaoooo
3. Flexor digitorum is overlaid by what muscles? o
sublimus
It extends from the
*posterior* aspect of the
*medial epicondyle of the LallalalalWhat are the boundaries of the posterior Lalaaoooo
humerus* to attach to the medial collateral ligament? o
*ulnar cornoid and
olecranon process*
Posterior medial LallalalalWhich elbow joint ligament serves to Lalaaoooo
collateral ligament limit elbow extension? o
Oblique medial collateral LallalalalWhich elbow joint ligament assists in Lalaaoooo
providing stability keep joint surfaces
ligament o
apposed?
these are attached low on The lateral collateral ligaments of the Lalaaoooo
the lateral epicondyle and Lallalalalelbow joint are attached to what o
to the annular ligament structures?
It extends from *lateral
humeral epicondyle* to the
LallalalalWhat are the boundaries of the lateral Lalaaoooo
*lateral* aspect of the radial collateral ligament? o
*ulna and annular
ligament*
Humeroradial articulation LallalalalThe lateral ulnar collateral ligment Lalaaoooo
provides reinforcement to what structure? o
LallalalalThe lateral ulnar collateral ligament Lalaaoooo
Varus stress offers protection from what stress? o
It is a fan-shaped structure that extends
Lateral radial collateral Lallalalalfrom the *inferior* aspect of the Lalaaoooo
ligament *lateral epicondyle* of the humerus to o
merge with the *annular ligament*
*Annular ligament*
*Annular ligament*
The inner surface serves
as *joint surface*
The proximal border blends LallalalalThe inner surface serves as ______ Lalaaoooo
The proximal border blends with the
with the *joint capsule* o
_______
The lateral aspect is The lateral aspect is reinforced by
reinforced by fibers from fibers from ______
the *lateral collateral
ligament*
it extends from the
*inferior* of the ulna’
*radial notch* and inserts LallalalalWhat are the boundaries of the quadrate Lalaaoooo
ligament? o
in the *neck of the
radius*
Which proximodistal radioulnar ligament
Quadrate ligament Lallalalallimits the spin of the radial head during Lalaaoooo
o
supination and pronation?
Limits the spin of the
LallalalalWhat is the function of the quadrate Lalaaoooo
*radial head* during ligament? o
pronation and supination
This is a flat fascial band that extends
Lallalalalfrom the attachment just inferior to the Lalaaoooo
Oblique cord radial notch to insert just below the o
extends from the bicipital tuberosity on the radius
attachment just *inferior
LallalalalWhat
to the radial notch* to are the boundaries of the oblique Lalaaoooo
insert just *below the cord? o
bicipital tuberosity on
the radius*
1. Flexor carpi radialis
2 Flexor carpi ulnaris
LallalalalWhich muscles are considered to be weak Lalaaoooo
3. Flexor digitorum flexors of the elbow? o
superficialis
4. Palmaris longus
1. Brachialis
LallalalalWhat are the three major flexors of the Lalaaoooo
2. Biceps brachii elbow? o
3. Brachioradialis
1. Triceps brachii Lalaaoooo
LallalalalWhat are the 2 extensors of the elbow?
2. Anconeus o
1. Pronator teres
2. Pronator quadratus
3. Supinator
4. Anconeus
5. Other muscles active
LallalalalWhat
during supination and are the musles related to the Lalaaoooo
pronation: flexor carpi proximodistal radioulnar joints? o
ulnaris, flexor carpi
radialis, extensor carpi
ulnaris, brachioradialis,
extensor carpi radialis
brevis
The axis of motion in the
elbow passes horizontally
through *center of The axis of motion in the elbow passes
trochlea and capitulum* Lallalalalhorizontally through ________ and bisects Lalaaoooo
o
and bisects the ________
*longitudinal axis of the
shaft of the humerus*
Carrying angle/cubitus LallalalalIt is the normal valgus angulation in the Lalaaoooo
valgus frontal plane o
The *medial aspect of the
trochlea* extends more
distally than the lateral What causes valgus angulation or lateral
aspect which shifts the Lalaaoooo
Lallalalaldeviation of the ulna in relation to the
medial aspect of the o
humerus?
trochlear notch more
distally resulting to
lateral ulnar deviation
It is an increase in the carrying angle
Lallalalalvalgus beyond the average ; considerd an Lalaaoooo
Cubitus varus abnormal angulation in the elbow o
especially if it occurs unilaterally
Male: 5 degrees LallalalalWhat are the angles of cubitus varus in Lalaaoooo
Females: 10-15 degrees males and females? o
1. *Stabilize elbow*
against *varus* torque
2. Stabilize against
*combined varus and
supination torques*
3. *Reinforce* humeral
joint and helps *provide
some resistance to
longitudinal distraction*
of the articulating
surfaces
4. *Stabilize radial head*
providing *stable base of
LallalalalWhat are the functions of the lateral Lalaaoooo
rotation* collateral ligaments? o
5. Maintains
*posterolateral rotatory
stability*
6. *Prevents subluxation
of humeroulnar joint* by
securing the ulna to the
humerus
7. *Prevents forearm from
rotating off of the
humerus in valgus and
supination* during flexion
from the fully extended
It is in a longitudinal
position
axis extending from the
LallalalalWhere does the axis of motion for Lalaaoooo
center of the *radial pronation and supination occur? o
head* to the center of the
*ulnar head*
LallalalalRadius and ulna lie parallel to one Lalaaoooo
Supination another during oLalaaoooo
Pronation
*Pronation*: Ulnar head LallalalalRadius crosses over the ulna during o
moves *distally* and
LallalalalHow
*dorsally* does the ulnar head move in pronation Lalaaoooo
*Supination*: Ulnar head and in supination? o
moves *proximally* and
*medially*
Biceps contract and are at LallalalalWhat happens to the biceps and what is Lalaaoooo
135-145 degrees the range of motion in an active state? o
Biceps are relaxed (not
LallalalalWhat happens to the biceps and what is Lalaaoooo
contracted) and are at the range of motion in a passive state? o
105-160 degrees
LallalalalWhat is the total ROM of the radioulnar Lalaaoooo
150 degrees joints? o
1. Bony approximation of
the radius and ulna
2. Tension in the dorsal
radioulnar ligament LallalalalWhat factors limit pronation in all elbow Lalaaoooo
3. Tension of posterior positions? o
fibers of the medial
collateral ligament of the
elbow
This may be due to
LallalalalWhy is pronation limited when the elbow Lalaaoooo
*passive tension in the is extended? o
biceps brachii*
Supination is limited by
*passive tension* in the LallalalalWhat limits supination of the elbow? Lalaaoooo
palmar radioulnar ligament o
and the oblique cord
1. Flexors on the anterior
arm
2. Position of forearm and Lalaaoooo
shoulder LallalalalWhat factors affect ROM values? o
3. Configuration of joint
surfaces, ligaments, and
joint capsule
1. Pronator teres
2. Palmaris longus What are the weak elbow flexors which
3. Flexor digitorum Lalaaoooo
Lallalalalalso have primary actions at the
superficialis o
radioulnar and wrist joints?
4. Flexor carpi radialis
5. Flexor carpi ulnaris
Its insertion is close to LallalalalWhy is the brachialis considered to be a Lalaaoooo
the elbow joint axis mobility muscle? o
*Biceps brachii* - 80-100
degrees elbow flexion
*Brachialis* - 100 degrees LallalalalWhat is the moment arm of the major Lalaaoooo
elbow flexion flexors of the elbow? o
*Brachioradialis* - 100-
120 degrees elbow flexion
Forearm position; this is
brought about by *rotation LallalalalThe brachialis is unaffected by Lalaaoooo
of the radius* and o
*position of the shoulder*
Long head of the biceps LallalalalAmong the elbow flexors, which has the Lalaaoooo
brachii largest volume? o
Translatory component of
the muscle force is
*directed away from the What occurs with the biceps brachii when Lalaaoooo
elbow joint* and therefore Lallalalalthe elbow is flexed beyond 100 degrees? o
accts as a *distracting or
dislocating force*
Position of the shoulder
(both heads of the muscle LallalalalBiceps brachii is affected by Lalaaoooo
cross both the shoulder o
and the elbow)
Shoulder position (It does LallalalalThe brachioradialis is not affected by Lalaaoooo
not cross the shoulder) o
Brachioradialis - not
affected by shoulder
position
Biceps brachii - Affected LallalalalHow does shoulder position affect the 3 Lalaaoooo
by shoulder position major flexors of the elbow? o
Brachialis - not affected
by shoulder position
Which of the major elbow flexors is less
Lalaaoooo
Biceps brachii Lallalalaleffective when the elbow is fully
extended? o
Triceps brachii is
*affected* by the position How do the positions of the ellbow and Lalaaoooo
of the elbow but *not Lallalalalforearm affect the effectiveness of the o
affected* by the position triceps brachii?
of the forearm
Diminishes when the elbow LallalalalThe long head of the triceps brachii Lalaaoooo
diminishes in its ability to produce
is fully or hyperxtended o
torque when
90 degrees of elbow LallalalalMaximal isometric torque by the triceps Lalaaoooo
flexion brachii is produced at what angle? o
LallalalalThe triceps brachii is active Lalaaoooo
Closed kinematic chain concentrically in what kinematic chain? o
Forearm pronators pull on
the radius which cause the LallalalalWhat happens to the radius and ulna Lalaaoooo
shaft and distal end to during pronation? o
turn over to the ulna
LallalalalDuring forearm pronation, where does Lalaaoooo
Radioulnar joint pronator teres direct its major action? o
Unresisted and resisted Lalaaoooo
pronation; and in slow and LallalalalThe pronator quadratus is active during o
fast pronation
When the forearm moves
into *pronation*, the LallalalalWhat happens to the supination torque Lalaaoooo
supination torque when the forearm moves into pronation? o
*increases* The supination torque of the forearm Lalaaoooo
20 degrees Lallalalalreaches maximum at what angle of o
pronation?
LallalalalWhich muscle is acive in both supination Lalaaoooo
Anconeus and pronation? o
1. Anterior and posterior
*radioulnar* ligaments What are the reinforcing structures of Lalaaoooo
2. Interosseous membrane Lallalalalthe IRU joint? o
disk
Rim of radial head spins What is the mechanism of pronation- Lalaaoooo
within the *annular Lallalalalsupination at SRU joint? o
ligament* on the capitulum
Concave surface of the
LallalalalWhat is the mechanism of the pronation- Lalaaoooo
ulnar notch slides over supination at the IRU joint? o
the ulnar head
100 degrees LallalalalWhat is the usual angle for elbow Lalaaoooo
100 degrees; 50 - flexion? o
LallalalalWhat is the usual angle for Lalaaoooo
pronation and 50 - pronation/supination? o
supination
Ossification starts in
the capitate or hamate.
Capitate usually starts qopqoqopqoWhere and when does ossification of Ss;;;q;pp
at the *2nd* month the carpal bones occur? sp
while the hamate starts
at the *3rd* month
qopqoqopqoWhich of the carpal bones ossify Ss;;;q;pp
Pisiform
Male - 12th year last? sp
qopqoqopqoWhen does the pisiform ossify in Ss;;;q;pp
Female - 9th - 10th males and females? sp
year
qopqoqopqoWhat is the largest element in the Ss;;;q;pp
Scaphoid/Navicular proximal carpal? sp
qopqoqopqoWhich of the carpal bones is most Ss;;;q;pp
Scaphoid/Navicular frequently fractured? sp
1. Flexor retinaculum
qopqoqopqoWhat muscles are attached to the Ss;;;q;pp
2. Abductor pollicis scaphoid/navicular? sp
brevis
The scaphoid has a
*convex, proximal* The scaphoid has a __________ Ss;;;q;pp
radial surfaace that is qopqoqopqoradial surface that is directed sp
directed __________
*proximolaterally*
The scaphoid has a
*flat, semilunar* qopqoqopqoThe scaphoid has a ________ lunate Ss;;;q;pp
lunate surface that surface that faces _______ sp
faces *medially* It is a semilunar carpal that Ss;;;q;pp
Lunate qopqoqopqoarticulates between the scaphoid sp
and triquetrum
Scaphoid and triquetrum qopqoqopqoThe lunate articulates between Ss;;;q;pp
which 2 bones? sp
Greater multangular The trapezium carpal is also known Ss;;;q;pp
qopqoqopqoas
carpal bone sp
Lesse multangular Ss;;;q;pp
qopqoqopqoThe trapezoid is also known as
carpal bone sp
Capitate qopqoqopqoIt is the central and largest Ss;;;q;pp
carpal bone sp
Ss;;;q;pp
Cuneiform qopqoqopqoThe hamate is also known as
The hook of the hamate that is sp
Unciform hamulus qopqoqopqocurved with a lateral concavity is Ss;;;q;pp
sp
known
It is aas?carpal with a hook that Ss;;;q;pp
Hamate (cuneiform) qopqoqopqoprojects from the distal part of
the rough palmar surface sp
Ossification begins at
qopqoqopqoOssification of the metacacrpal Ss;;;q;pp
the *mid-shaft* at the begins at what part and when? sp
*9th week*
Distal phalange - 8th
or 9th week
Proximal phalange - qopqoqopqoWhen do proximal, middle, and Ss;;;q;pp
10th week distal phalanges develop? sp
Middle phalange - 11th
week or later
Females. - 15th-16th
qopqoqopqoWhen does the epiphyses of Ss;;;q;pp
year phalanges unite? sp
Males - 17th-18th year
1. Scaphoid What are the structures in the Ss;;;q;pp
2. Lunate qopqoqopqodistal portion of the radiocarpal sp
3. Triquetrum joint?
1. Lateral radial facet
2. Medial radial facet What are the structures in the
3. Triangular qopqoqopqoproximal portion of the radiocarpal Ss;;;q;pp
sp
fibrocartilage complex joint?
(TFCC)
1. Collateral ligaments
qopqoqopqoWhat are the ligaments that Ss;;;q;pp
2. Transverse reinforce the radiocarpal joint? sp
metacarpal ligaments
Average inclination -
qopqoqopqoWhat is the inclination and volar Ss;;;q;pp
23 derees tilt of the distal radius? sp
Volar tilt - 11 degrees
1. Ulnar and radial
collateral ligaments
2. Dorsal and palmar What are the ligaments that form Ss;;;q;pp
radiocarpal ligaments qopqoqopqothe triangular fibrocartilage sp
3. Ulnocarpal ligaments complex?
4. Transverse carpal
ligament
1. Anterior
*interosseous* artery
2. Anterior and
posterior (carpal)
branches of the *radial
qopqoqopqoWhat vessels supply blood to the Ss;;;q;pp
and ulnar* arteries radiocarpal joint? sp
3. Palmar and dorsal
*metacarpal* arteries
4. Recurrent rami of
the *deep palmar*
branch
1. Anterior and
posterior
qopqoqopqoWhat are the nerves of the Ss;;;q;pp
*interosseous* nerves radiocarpal joint? sp
2. *Medial, ulnar, and
radial* nerves
qopqoqopqoWhat is the joint between the Ss;;;q;pp
Midcarpal joint proximal and distal carpal rows? sp
1. Fixed movement of
the *proximal row*
2. Strong qopqoqopqoWhat are the functions of the Ss;;;q;pp
connection/limited midcarpal joint? sp
movement for the
*distal row*
1. Scaphoid +
trapezium, trapezoid,
qopqoqopqoWhat are the connections made by Ss;;;q;pp
and capitate the midcarpal joint? sp
2. Lunate + capitate
3. Triquetrum + hamate
1. Posterior carpal
branches of the *radial
qopqoqopqoWhat vessels supply blood to the Ss;;;q;pp
and ulnar* arteries midcarpal joint? sp
2. Anterior
*interosseous* artery
What are the joints found between
Carpometacarpal joints qopqoqopqothe metacarpals, their bases, and Ss;;;q;pp
sp
the distal row of carpals?
This joint contributes to the
qopqoqopqohollow of palm to allow palm and Ss;;;q;pp
Carpometacarpal joints digits to conform to the shape of sp
the
Allowobject beingandheld
the hand digits to hold
properly, increase sensory Ss;;;q;pp
Palmar arches qopqoqopqofeedback, and maximize contact with sp
1. Proximal transverse surface
arch
2. Distal transverse qopqoqopqoWhat are the three palmar arches? Ss;;;q;pp
arch sp
3. Longitudinal
Proximal arch
transverse qopqoqopqoThis palmar arch serves as the Ss;;;q;pp
arch concavity of the carpal bone sp
 qopqoqopqoThis palmar arch is an adjustable Ss;;;q;pp
Distal transverse arch composition of the carpal heads sp
qopqoqopqoproximal carpal bone to the fingers Ss;;;q;pp
This palmar arch extends from the
Longitudinal arch sp
A saddle joint found between the
Thumb carpometacarpal Ss;;;q;pp
qopqoqopqotrapezium and base of the first
joint sp
metacarpal
Due to the loose capsule of the
qopqoqopqothumb carpometacarpal joint, it can Ss;;;q;pp
3mm be distracted up to what extent sp
from the trapezium?
It is a special finger responsible Ss;;;q;pp
Thumb qopqoqopqofor 50% of hand function, sp
especially opposition
Metacarpophalangeal This joint is found between the Ss;;;q;pp
qopqoqopqometacarpals and phalanges
joints sp
These are fibrocartilage plates
that extend into the small Ss;;;q;pp
Volar plates qopqoqopqoarticulating surfaces of the
phalanges to increase stability and sp
congruence
1. Tightening of the Why can flexed MCP joints not be
collateral ligaments Ss;;;q;pp
qopqoqopqoabducted as freely when they are
2. Change in shape of sp
extended?
the MCP heads
1. Collateral ligaments
qopqoqopqoWhat are the ligaments of the MCP Ss;;;q;pp
2. Transverse joints? sp
metacarpal ligaments
1. Radiocarpal joint
2. Midcarpal joint
3. Carpometacarpal
joint
4. Thumb qopqoqopqoWhat are the joints of the wrist Ss;;;q;pp
carpometacarpal joint complex? sp
5. Metacarpophalangeal
joint
6. Interphalangeal
Check rein/collateral qopqoqopqoWhat is the main function of the Ss;;;q;pp
ligaments interphalangeal joints? sp
What are the types of ligaments of Ss;;;q;pp
1. Intracapsular qopqoqopqothe wrist based on presence of
2. Extracapsular sp
capsule?
1. Extrinsinc Ss;;;q;pp
qopqoqopqoWhat are the types of ligaments?
2. Intrinsic sp
These are wrist ligaments situated Ss;;;q;pp
Intracapsular qopqoqopqobetween the fibrous and synovial sp
layers
Flexor and extensor Most of the ligaments of the wrist
retinaculae and qopqoqopqolie within the joint capsule except Ss;;;q;pp
sp
pisotriquetral ligament for which ligaments?
qopqoqopqoType of wrist ligament which lie Ss;;;q;pp
Extracapsular superficial to the fibrous layer sp
Radius, ulna, and qopqoqopqoExtrinsic wrist ligaments connect Ss;;;q;pp
metacarpals the carpals to what structures? sp
Another carpal qopqoqopqoIntrinsic wrist ligaments connect Ss;;;q;pp
bone/each other the carpals to sp
1. Dorsal radiocarpal
ligament
2. Ulnar and radial
collateral ligament
3. Volar/Palmar
radiocarpal ligaments qopqoqopqoWhat are the major wrist ligaments? Ss;;;q;pp
sp
- radiocapitate
- radiotriquetral
- radioscaphoid
4. Ulnocarpal ligament
5. Intercarpal ligament

It is the stiffest strongest, and

Radiotriquetral qopqoqopqomost distinct wrist ligament that Ss;;;q;pp
ligament attaches to and supports the lunate sp
*Muscles of the dorsal
forearm*

*Common origin:*
1. Lateral epicondyle
of distal arm
2. Proximal forearm
What is the common origin, common
*Common insertion:* qopqoqopqoinsertion, and usual actions of the Ss;;;q;pp
Fingers sp
muscles of the dorsal forearm?
*Usual actions:*
1. Extension of
wrist/fingers
2. Abduction/adduction
3. Dynamic
stabilization of the
wrist
1. Brachioradialis
2. Extensor carpi
radialis longus
3. Extensor carpi
radialis brevis
qopqoqopqoWhat are the superficial muscles of Ss;;;q;pp
4. Extensor carpi
the dorsal forearm? sp
ulnaris
5. Extensor digitorum
communis
6. Extensor digiti
minimi
qopqoqopqoExtensor digitorum communis is Ss;;;q;pp
Middle finger directed to what finger? sp
qopqoqopqoExtensor digiti minimi is directed Ss;;;q;pp
Pinky finger
2. Abductor Pollicis to what finger? sp
longus
3. Extensor pollicis
qopqoqopqoWhat are the deep muscles of the Ss;;;q;pp
longus dorsal forearm? sp
4. Eextensor pollicis
brevis
5. Extensor indicis
*Common origin:* Medial
epicondyle of distal
arm

*Common insertion:*
Fingers What is the common origin, common
qopqoqopqoinsertion, and usual actions of the Ss;;;q;pp
sp
*Usual actions*: muscles of the volar forearm?
1. Flexion/extension of
wrist and fingers
2. Abduction/adduction
3. Dynamic
stabilization of the
wrist
According to the number of joints, Ss;;;q;pp
Multi-jointed qopqoqopqomuscles of the dorsal and volar sp
forearm are classified as?
1. Pronator teres
2. Palmaris longus
qopqoqopqoWhat are the superficial muscles of Ss;;;q;pp
3. Flexor carpi ulnaris the volar forearm? sp
4. Flexor carpi
radialis
Flexor digitorum What is the primary flexor of the Ss;;;q;pp
superficialis qopqoqopqoPIP? sp
Proximal
qopqoqopqoFlexor digitorum superficialis is Ss;;;q;pp
interphalangeal joint the primary flexor of sp
(PIP)
1. Pronator quadratus
2. Flexor pollicis
qopqoqopqoWhat are the deep muscles of the Ss;;;q;pp
longus volar forearm? sp
3. Flexor digitorum
profundus
longus
2. Abductor pollicis
longus
3. Extensor pollicis Ss;;;q;pp
qopqoqopqoWhat are the dorsal hand muscles?
brevis sp
4. Extensor indicis
proprius
5.
1. Extensor
Palmaris digitorum
longus
2. Flexor pollicis
longus
qopqoqopqoWhat are the extrinsic palmar hand Ss;;;q;pp
3. Flexor digitorum muscles? sp
profundus
4. Flexor digitorum
superficialis
1. Dorsal interossei
2. Palmar interossei
3. Lumbricals
4. Palmaris previs
qopqoqopqoWhat are the intrinsic palmar hand Ss;;;q;pp
5. Adductor digiti muscles? sp
minimi
6. Flexor digiti minimi
7. Opponens digiti
1. Abductor pollicis
minimi
brevis
qopqoqopqoWhat
2. Flexor pollicis are the muscles of the thenar Ss;;;q;pp
brevis eminence? sp
3. Adductor pollicis
qopqoqopqoWhat
4. Opponens pollicis nerves supply the thenar Ss;;;q;pp
Median and ulnar
1. Abductor digitinerve eminence sp
minimi
qopqoqopqoWhat
2. Flexor digiti minimi are the muscles of the Ss;;;q;pp
3. Opponens digiti hypothenar eminence? sp
minimi
RCJ - 50 degrees qopqoqopqoAt what angle does wrist flexion Ss;;;q;pp
MCJ - 35 degrees occur in RCJ and MCJ? sp
RCJ - 35 degrees qopqoqopqoAt what angle does wrist extension Ss;;;q;pp
MCJ - 50 degrees occur in RCJ and MCJ? sp
qopqoqopqoThe axis of wrist extension is Ss;;;q;pp
Capitate
Radial deviation - 15 through what structure? sp
degrees qopqoqopqoRadial and ulnar deviations of the Ss;;;q;pp
Ulnar deviation - 45 wrist occur at what angles? sp
1. Pronator teres
degrees
2. Pronator quadratus
3. Flexor digitorum
superficialis
4. Flexor digitorum What are the muscles of the
profundus Ss;;;q;pp
qopqoqopqoanterior compartment of the
5. Flexor carpi ulnaris sp
forearm?
6. Flexor carpi
radialis
7. Flexor pollicis
longus
8. Palmaris longus
1. Brachioradialis
qopqoqopqoWhat are the muscles of the lateral Ss;;;q;pp
2. Extensor carpi compartment of the forearm? sp
radialis longus
 sdaddddd Grasping or taking hold of an object between
Prehension any two surfaces in the hand
1. Power grip sdaddddd What are the 2 categories of prehension?
2. Precision handling
sdaddddd Which type of prehension is done for the
Precision handling manipulation of an object?
1. Opening of hand
2. Positioning of the fingers
3. Approaching the fingers to sdaddddd What are the phases of grip?
the object
4. Maintaining static phase
sdaddddd Which phase of grip can differentiate
Static phase between power and precision grip?
Mid-dorsiflexed sdaddddd How is the wrist positioned in a power grip?
1. Radiocarpal joint and TFCC
2. Bones of the forearm What is the pathway of transmission of
3. Elbow joint sdaddddd forces from the hand and wrist during a
4. Humerus power grip?
5. Glenohumeral joint
6. Pectoral girdle
1. Absolute value of load
2. Degree of forearm rotation sdaddddd What factors affect the distribution of
3. Position of carpus relative force between the radius and ulna?
to forearm
1. Cylindrical
2. Spherical sdaddddd What are the types of power grip?
3. Hook
4. Lateral prehension
1. Pad-to-pad
2. Tip-to-tip sdaddddd What are the types of precision handling?
3. Pad-to-side
Grip in which the fingers are flexed around
Power grip sdaddddd an object with counter pressure from the
thumb
Grip that stabilizes the object between the
Precision grip sdaddddd tips of one or more fingers and the thumb,
but varies considerably with the task
sdaddddd Grip which is used to suspend or to pull
Hook grip open an object
sdaddddd This grip is for the transmission of forces
Hook grip and not for skillful manipulation
This grip is produced by powerful opposition
Lateral pinch grip sdaddddd of the thumb to the radial side of the index
1. Slight extension of 20 finger
degrees Descriptions of the functional position of
sdaddddd
2. Slight ulnar deviation of 10 the wrist
degrees
1. Moderately flexed at MCP
joint by 45 degrees
2. Slightly flexed at PIP joint sdaddddd Description of functional position of
fingers
by 30 degrees
3. Slightly flexed at DIP joint
sdaddddd The useful amount of tension produced by a
Functional length muscle is limited by its
What type of muscle insufficiency is
Active insufficiency sdaddddd described when it cannot shorten beyond a
certain limit without losing tension?

Passive insufficiency
Active insufficiency
Passive insufficiency
Optimal tension
Full range of motion
1. Abductor pollicis brevis
2. Flexor pollicis brevis
3. Opponens pollicis
4. Adductor pollicis
1. Abductor digiti minimi
2. Flexor digiti minimi
3. Opponens digiti minimi
What type of muscle insufficiency is
sdaddddd described when a full ROM at any joint a
muscle crosses is limited by its muscle
length?
What type of muscle insufficiency is
sdaddddd described where loss of tension allows
shortening beyond a certain limit?
What type of muscle insufficiency is
sdaddddd described where ROM is limited by muscle
length?
sdaddddd What is compromised in active insufficiency?
sdaddddd What is compromised in passive insufficiency
sdaddddd What are the short muscles of the thumb?
sdaddddd What are the short muscles of the little
finger?
Sssaaaaq
q
Sssaaaaq
q
Sssaaaaq
q

Sssaaaaq
q

Sssaaaaq
q
Sssaaaaq
q

Sssaaaaq
q

Sssaaaaq
q

Sssaaaaq
q

Sssaaaaq
q
Sssaaaaq
q
Sssaaaaq
q
Sssaaaaq
q
Sssaaaaq
q
Sssaaaaq
q
Sssaaaaq
q

Sssaaaaq
q

Sssaaaaq
q
Sssaaaaq
q
Sssaaaaq
q

Sssaaaaq
q
Sssaaaaq
q
Sssaaaaq
qSssaaaaq
q
Sssaaaaq
q

Sssaaaaq
q
Humeral head origin: Medial epicondyle
(of humerus)
Ulnar head origin: Medial border of Ssllqpqqp
coronoid process (of ulna)
Common insertion: Lateral shaft (of
radius)
Origin: Medial epicondyle (of humerus)
Insertion: Base of second and third Ssllqpqqp
metacarpals
Origin: Medial epicondyle (of humerus)
Insertion: Flexor retinaculum and Ssllqpqqp
palmar aponeurosis
Humeral head origin: Medial epicondyle
(of humerus)
Ulnar head origin: Medial aspect of
olecranon procecss and posterior border Ssllqpqqp
of ulna
Common insertion: Pisiform, hook of
hamate, and base of 5th metacarpal
Humeroulnar head origin: Medial
epicondyle (of humerus), medial border
of coronoid process (of ulna)
Radial head origin: Oblique line on Ssllqpqqp
anterior shaft (of radius)
Common insertion: Middle phalanx of
medial 4 fingers
Origin: Anterior shaft (of radius) Ssllqpqqp
Insertion: Distal phalanx of thumb
Origin: anteromedial shaft (of ulna)
Insertion: Distal phalanges of medial Ssllqpqqp
four fingers
Origin: Anterior shaft (of ulna) Ssllqpqqp
Insertion:
Origin: Anterior
Lateral shaft (of ridge
supracondylar radius)of
humerus Ssllqpqqp
Insertion:
Origin: Base supracondylar
Lateral of styloid process
ridgeofof
radius
humerus Ssllqpqqp
Insertion: Posterior
Origin: Scaphod, of baseflexor
trapezium, of 2nd
metacarpal
retinaculum Ssllqpqqp
Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of
thumb
Origin: Flexor retinaculum Ssllqpqqp
Insertion: Base of phalanx of thumb
Origin: Flexor retinaculum Ssllqpqqp
Insertion: Shaft of metacarpal of thumb
Origin: Pisiform
Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of Ssllqpqqp
little finger
Origin: Flexor retinaculum
Insertion: BBase of proximal phalanx of Ssllqpqqp
little finger
Origin: Flexor retinaculum
Insertion: Medial border of 5th Ssllqpqqp
metacarpal
Origin: medial side of 2nd metacarpal;
lateral sides of 4th and 5th metacarpal
Insertion: Base of proximal phalanges Ssllqpqqp
in same sides as their origins;
extensor expansionside of metacarpal
Origin: Adjacent
bones Ssllqpqqp
Insertion: Lateral side of base of
proximal phalanges; extensor expansion
Origin: Subscapular fossa
Insertion: Lesser tuberosity of the Ssllqpqqp
humerus
What is the origin and insertion of the Pqoqpqis
pronator teres? isis

What is the origin and insertion of the Pqoqpqis

flexor carpi radialis? isis
What is the origin and insertion of the Pqoqpqis
palmaris longus? isis

What is the origin and insertion of the Pqoqpqis

flexor carpi ulnaris? isis

What is the origin and insertion of the Pqoqpqis

flexor digitorum superficialis? isis

What is the origin and insertion of the Pqoqpqis

flexor pollicis longus? isis
What is the origin and insertion of the Pqoqpqis
flexor digitorum profundus? isis
What is the origin and insertion of the Pqoqpqis
pronator quadratus? isis
What is the origin and insertion of the Pqoqpqis
brachioradialis? isis
What is the origin and insertion of the Pqoqpqis
Extensor carpi radialis longus? isis
What is the origin and insertion of the Pqoqpqis
abductor pollicis brevis? isis
What is the origin and insertion of the Pqoqpqis
flexor pollicis brevis? isis
What is the origin and insertion of the Pqoqpqis
opponens pollicis? isis
What is the origin and insertion of the Pqoqpqis
abductor digiti minimi? isis

What is the origin and insertion of the Pqoqpqis

flexor digiti minimi? isis
What is the origin and insertion of the Pqoqpqis
opponens digiti minimi? isis

What is the origin and insertion of palmar Pqoqpqis

interossei? isis

What is the origin and insertion of dorsal Pqoqpqis

interossei? isis
What is the origin and insertio of the Pqoqpqis
subscapularis? isis
Origin: *Clavicle*,
*sternum*, and upper six
costal cartilages PqqoqposoWhat is the origin and insertion Qqssssss
Insertion: Lateral lip of of the pectoralis major?
bicipital groove of
Origin:
*humerus*3rd, 4th, and 5th
ribs
PqqoqposoWhat is the origin and insertion
Insertion: Coracoid Qqssssss
of the pectoralis minor?
process
Origin: of
1stscapula
costal
PqqoqposoWhat is the origin and insertiono Qqssssss
cartilage of the subclavius?
Insertion: clavicle
Origin: Upper eight ribs
Insertion: Medial border PqqoqposoWhat is the origin and insertion Qqssssss
and inferior angle of of the serratus anterior?
*scapula*
Origin: occipital bone,
ligamentum nuchae, spine
of C7, spines of all T-
vertebra
PqqoqposoWhat is the origin and insertion
Insertion: *Upper fibers* Qqssssss
of the trapezius?
- lateral 3rd of
clavicle; *Middle and
lower fibers* - acromion
and spineIliac
Origin: of scapula
crest,
lumbar fascia, spines of
lower 6 thoracic
vertebrae, lower 3/4
PqqoqposoWhat is the origin and insertion
ribs, and inferior angle Qqssssss
of latissimus dorsi?
of scapula
Insertion: Floor of
bicipital groove of
humerus
Origin: Transverse
process of C1-4 PqqoqposoWhat is the origin and insertion Qqssssss
Insertion: Medial border of levator scapulae
of scapula
Origin: Ligamentum nuchae
& spines of C7 and T1 PqqoqposoWhat is the origin and insertion Qqssssss
Insertion: Medial border of rhomboid minor?
of scapula
Origin: Spines of T2-T5
PqqoqposoWhat is the origin and insertion
Insertion: Medial border Qqssssss
of rhomboid major?
of scapula
Origin: lateral 3rd of
clavicle, acromion, spine
of scapula PqqoqposoWhat is the origin and insertion Qqssssss
Insertion: Middle of of deltoid?
lateral surface of shaft
of humerus
Origin: Supraspinous
fossa of scapula
PqqoqposoWhat is the origin and insertion
Insertion: Greater Qqssssss
of supraspinatus?
tuberosity of humerus;
capusle of shoulder joint
Origin: Infraspinous
fossa of scapula
PqqoqposoWhat is the origin and insertion
Insertion: Greater Qqssssss
of infraspinatus?
tuberosity of humerus;
capsule of shoulder joint
Origin: Lower 3rd of
lateral border of scapula What is the origin and insertion
Insertion: medial lip of Pqqoqposoof teres major? Qqssssss
bicipital groove of
huemrus
Origin: Upper 2/3 of
lateral border of scapula
PqqoqposoWhat is the origin and insertion
Insertion: Greater Qqssssss
of teres minor?
tuberosity of huerus;
capsule of shoulder joint