Functional Analysis by R.

Vittal Rao

Lecture 5: Structure of Metric Spaces - June 6, 2012

5.1 Recall: Continuous functions Consider f : I → R, I = [a, b]; f continuous. Then | f | is also
continuous. ∴ ∃y0 ∈ I s.t. 0 ≤ | f (x)| ≤ | f (y0 )| ∀x ∈ I and
Let I = [a, b] be a finite closed interval in R. f : I → R.
We say f is continuous at a point t ∈ (a, b) if given any  > 0, there | f (y0 )| = max | f (x)| = N f
x∈I
is a δ > 0 s.t. x ∈ (t − δ, t + δ) ⇒ f (x) ∈ ( f (t) − , f (t) + )
i.e., |x − t| < δ ⇒ | f (x) − f (t)| < .
At the right end point, we can talk about only left continuity and Example 5.1
at the left end point, we can only talk about right continuity. Consider X = The collection of all real-valued continuous
If f is continuous at every t ∈ I = [a, b], then we say f is continu- functions on I = [a, b].
ous on I. For f, g ∈ X, define ρ∞ ( f, g) = N f −g .
Then ρ∞ is a metric on X and the metric space (X, ρ∞ ) will be
Some properties of continuous functions f : I → R denoted by C∞ [a, b].
(1) f has a minimum and a maximum. R
For p ≥ 1, we can define the metric
i.e., ∃x0 , y0 ∈ I s.t. f (x0 ) ≤ f (x) ≤ f (y0 ) ∀x ∈ I. R
b
1/p
ρp ( f, g) = a | f (x) − g(x)|p dx .
(2) If t1 , t2 ∈ I and f (t1 ) , f (t2 ) p
(without loss of generality, let f (t1 ) < f (t2 )) The metric space (X, ρp ) is denoted by C [a, b]. Analogously
R
then ∀α s.t. f (t1 ) < α < f (t2 ) ∃x2 ∈ (t1 , t2 ) s.t. f (x2 ) = α. p
we have C∞ [a, b] and C [a, b].
C C
(3) (1) and (2) ⇒ all values between f (x0 ) and f (y0 ) are attained
and Range f = [ f (x0 ), f (y0 )].
(4) Suppose t0 ∈ I and f (t0 ) > 0.
Then ∃δ > 0 s.t. f (x) > 0 ∀x ∈ (t0 − δ, t0 + δ). 5.2 “Structure” of a Metric Space
Similarly, t1 ∈ I and f (t1 ) < 0, then 2
Real line R Plane R
∃δ > 0 s.t. f (x) < 0 ∀x ∈ (t1 − δ, t1 + δ).
Rb Usual metric Usual metric l22 (R)
ρ(x, y) = |x − y| ρ2 (x, y) = |x1 − y1 |2 + |x2 − y2 |2
p
(5) a f (t) dt is well-defined (Riemann Integral).
(6) Consider f s.t. f (x) ≥ 0 ∀x ∈ I.
Rb Rb Br (x0 ) = (x0 −r, x0 +r) Define Br (X0 ) = The set r
Claim: a f (x) dx = 0 ⇐⇒ f = 0 & p ≥ 1, a ( f (x))p dx ⇐⇒ f = 0. of all points whose dis-
r X0
Suppose f is continuous on [a, b], then tance from X0 is less than
Rb
| f (x)| dx = 0 ⇐⇒ f = 0. Similarly,
Rb
| f (x)|p dx = 0 ⇐⇒ f = 0. x0 r.
a a

1
5.2 “Structure” of a Metric Space

Definition 5.1 Open ball Example 5.4

Let (X, ρ) be any metric space. Pick an x0 ∈ X. For r > 0, we Consider C∞ [a, b]. X = { f : [a, b] → R : f is continuous}.
def R
denote Br (x0 ) = {x ∈ X : ρ(x, x0 ) < r} called the OPEN BALL
of radius of r. ρ∞ ( f, g) = max | f (x) − g(x)|
x∈[a,b]
def
Similarly, CLOSED BALL, Br (x0 ) = {x ∈ X : ρ(x, x0 ) ≤ r}
def
Take f = 0. r = 1.
SPHERE, Sr (x0 ) = {x ∈ X : ρ(x, x0 ) = r}. B1 ( f ) = {g ∈ X : ρ∞ ( f, g) < 1}
= The set of all continuous functions on [a, b] whose
Br (x0 ) = Br (x0 ) ∪ Sr (x0 ) graph lies between the lines y = −1 and y = 1.

y=1

O a b
Example 5.2
Consider l12 (R). Take any f in X. y = −1
2
X = R . ρ(x, y) = |x1 − y1 | + |x2 − y2 |. ( )
X0 Br ( f ) = g ∈ X : max | f (x) − g(x)| < r
Take X0 = (0, 0). r = 1. x∈[a,b]

Look at B1 (X0 ) = {(x, y) : |x| + |y| < 1}

i.e., Br ( fn) = g ∈ X : g(x) ∈ ( f (x) − r, f (x) + r) ∀x ∈ [a, b]

S1 (X0 ) = the four line segments.
Sr ( f ) = g ∈ X : ∃x ∈ [a, b] s.t. g(x) = { f (x) + r or f (x) − r}
o
& g(x) ∈ [ f (x) − r, f (x) + r] ∀x ∈ [a, b]

Example 5.5
Consider the discrete metric ρD defined in Example ??. Pick
Example 5.3
r ≥ 0 and x ∈ X.
Consider l∞ 2
(R). (-1,1) (1,1) Open ball, Br (x) Sphere, Sr (x)
ρ2 (x, y) = max{|x1 − y1 |, |x2 − y2 |} Definition
2 {y ∈ X : ρ(x, y) < r} {y ∈ X : ρ(x, y) = r}
X = R . X0 = (0, 0). r = 1. X0
Br (X0 ) = {(x, y) : max{|x|, |y|} < 1}, and r=0 Br (x) = φ Sr (x) = {x}
S1 (X0 ) = boundary. 0<r<1 Br (x) = {x} Sr (x) = φ
r=1 Br (x) = {x} Sr (x) = X \ {x}
(-1,-1) (1,-1)
r>1 Br (x) = X Sr (x) = X \ {x}