Assignment III

Real Analysis (MAN - 503&513)

Department of Mathematics (I.I.T. Roorkee)

Autumn Semester: 2021-22 Date: 20.09.21

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1. If s 6= 1, use stieltjes integration to derive the identities (a) and (b):

n Z n
X 1 1 [x]
(a) s
= s−1 + s dx.
k=1 k n 1 xs+1
2n
X (−1)k Z 2n
2[x/2] − [x]
(b) s
=s dx.
k=1 k 1 xs+1

2. Let {an } be a sequence of real numbers. For x ≥ 0, define

[x]
X X
A(x) = an = an ,
n≤x n=1

where [x] is the greatest integer in x and empty sums are interpreted as zero. Let
f has a contiuous derivative in the interval 1 ≤ x ≤ a. Use Stieltjes integrals to
derive the followingZformulas:
a
A(x)f 0 (x)dx + A(a)f (a).
X
(a) an f (n) = −
n≤a 1
X X
(b) an f (n) = − A(n)(f (n) − f (n − 1)) + A([a])f ([a] + 1).
n≤a n≤a
Note: when a is an integer, (b) is called Abel’s partial summation formula.

3. (a) Suppose α increases on [a, b], a ≤ xo ≤ b, α is continuous at xo , f (xo ) = 1,

and f (x) = 0 if x 6= xo . Prove that f ∈ R(α) and that
R
f dα = 0.
Rb
(b) Suppose f ≥ 0, f is continuous on [a, b], and a f (x)dx = 0. Prove that
f (x) = 0, ∀x ∈ [a, b]. Compare this result with (a).

4. define three functions β1 , β2 ,β3 as follows: βj (x) = 0 for x < 0, βj (x) = 1 if

x > 0 for j = 1, 2, 3; and β1 (0) = 0, β2 (0) = 1, β3 (0) = 1/2. Let f be a bounded
function on [−1, 1]. (a) Prove that f ∈ R(β1 ) if and only if f (0+) = f (0) and
R
that then f dβ1 = f (0), (b) State and prove a similar result for β2 . (c) Prove
that f ∈ R(β3 ) if and only if f is continuous at 0.

5. Suppose f is a bounded real function on [a, b], and f 2 ∈ R on [a, b], i.e .Riemann
integrable over a, b]. Does it follow that f ∈ R? Does the answer change if we
assume f 3 ∈ R?

1
6. Let P be the Cantor set. Let f be a bounded real function on [0, 1] which is
continuous at every point outside P . Prove that f ∈ R on 0, 1].

7. If α is an increasing (%) function on [a, b], prove that we have

Z b̄ Z c̄ Z b̄
(a) f dα = f dα + f dα, (a < c < b)
a a c

Z b̄ Z b̄ Z b̄
(b) (f + g)dα ≤ f dα + gdα
Z ab Z ab Zab
(c) (f + g)dα ≥ f dα + gdα.
a a a

8. Let α be a continuous function

Z x
of bounded variation on [a, b]. Assume g εR(α) on
[a, b] and define β(x) = g(t)dα(t) if x ε[a, b]. Show that
a
(a) If f % on [a, b], there exists a point x0 in [a, b] such that
Z b Z x0 Z b
f dβ = f (a) gdα + f (b) gdα.
a a x0

(b) If, in additon, f is continuous on [a, b], we also have

Z b Z x0 Z b
f (x)g(x)dα(x) = f (a) gdα + f (b) gdα
a a x0