3. INTEGRATION: 3.

3 The Fundamental Theorem of

Calculus
Theorem
Suppose that the function f is continuous on an interval I containing the point a.
(a) Let the function F be defined on I by
Z x
F (x) = f (t)dt.
a

Then F is differentiable on I and F ′ (x) = f (x) there. Thus F is an antiderivative of

f on I;
Z x
d
f (t)dt = f (x) .
dx a
(b) If G (x) is an antiderivative of f on I, so that G′ (x) = f (x) on I, then for any b in I
we have
Z b
f (x)dx = G (b) − G (a) .
a
3. INTEGRATION: 3.3 The Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
To facilitate evaluation of the definite integral using the FTC, we introduce the evaluation
symbol
b

F (x)  = F (b) − F (a) .
a

Thus Z Z  b
b 
f (x)dx = f (x)dx 
a a
Z
where f (x)dx is the indefinite integral of f .
Therefore

Z Z  b b
b  
f (x)dx = f (x)dx  = (F (x) + C) 
a a a

= (F (b) + C) − (F (a) + C)

b

= F (b) − F (a) = F (x)  .
a
3. INTEGRATION: 3.3 The Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
To facilitate evaluation of the definite integral using the FTC, we introduce the evaluation
symbol
b

F (x)  = F (b) − F (a) .
a

Thus Z Z  b
b 
f (x)dx = f (x)dx 
a a
Z
where f (x)dx is the indefinite integral of f .
Therefore

Z Z  b b
b  
f (x)dx = f (x)dx  = (F (x) + C) 
a a a

= (F (b) + C) − (F (a) + C)

b

= F (b) − F (a) = F (x)  .
a
3. INTEGRATION: 3.3 The Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
Example
Z Z
a 2

Evaluate (a) x2 dx (b) x2 − 3x + 2 dx.
0 −1
3. INTEGRATION: 3.3 The Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
Example
Find the derivative of the following functions:
Z 3 Z 5x Z
2 2 x3
(a) F (x) = e−t dt (b) G(x) = x2 e−t dt (c) H(x) =
2
e−t dt
x −4 x2
3. INTEGRATION: 3.3 The Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
3. INTEGRATION: 3.3 The Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
3. INTEGRATION: 3.3 The Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
3. INTEGRATION: 3.3 The Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
Remark In general
Z g(x)
d
f (t) dt = f (g(x)) · g ′ (x),
dx a
Z g(x)
d
f (t) dt = f (g(x)) · g ′ (x) − f (h(x)) · h′ (x).
dx h(x)
3. INTEGRATION: 3.3 The Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus
1. Simplify the following
Z b Z c Z c
(a) f (x)dx + f (x)dx + f (x)dx.
Za2 Z
b
3
aZ
3 Z 2
(b) 3f (x)dx + 3f (x)dx − 2f (x)dx − 3f (x)dx.
0 1 0 1
2. Evaluate the following integrals by using the properties of the definite integral and
interpreting integrals as areas.
Z 2 Z √2 p
(a) x + 2dx. (c) 2 − t2 dt.
√
−2 − 2
Z Z
b π

(b) xdx. (d) sin x3 dx.
a −π

3. Evaluate the following definite integrals.

Z 2 Z 2

(a) x3 dx. (c) 3x2 − 4x + 2 dx.
0 −1
Z Z
1 1 2
2
(b) dx. (d) sin x2 + 3 dx.
1/2 x2 −2

Z 2  x2 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
4 Find f (x) dx, where f (x) =
0 x if 1 < x ≤ 2.