DEFINITE INTEGRALS: FINDING ANSWERS

DEFINITE INTEGRATION
AND
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
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Definition:
b
 f (x) dx = F(x) = F(b) – F(a) is called the definite integral of f(x) between the limits a and b.
b
a
a
where
d
F( x )   f ( x )
dx
Note : The word limit here is quite different as used in differential calculus.
Important Points:
b
(I) If  f (x) dx=0, then theequation f (x) =0 has atleast one root in (a, b) provided f is continuous in (a, b).
a
Note that the converse is not true.
Illustration :
1
0 e x ( ax2  bx  c ) dx  0  ex (ax2 + bx + c) = 0 has at least one root in (0, 1)
 ax2 + bx + c = 0 has at least one root in (0, 1) [ex is always positive]
b  b
(II) Lim   f n ( x )dx     Lim f n ( x ) dx
n   
 a 
n 
a
Illustration :
3 n
 t3  a
2 2
If Lim   1   t 2 dt  (n  N), then the value of find 'a'.
n  3  n  3
 a 
n
a1/3  t3  a1/3
e t t 2 dt
3
Sol. L.H.S. = a 1/3 Lim  1   t 2 dt =
n n
a 1/3

a1/3
 1 t 3 
=  e 
 3  a 1/3
1 a a
= e e
3
 
 ea – e–a = 2 2  a = ln  2 3 
b g 1 ( b )
(III)  f ( x ) ·dg( x ) =  f (x ) ·g' (x ) dx .
a g 1 ( a )
b
d
 dx f (x)  f (x)
b
(IV) If f(x) is continuous in (a, b), Then a
and if f(x) is discontinuous in (a, b) at
a
b
d c
x = c  (a, b), then  dx  f (x )    f (x ) a
 f (x)c 
b
Zigyan Education Pvt. Ltd, SCO NO. 107, Sector 16, Faridabad, Haryana, 121002,  0129-4048800 1
Illustration :
1 0 1
 d  1 1   1 1  1 1 
  dx  cot x   cot x  1  cot x 0  = –  34   
 
1   4 2
(V) If g (x) is the inverse of f (x) and f (x) has domain x  [a, b] where f (a) = c and f (b) = d then the value
b d
of  f ( x ) dx +  g ( y) dy = (bd – ac)
a c
Illustration :
1 e e
ex
Evaluate : e dx  2  ln( ln x ) dx
0 e
ex
Sol. Consider f : [0, 1]  [e, e e
] , f (x) = e then f –1(x) = 2 ln(ln x)
1 e e 1
ex
I = e dx  2  ln( ln x ) dx hence I = 1· e e
–0·e= e e
0 e
Evaluating definite integrals by finding antiderivatives :
Illustration :
8
sin x  1
Evaluate :  x  1
dx
3
sin x  1
Sol.  x1
dx = – 2 cos x  1
 
8
sin x  1 8
  x1
dx =  2 cos x  1 3 = 2 (cos 2 – cos 3)
3
Illustration :
 /4
Evaluate :  cos 2 x 4  sin 2 x dx
0
Sol.  cos 2 x 4  sin 2 x dx , Put 4 – sin 2x = t  = –2 cos 2x dx = dt
1 1 3/ 2 1
Integral becomes  2 t dt = – ( t )
3
= – (4 – sin 2x)3/2
3
/ 4 / 4
 1 3/ 2 83 3
  cos 2 x 4  sin 2 x dx =  3 ( 4  sin 2 x ) 0 =
3
0
Illustration :
1
3 ln 3
Evaluate :  xn( 1  2 x ) dx = 8
0
x2 2 x2 x2  x 1 1 1 
Sol.  x ln ( 1  2 x ) dx = ln (1 + 2x) · –  · dx = ln (1 + 2x) –        dx
II I 2 1 x 2 2  2 4  4  1  2x 
1
x2 x2 1 1 3
=
2
ln (1 + 2x) –  x – ln (1 + 2x) 
4 4 8  x ln ( 1  2 x ) dx = 8
ln 3
0
Illustration :
2008
 2 1 
  3 x  8028 x  ( 2007 ) 
2
The value of the integral  dx equals
0  2008 
(A) (2008)2 (B) (2009)2 (C) 2009 (D) 1
 1  x
  3 x  8028 x  ( 2007 )2 
2
Sol.  dx = x3 – 4014 x2 + (2007)2 x +
2008  2008
2008
 3 x 
 value of integral =  x  4014 x  ( 2007 ) x 
2 2
2008 0
= 2009

Illustration :
4
x2  4
Evaluate :  x4
dx
2
x2  4 1 4 / x2 4
Sol.  x2
dx =  x3
dx Put 1–
x2
=t  8x–3 dx = dt integral becomes
4
1 1/ 2 1 1  4 
3/ 2 4
x2  4 1 4  
3/2
3
 8 t dt = 12 t3/2 = 12  1  x 2    x 4
dx =  
 12 
1  2  =
x   32
2 2
Illustration :
 4
 x sin
2
Evaluate : x dx
0
 4  4
 2 1  cos 2 x  dx
x

2
Sol. Let I= x sin x dx =
0 0
Integrating by parts, we have
 4  4  4
x  sin 2 x  1 sin 2 x     1   x 2 cos 2 x 
I =  x
2  2 0
 –  x
2 2 
 dx =      
8  4 2  4 8 0

0
2   2 1  2  8  4
=  32  16    64  8  = .
    64
Illustration :
x cos 1 x
1/ 2
Find the value of  1  x2

dx .
0
x cos 1 x
1/ 2
Sol. Let I =  1  x2
dx
0
 1 
Let us put x = cos t, dx = – sin t dt. Also, when x = 0, then t = and when x = , then t = .
2 2 3
Thus, we have
 /3  /3
t cos t
I =  sin t (– sin t dt) –  t cos t dt
/2 /2
 /3
  ( 3 1) 1
=  t sin t   cos t  // 32 =
 /3 3
 /2 +  sin t dt   ·
2 3 2 2 3
– .
2
/2
Practice Problem
1 2
dx dx
Q.1 Let  16  9 x 2

9  4x 2
 ln a . Find a.
0 0
n2
Q.2 Evaluate :  x ex dx

0
/4
sin 2 x . cos2 x
Q.3 Evaluate :  dx
 
2
0 sin 3 x  cos3 x
/2
dx
Q.4 Evaluate :  1  cos ·cos x
(0, )
0
Q.5 Suppose that the function f, g, f ' and g ' are continuous over [0, 1], g (x)  0 for x  [0, 1], f (0) = 0,
2009
g(0) = , f (1) = and g (1) = 1. Find the value of the definite integral,
2
1
f ( x ) ·g ' ( x ) {g 2 ( x )  1}  f ' ( x ) ·g ( x ) {g 2 ( x )  1}
 g2 (x)
dx .
0
Answer key
  
Q.1 2 1/3
·31/2  Q.2 1–
2
e
Q.3
1
6
Q.4  
 sin  
Q.5 2009
PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL :

(A) PROPERTIES :
b b b a
P1:  f(x) dx =  f(t)dt ; P2:  f(x) dx = –  f(x)dx

a a a b
b c b
P3:  f(x) =  f(x) dx +  f(x) dx provided f has a piece wise continuity
a a c
or when f is not uniformly defined in (a, b)

Integral is broken at points of discontinuity or at the points where definition of 'f ' changes.
Illustration :

1cos2 x
Evaluate :  2
dx .
0
 /2 
/2 
Sol. | cos x |dx =  cos x dx +   cos x dx = sin x0 +  sin x  / 2 = 2
0 0 /2
Illustration :
3
Evaluate :  5x  9dx .
0
3
3 9/5

3
5 2
9/5
 5 x2  15
Sol.  5x  9dx =  ( 9  5 x ) dx +  ( 5 x  9 ) dx = 

9 x  x
2 0
+   9 x  =
2
0 0 9/5  2  9/5
Illustration :
3
 1
Evaluate :   x  2  dx
1
1 / 2 1/ 2 3/ 2 5/ 2 3
 1  1  1  1  1
Sol. I=   x  2  dx +   x  2  dx +   x  2  dx +   x  2  dx +   x  2  dx
1 1 / 2 1/ 2 3/ 2 5/ 2
1/2 1/2 3/2 5/2 3

=   1 dx dx +  0 dx + 1/2 1 dx + 3/2 2 dx + 5/2 3 dx = 4
1 1/2
Illustration :
4
Evaluate : 1 ln [ x ] dx , [·] is the greatest integer function.
4 2 3 4
Sol. Let I= 1 ln [ x ] dx = 1 ln [ x ] dx + 2 ln [ x ] dx + 3 ln [ x ] dx
3 3
= 0 + ln 2 2 dx + ln 3 2 dx = ln 2 + ln 3 = ln 6
Illustration :
Find the value of following integrals

1 
(a)  x  1 dx (b)  cos x  sin x dx .

3 0
Sol.
(a) We have x  1 = –(x + 1) for x  – 1; = x + 1 for x > – 1
Hence, we have
1 1 1
1 1  ( x  1 )2   ( x  1 )2 
 x  1 dx     x  1 dx   ( x  1 ) dx =    
 2   2 
3 3 1 3 1
= – (0 – 2) + (2 – 0) = 4.
(b) We have
    
cos x  sin x = 2 sin x  x   =  2 sin  x   0x
 4  4 4
  
= 2 sin  x    x 
 4 4
Hence, we have
  /4 
   
 cos x  sin x dx =  2  sin x   dx  2  sin  x   dx
 4  4
0 0  4
 4 
       
= 2 cos  x    2 cos x  
  4  0   4  4
     
= 2 cos 0  cos   2 cos x    cos 0 
 4   4 
 1   1 
= 2 1   2  1 = 2 1  1  2  2 2 .
 2  2 
a a 0 if f ( x )isodd
P4:  f(x) dx =  f ( x )  f ( x )  dx = [ 2 f (x)dx
a
a 0  if f ( x )iseven
0
a 0 a
Proof : I= a f (x ) dx = a f (x )dx + 0 f (x )dx Put x = – t in first integral.
0 a a a a a
= a f ( t ) (dt ) + 0 f (x )dx = 0 f ( t )dt + 0 f (x )dx = 0 f (x)dx + 0 f (x )dx
a
=  f (x )  f (x)dx
0
Illustration :
1/ 2
1x
Show that  sec x ln
1 x
dx = 0 .
1 / 2
 1 x   1 x 
Sol. Let f (x) = sec x ln   then f (–x) = sec (–x) ln   = – f (x)
 1 x   1 x 
Illustration :
1/ 2
  1 x   1
Show that   [ x ]  ln  dx =  .
 1 x  
1 / 2 
2
1/ 2
1/ 2
  1 x  
1/ 2
 1 x 
Sol. I =   [ x ]  ln  dx =  [ x ] dx +  ln   dx
1 x 
1 / 2   1  x  1 / 2 1 / 2 
1/ 2
  1 x  
=  [ x ] dx  0  ln  is an odd function 
  1 x  
1 / 2
0 1/ 2
1
=   1 dx +  0 dx = – 2
1 / 2 0
Illustration :
 1 x 3
1 x  1 
2
The value of  
 tan  tan  dx is

1
x 2
 1 x 
(A)  (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 5 2
 1 x
3
1 x  1 
2
Sol. I =  tan  tan  dx

1
x 2
 1 x 
 1 x
1
1 x  1 
2 3
 1 x 1 x  1 
2
=  tan  tan  dx +
 
 tan  tan  dx

1
x 2
 1 x  1
x 2
 1 x 
3 3
1  x  1  x   
= 0 +  tan  2   cot  2 dx = 0 +  dx = 2 × =  Ans.
1  x 1  x 1 1
2 2
Illustration :
1
Evaluate :  x3 tan( x 2 ) dx
1
Sol. Since x3 tan (x2), x  [– 1, 1] is an odd function, hence by property (4), we have
1
x tan( x 2 ) dx  0 .
3
1
Practice Problem
Evaluate the following definite integral

0
Q.1  sin x  cos x dx

 2
2
2x 7 3x 6 10x 5 7x 3 12x 2 x1
Q.2  dx
 2 x 2 2
2 3
x2  x 2x
 sin
1
Q.3  x2  4
dx Q.4
1 x2
dx
2 0
1
(2 x332  x 998  4 x1668 ·sin x 691 )
Q.5  1  x 666
dx
1
Answer key

 
16 2
Q.1 2 2 1 . Q.2  Q.3 4 2  4 ln ( 2  1)
2 2 5
 3 4
Q.4 Q.5
3 666
b b a a
P5:  f(x) dx =  f(a + b  x) dx or  f(x) dx =  f(a  x) dx
a a 0 0
b a
Proof : I= a (a  b  x ) dx Put a + b – x = t  –dx = dt & I = b f ( t )(dt)
b
= a f ( t ) dt =
b
a f ( x )dx
2a a a 0 if f (2 a  x)   f ( x)
P6:  f(x) dx =  f (x) d x +  f (2a  x) d x  [ a
0 0 0 2  f ( x) dx if f (2 a  x)  f ( x)
0
2a a 2a
Proof : I = 0 f ( x )dx = 0 f (x )dx + a f ( x )dx Put x = 2a – t in 2nd integral
a 0 a a
 I= 0 f (x)dx + a f (2a  t )(dt) = 0 f (x) dx + 0 f (2a  x)dx
a
= 0{f (x)  f (2a  x)}dx
Illustration :
n x
100
Evaluate :  nxn( 150x )
dx
50
n x
100
Sol. I=  nxn( 150x )
dx using P-5 [x  100 + 50 – x]
50
100
ln( 150  x )
I=  ln( 150  x )  ln x
dx
50
100
I+I=  1 dx = 50  I = 25
50
Illustration :

dx
Evaluate :  12tanx
0

dx
Sol. I=  12tanx using P-5 [x  – x]
0
 
dx 2 tan x
I= 
1  2 tan x 0 1  2 tan x
= dx
0


 I + I =  1 dx =  or I =
0 2
Illustration :
 /4
tan 2 x
Evaluate :  dx
 / 4
1  e x
 /4
tan 2 x
Sol. I=  dx using P-5 [x  0 – x]
 / 4
1  e x
 /4  /4  /4
tan 2 x
 I=   tan x dx = 2  (sec x  1 ) dx
2 2
x
dx or I+I=
 / 4
1  e  / 4 0
/4 
 I = tan x  x 0 =1–
4
Illustration :
Find the value of following integral

 2 3
1 5x
(a)  1  tan x
dx (b)  x 5x
dx
0 2
Sol.
 2  2
1 cos x
(a)  1  tan x
dx =  cos x  sin x
dx
0 0
Also, we have by property P-5
cos / 2  x 
 2  2
sin x
I=  cos / 2  x   sin / 2  x 
dx =  sin x  cos x
dx
0 0
Adding the above integrals, we have
 2  2
sin x  cos x 
 1 dx  x 0
 2
2I =  sin x  cos x
dx = 
2
0 0

i.e. I= .
4
3
5x
(b) Let I =  x  5 x
dx
2
Also, we have by property P-5
3 3
5 (5  x ) x
I=  5  x  5 (5  x )
dx =  5 x  x
dx
2 2
3 3
5 x x
  1 dx  x 2  1
3
2I = dx =
2
5 x  x 2
1
i.e. I= .
2
Illustration :
 2
dx
Evaluate :  1  sin x
0
 2  2  2
dx dx dx
Sol.  1  sin x =  1  sin(  / 2  x ) =  1  cos x
0 0 0
 2  2
dx = 
1 x 1 tan x / 2 
= 2  sec 2
2 2  1 / 2 0
= 1.
0
Illustration :
2 /2
  cos
4
I= sin4 x dx = k x dx find value of k?
0
0
Sol. Let f (x) = sin4 x then f(2 – x) = sin4 (2 – x) = f (x)

 /2
I = 2  sin x dx , again using P-6 I4  sin
4 4
using P-6 x dx
0 0
/2
 cos
4
using P-5 I=4 x dx Ans. 4
0
Illustration :
2
Evaluate : I=  x · cos5 x dx
0
2
 ( 2  x ) cos
5
Sol. Using P-5 I= x dx
0
2 2 
I + I =  ( x  2  x ) cos x dx or I =   cos x dx = 2  cos x dx

5 5 5
 [using P-5]
0 0 0
= 2 × 0 [using P-6 as cos5 ( – x) = –cos5 x]
Illustration :

 x
Evaluate :  a 2 cos2 x  b2 sin2 x dx
0

 x
Sol. Let I=  a 2 cos2 x  b2 sin2 x dx using P-5
0
we have
    x 
 
x
I=  2 dx =  a 2 cos 2 x  b2 sin2 x dx
0
a cos 2
(   x )  b 2
sin 2
(   x ) 0

 
  sec 2 x
2I =  2 dx i.e. I= 2  a 2  b2 tan2 x dx
0
a cos 2
x  b 2
sin 2
x 0
Hence, we have
 2
sec 2 x
 a 2  b 2 tan2 x dx
I=  [using P-6]
0
Putting tan x = t and sec2x dx = dt, we have
 t
dt   1  bt    2
I=  2   · 
ab t   
= Lim tan  = .
0
a  b2 t 2  a 0 ab 2 ab
Practice Problem
/ 4
 3 / 4
x sin x
Q.1 Prove that  ln (1 + tan x) dx =
8
ln 2 Q.2  1  sin x
dx
0 /4
 
(ax  b)sec x tan x (2 x  3) sin x
Q.3  4  tan 2 x
dx (a,b>0) Q.4  dx
0
0 (1  cos 2 x )

x2 sin 2 x ·sin  2 cos x 
Q.5   2x  
dx
0
Answer key
 (a  2 b) (  3)

Q.2 [ – ( 2 – 1)] Q.3 Q.4 Q.5 8
4 3 3 2
nT T
P7 :  f (x) dx = n  f (x) dx where f (T + x) = f (x) n  I
0 0
Illustration :
1000
Show that  ex[x]dx = 1000(e – 1)
0
1000
e 
1
x[ x ]
Sol. I = e dx = 1000  e x  [ x ] dx x [ x ]
has period 1
0 0
 
1
1
= 1000  e dx = 1000 e x
x
0
= 1000 (e – 1)
0
Illustration :
n v

Prove that :  | cos x |dx = (2n + 2 – sin v) ; where
2
<v< & n  N.
0
n v n n 
Sol. I=  | cos x |dx = | cos x | dx + n| cos x | dx (Put x – n = t in 2nd integral)
0 0
  /2 
= n  | cos x | dx   | cos( n  t ) | dt = 2n | cos x | dx  | cos t | dt

0 0 0 0
/2 
= 2n +  cos t dt    cos t dt = 2n + 1 + 1 – sin  = 2n + 2 – sin 
0 /2
Illustration :
10
Evaluate :  1  cos x dx
0
x
Sol. We have 1  cos  x  2 sin
2
1 2
which is a periodic function, having period T = ×  2 = 2.
2
Hence, we have
10 10
x
2
x
 1  cos x dx   2 sin
2
dx = 5 2  sin
2
dx
0 0 0
 cos x / 2  
2
 x 
2
=5 2  sin  dx = 5 2  20 2
 2 
  /2 
0
=

.
0
(B) DERIVATIVES OF ANTIDERIVATIVES (LEIBNITZ RULE) :
If f is continuous then
h(x )
d
dx  f ( t ) dt = f ( h(x) )·h(x) – f (g(x) ). g(x) (integral of a continuous function is always differentiable)
g(x )
h(x)
Proof : Let  f ( t )dt = F(t) + c then g ( x ) f ( t )dt = F(h(x)) – F(g(x))
d h(x)

dx g ( x ) f ( t )dt = F'(h(x)) h'(x) – F'(g(x)) g'(x) = f (h(x)) h'(x) – f(g(x)) g'(x)
Illustration :
x2
dt
Let G(x) =  1 t
(x > 0). Find G ' (9).
2
1 2x 29 9
Sol. G' (x) = . 2x – 0 =  G'(9) = =
1 x 2
1 x 1 9 5
Illustration :
e3x
t
If f (x) =  nt
dt x > 0. Find derivative of f (x) w.r.t. ln x when x = ln 2.
e 2x
e3 x e2 x 6x
e4 x
Sol. f '(x) = · 3 e 3x
– · 2e2x = e –
ln( e3 x ) ln( e2 x ) x x
e6 ln 2  e4 ln 2 26  24 48
f '(ln 2) = = = ln 2
ln 2 ln 2
Illustration :
x
 1  cos 2 x  dx
Evaluate : Lim 0 .
x 0 x
x  tan x dx
0
x x
 1  cos 2 x  dx  1  cos 2 x  dx x2
0 0
Sol. Lim = Lim ·
x 0 x x 0 x3 x
x  tan x dx  tan x dx
0 0
Now, we have
x
 1  cos 2 x  dx  0  1  cos 2 x 2
Lim 0
  = Lim =
0 
x 0 3 2
x x0 3x 3
x2 0 2x
and Lim   = Lim = 2.
x 0 x 0 x  0 tan x
 tan x dx
0
4
Hence, we have L = .
3
Practice Problem
x2
 cos t d t
2
200 
Q.1 Evaluate Lim

x0
0
x sin x
Q.2 Evaluate  1  cosx dx
0
x
t2
xe dt
0
Q.3 Value of Lim 2 is
x0 1  ex
1
(A) –1 (B) – (C) 0 (D) – 2
2
n
x sin x
Q.4 If  1 cos x
dx (n  N) is equal to 100 ln 2, then find the value of n.
0
x
 ln t dt dy
1
Q.5 If y = x , find at x = e.
dx
x
f  (x)
Q.6 Let g(x) = xc . e2x & let f(x) =  e2t . (3 t2 + 1)1/2 dt . For a certain value of 'c', the limit of
0 g (x)
as x  is finite and non zero. Determine the value of 'c' and the limit.
Answer key
Q.1 1 Q.2 400 2 Q.3 A Q.4 10

3
Q.5 1+e Q.6 c = 1 and Lim will be
x 2
(C) DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS A LIMIT OF SUM :

Fundamental theorem of integral calculus :
 f (x) d x = hLim
0
h [ f (a) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2 h) +......+ f (a + n  1 h) ]
a
n
b n1
or  f (x) d x = hLim h  f (a + r h) where b  a = n h
a 0 r0
n
Note: Evaluating a definite integral by evaluating the limit of a sum is called evaluating definite integral by first
principle or by a b initio method.
Put a = 0 & b = 1  n h = 1 , we have

1 n1
1
 f 
r 1 r
 f (x) d x = n
;
n
replace
n
 dx;   ;  x
0 r0 n
Illustration :
b
Evaluate  cos x dx as the limit of a sum.
a
b n n
Sol. We have  cos x dx = Lim  h f ( a  rh ) = Lim
h0r 1
 h cos ( a  rh )
h0r 1
a
= hLim h cos( a  h )  cos( a  2 h )  ....  cos( a  nh )

0
h
Now, let S = cos (a + h) + cos(a + 2h) +......+ cos (a + nh). Multiplying both sides by 2 sin ,
2
we have
 h h h h
 2 sin  S = 2 sin cos (a + h) + 2 sin cos (a + 2h) + ....+ 2 sin cos (a + nh)
 2 2 2 2
 3   1   5   3 
= sin  a  h   sin a  h   sin  a  h   sin  a  h 
 2   2   2   2 
 2n  1   2n  1 
+ ......+ sin  a  h   sin a  h
 2   2 
 2n  1   1 
= sin  a  h   sin a  h 
 2   2 
 h  h  h  h
= sin  a  nh    sin a   = sin  b    sin a  
 2  2  2  2
Hence, we have
  h   h
b h  sin b    sin  a  
  2   2
 cos x dx = Lim
h0  h
= sin b – sin a.
a 2 sin  
2
Illustration :
1 1 1 1
Find the value of Lim    ...... 
n n n1 n  2 4n
3n 3
1 3n
d  ln ( 1  x )03  ln4
1 1 1
Sol. S = Lim   Lim  
r 0 n  r r 1 x
n n n
r 0 1   0
n
Illustration :
1n
nr 
n
Evaluate Lim    .
r 1  n 
n
Sol. We have
1n 1n
nr  n 1 n  2 n  n
n
S = Lim    = Lim  · .......
n
r 1  n   n n n 
Taking in both sides, we have
1   n 1 n2  n  n 
ln S = nLim ln  n   ln n   ......  ln  n 
 n       
1
1 n
 r
= nLim
 n
 ln  1  n  =  ln 1  x  dx
n1 0
4
= ln 2 – (1 – ln 2) = ln 4 – 1 = ln  
e
4
 S= .
e
Illustration :
1 n  r 
If n  , then find the limit of 
n r 1
sin 2 k   .
 2n 
n
 r  
 sin2 k  2n  = 0 sin2 k  2 x  dx
1 1
Sol. Let P = Lim
n  n r 1
 2
Put x=t  dx  dt
2 
2 / 2 2 k 2 ( 2 k  1 )( 2 k  3 )( 2 k  5 ) 3.1 

 0
 sin t dt ·
 2 k ( 2 k  2 )( 2 k  4 ) 4.2 2
2 k ( 2 k  1 )( 2 k  2 )( 2 k  3 ) 3.2.1

[ 2 k ( 2 k  2 )( 2 k  4 ) 4.2 ] 2
2k ! 2k !
Hence P = k 2 = 2k
(2 k! ) 2 ( k ! )2
(D) ESTIMATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL AND GENERAL

INEQUALITIES IN INTEGRATION:
Not all integrals can be evaluated using the technique discussed so far. In this situation we try to obtain
the interval in which value of integral maylie byusing following method.
(a) For a monotonic increasing function in (a, b)

b
(b – a) f(a) <  f ( x ) dx < (b – a) f(b)

a
(b) For a monotonic decreasing function in (a, b)

b
f(b). (b – a) <  f ( x ) dx < (b – a) f(a)

a
(c) For a non monotonic function in (a, b)

b
f(c) (b – a) <  f ( x ) dx < (b – a) f(b)

a
(d) In addition to this note that

b b
 f (x ) dx <
a
 | f (x ) | dx inequality holds when f (x) lies completely above the x-axis
a
(e) If h (x)  f(x)  g(x)  x  [a, b] then  h (x ) dx <  f ( x )dx <  g(x )dx
Illustration :
 2
dx <  .
sin x
Show that 1 <  x 2
0
sin x x cos x  sin x cos x

Sol. f(x) = or f '(x) = 2 = [x – tan x]
x x x2
2
 f '(x) < 0 hence f(x)min = f(x)max = 1.

2     
  0 < I < 1 0 or 1 < I < .
 2  2  2
Illustration :
1
1 dx
Show that 4    1.
0
1  x 2
 2 x 5
1
Sol. Consider the following function f(x) = , x  [0, 1]
1  x  2 x5 2
In the interval [0, 1], f(x) is strictly decreasing, therefore we have

1
f(1)  f(x)  f(0) i.e.  f(x)1
4
Hence, we have
1
1
(1 – 0) 4   f ( x ) dx  ( 1  0 ) 1 [by property (7)]
0
1
1
4 0
i.e.  f ( x ) dx  1 which is the desired result.
Illustration :
1
 dx  2
Prove that   
6 0 4  x2  x3 8
Sol. 4 – 2x2  4 – x2 – x3  4 – x2
1 1 1
1 1 dx dx dx
  
1
   
4  2 x2 4  x 2  x3 4  x2 0 4x 2
0 4x x 2 3
0 4  2 x2
1
 1  x 
1
1  1 x   2
  sin    < I <  sin  or I 
  2 0 2  2 0 6 8
Practice Problem
Q.1 Lim 1  2  3  .........  2 n

. Q.2 Lim (n  1) (n  2) ....... (n  n)1/ n
n n
n n n
e 1 e 1
e
dx 2
1 2  lnx < 2 Prove the inequalities: 2 e1/4 <  e x
2
x
Q.3 Prove that < Q.4 dx < 2e².
3 0
Answer key
16 4
Q.1 Q.2
3 e
(E) WALLI'S THEORM :
/ 2
x cos m x dx = [(n  1)(n  3) ....1 or 2 ] [ (m  1)(m  3)...1 or 2] K
 sin
n
0 (m  n ) (m  n  2) ...1 or 2
(m, n are non-negative integer)

 2 if m , n both are even
where K = 

1 otherwise
Illustration :
2
 x sin
6
Evaluate : x cos 4 xdx
0
2
 x sin
6
Sol. I= x cos 4 xdx using P5
0
2 2
I =  ( 2  x ) sin6 x cos4 x dx  I + I =  2 sin

6
x cos 4 x dx
0 0
2
or I =   sin x cos x dx
6 4
Using P6 twice
0
/2
( 5 · 3 · 1 )( 3 · 1 ) 3 2

6 4
I = 4 sin x cos x dx = 4  10 · 8 · 6 · 4 · 2 = Ans.
0 128
Illustration :
3 2
 cos
4
Evaluate : 3 x · sin2 6 x dx
0
3 2 3 / 2
 cos 3 x · sin 6 x dx =
4 2
 4 sin
2
Sol. I= ( 3 x ) cos6 (3x) dx
0 0
Put 3x = t to get
4 9 / 2
4 
9 / 2
1
I=  4 · sin 2 t · cos6 t dt    sin 2 t cos6 t dt   sin 2 t cos6 t dt 
0
3 3  0 4 
 9 / 2
4 
 4  sin 2 t cos6 t dt   sin 2
t cos 6
t dt  ( sin2t cos6t has period )
3  0 4 
/2 /2
4 
 8  sin t cos t dt  
2 6 2 6
sin t cos t dt  (using P-6 in 1st integral and t – 4 = z in 2nd)
3  0 0 
Illustration :
 2
 cos
7
Evaluate : x dx
0
 2
6 ·4·2
 cos
7
Sol. I= x dx =
0
7 ·5 ·3·1 .
REDUCTION METHOD :
b
 f ( x ) dx
n
For integration of type
a
where 'n' is big natural number it is possible to reduce 'n' by some methods specially by parts.
Illustration :
1
Let In =  ( 1  x ) dx . Find the ratio In/In+1.
a n
0
1
In+1 =  ( 1  x ) dx
a n
Sol. We have
0
 
1
x
1
x( 1  x a )n1 0 ( 1  x a )n dx
a
= + (n + 1)a
0
[taking 1 as one function and integrating by parts]
1 1 1
= (n + 1)a  ( x a  1  1 )( 1  x a )n dx = (n + 1)a  ( 1  x a )n dx  ( n  1 )a  ( 1  x a )n1 dx
0 0 0
= (n + 1)a In – (n + 1) a In+1
In 1
Simplifying, we have I  1
n 1 ( n  1 )a .
Illustration :
 /4
 (tan x )
n
Given In = dx (n  N)
0
1
Prove that In + In–1 = (n  3). Hence find value of I6 .
n 1
 /4  /4
In =  (tan x ) dx ,  (tan x )
x2
n
Sol. In–2 = dx
0 0
 /4
In + In–1 =  (tan x )
n
 (tan x )n 2 dx
0
1
1
n2 t n1 1
Put tan x = t to get In + In–2 =  t dt = =
n 10 n 1
0
 /4 /4
 /4 
Also I2 =  tan x dx =
2
 (sec
2
x  1 )dx = tan x  x  =1–
0
0 4
0
1 1 1
Using In + In–2 = , I4 + I2 = and I6 + I4 =
n 1 3 5
2  2 13 
 I6 = I2 – or I6 = 1 –  = 
5 4 15 15 4
(F) SOME INTEGRALS WHICH CANNOT BE FOUND IN TERMS OF

KNOWN ELEMENTRY FUNCTIONS :
sin x cos x
(1)  x dx (2)  x
dx (3)  sin x dx (4)  sin x
2
dx
 cos x dx
2
(5)
x3
(6)  x tan x dx (7) e
x 2
dx (8) e
x2
dx (9)  1  x 5 dx
dx
(10)  (1  x
2 1/ 3
) dx (11)  ln x (12)  1  k 2 sin 2 x dx k  R
Practice Problem

2  100 U10  1 
Q1 Let U10   x sin10 x dx , then find the value of  .

 U 8 
0
/ 2
sin 2 n x
Q.2 If Un=  sin 2 x
dx , then show that U1, U2, U3, ....., Un constitute an AP..
0
Hence or otherwise find the value of Un.
4
Evaluate :  sin x cos x dx

4 2
Q.3
0
Answer key
n 
Q1 90 Q.2 Un = Q.3
2 4
Solved Examples
 dx n
Q.1 Prove that 0  x  (1  x 2 ) 
2
=
n 1
2 (n > 1)
 
 dx
Sol. L.H.S. = 0  x  1  x  2
n
Put x  (1  x 2 )  t ……(i)
 
 x 
 1  dx  dt when x  0 then t  1 x then t 
 
 1 x2 
t dx (1  x 2 ) 1
  dt  dx  dt  1  x2  x  ……(ii)
1 x 2
t t
1
Adding (i) & (ii) we get 2 1  x  t 
2
t
t2 1 ( t 2  1)
 (1  x 2 )   dx = dt
2t 2t 2

 (t 2  1)dt 1   1 1  1 1 1 
Hence L.H.S.  1    n  n  2  dt   
  
2t 2 t n 2 1 t t  2  (n  1) t n 1
(n  1) t 1
n 1
1  1 1  1  1 1 
  (0  0)        
 n  1 n  1  2  n  1 n  1 
( n > 1)
2
n
= = R.H.S.
n 1
2
et x e t dt
1
x
Q.2 If f(x) = 0 t
dt , x > 0. Prove that
(t  a)
= e–a [f (x + a) – f(1 + a)].
a  x a e 
t 0 et
 x a et 1 a e t 
Sol. R.H.S. = e–a [f (x + a) – f (1 + a)]  ea   dt   dt   e  0 dt  
1 a t
dt 
0 t 0 t   t 

ax et
 e a  dt Put t=a+y  dt = dy
1 a t
x ea  y x ey x ey x ey
 e a  dy  ea ·ea  dy   dy   dt (by Prop.)
1 (a  y ) 1 (a  y) 1 ay 1 (a  t )
= L.H.S.

 x sin[x  ] dx , [·] is the greatest integer function.
2
Q.3 Evaluate
 
 x sin[x  ] dx  2  x sin[ x 2  ] dx
2
Sol. Let I= 0
[it is even function]
 3 2 1

I = 2 
 0
x sin[ x 2  ] dx +   3
x sin[ x 2  ] dx +   2
x sin[ x 2  ]
 
+  1
x sin[ x 2  ] dx + …… +  x sin[ x 2  ] dx
 6
  3 2 1 
= 2 
 0
x sin 4 dx +   3
x sin 3 dx +   2
x sin 2 dx +   1
x sin 1dx + 0
 2  2 
+   1
x sin 1dx + 0 +   1
x sin 1dx + …… +  6
x sin 6 dx
= {sin 4 ( – 3) + sin 3(1) + sin 2(1) + sin 1(1) + …… + sin 1 (1) + ……

+ sin 1(1) + …… + sin 6(2 –  – 6)}
= 2 sin 1 + 2 sin 2 + 3 sin 3 + ( – 2) sin 4 + sin 5 + (2 –  – 6) sin 6
1
 dx 
Q.4 Show that   .
3 3 0 1  x  2x
2 5
4
Sol. We have 1 + x2 + 2x5  1 + x2
and 1 + x2 + 2x5  1 + x2 + 2x2 = 1 + 3x2 [x5 < x2 on [0, 1]]
1 1 1
Hence, we have  
1  3x 2
1  x  2x
2 5
1 x2
1 1 1
dx dx dx
i.e.    [by property (8)]
0
1  3x 2
0
1  x  2x
2 5
0
1 x2
1
 tan 1 3 x  1
 
1
dx 1  dx 
i.e.     tan 1 x 0 i.e.  
 3 0 0 1  x 2
 2 x 5
3 3 0
1  x  2x
2 5
4
which is the desired result.
1
sin x
Q.5 Evaluate  sin x
dx
1
sin x sin x
Sol. We have  1 , – 1  x  0 = 1, 0  x  1 , x  [– 1, 1] is an odd function
sin x sin x
1
sin x
Hence, by property (4), we have  sin x
 0.
1
 x 
2
Q.6 Evaluate : 2
 1 dx where [x] represents integral part of x.
0
Sol. We have [x2 – 1] = – 1, 0  x < 1 = 0, 1  x  2 = 1, 2  x  3 = 2, 3  x  2.
 x 
2 1 2 3 2
 1 dx =   1 dx   0 dx   1 dx   1 dx
2
Hence, we have
0 0 0 2 3
=  x 0  0   x  32   x 2 3 =  1  3  2  2  3 = 1 2 .
1
3
dx
Q.7 Evaluate :  x  1  x 1
1
3
1  ( x  1)3 / 2 ( x  1)3 / 2 
3 3
dx x  1  x 1
Sol. We have  x  1  x 1
=  2
dx = 
2  3/ 2

3/ 2  1

1 1
=
1
3

x  13 2  x  13 2 
1
3
=
1 32
3
 8
4  23 2  23 2 = .
3

2
Q.8 Evaluate the definite integral  ln tan x  cot x  dx

0
2 2 2
 sin x cos x   
 ln tan x  cot x  dx = 
1
Sol. Let I= ln    dx =
 cos x sin x 
 ln   dx
 sin x cos x 
0 0 0
2 2 2 2
 2  
=  ln   dx =  ln 2 dx   ln sin 2x  dx = ln 2   ln sin 2x  dx .
0  sin 2x  0 0
2 0
Let us put 2x = y and 2 dx = dy in the second integral on the RHS. Also, when x = 0, then y = 0 and
2 2

 ln sin 2x  dx = 2  ln sin y  dy
1
when x = , then y = . Hence, we have
2 0 0
2
= 2 · 2  ln sin y  dy
1
[ ln (sin y) = ln sin  – y]
0

=  ln 2
2
 
Hence, we have I = ln 2  ln 2 =  ln 2.
2 2
 x  ye  f ( y) dy .
1
x
Q.9 Find f(x) if it satisfies the relation f(x) = ex +
0
1 1
We have f(x) = ex + x  f ( y) dy  e  y f ( y) dy
x
Sol.
0 0
 1
x 
 1

   f ( y) dy  ae  bx (say)
= e 1  y f ( y ) dy  x x

 0  0
 y f ( y) dy  1   y ae 
1 1
where a, b are constants, given by a = 1 +

y
 by dy
0 0

= 1 + ( y  1) 1
ey 0
 by3 

3
 =1+a+
b
 0 3
1
 y by 2 
 
1 1
b =  f ( y) dy   ae  by dy = ae 
y b
and  = a(e – 1) +
 3  2
0 0 0
3
Solving, we have b = – 2 and a =
2(e  1)
 3e x
Hence, we have f(x) =  3x .
2(e  1)
e t
1 a
et
Q.10 If b =  t  1 dt , then show that  t  a  1 dt = be–a.
0 a 1
a
e t
a
ey
Sol. We have I =  t  a  1 dt =   y  a  1 (dy) [putting t = – y]
a 1 a 1
a a
a ey  a a eu
= e  y  a  1 dy =e  u  1 du [putting y + a = u]
a 1 a 1
eu
1  1 et 

a a
=  e  u  1 dx   be  0 t  1
dt  b given 

0
1
1 x2 dx
Q.11 Evaluate the definite integral  ·
0
1 x 2
1 x4
1  1
1
1 x2 dx 1 1 1  d x  
 x
I=  x2 dx
Sol. We have
0 1 x
2
·
1 x4
=  1
·
1
=  2
0 x x  2
2 0  1  1
x x x   x   2
 x  x
2 
 dt t dt
t
1
=
t 22 [Puting x + = t]
x
=  t2 t 2
2 [Putting t2 – 2 = u2]
 2
 
u du 1  1 u  1    
=  u (u  2)
2 = 
2
tan 
2 2
=    =
2 2 4 4 2
2
n 
 f sin    I
Q.12 If I1 =
4
x dx and I =  f sin 4 x dx . Find the value of 1 .
0
2
0
I2
Sol. We have

2n  
n 2 2
 f (sin x ) dx  f (sin x ) dx 2n  f (sin 4 x ) dx

4 4
0 0 0

I=  = = 2
[period of sin4x is ] = n.
 2
2 
 f (sin  f (sin
4 4
x ) dx 2 2 x ) dx
 f (sin x ) dx
4
0 0
0
2 2
 ln x  dx  
2
Q.13 Prove that ln x dx
12 12
1 1
Sol. In the interval  ,  , ln x is a fraction. hence, we have (ln x)2 < ln x
4 2
2 2
 ln x  dx  
2
i.e. ln x dx .
12 12
k
 2x   sin k sin( k  1 / 2)
Q.14 Show that  sin   dx  2 · sin(1 / 2)
.
0
k /2 2 / 2 3 / 2 2 k / 2
 2x 
Sol. We have I =  sin    dx =  sin 0 dx +  sin 1dx +  sin 2 dx + ..... +  sin(2k  1) dx
0   0 /2 2 / 2 2 / 2

= [sin 1 + sin 2 + sin 3 + ..... + sin (2k – 1)]
2
 1 1 1 1 
sin sin 1  sin sin 2  sin sin 3  ....  sin sin(2k  1)
  2 2 2 2 
= 1
2 sin
2
 1 3 3 5  3  1 
cos 2  cos 2  cos 2  cos 2  ....  cos 2k  2   cos 2k  2 
    
= 1
2 sin
2
1  1
cos  cos 2k  
 2  2   sin k sin( k  1 / 2)
= ·  ·
2 1 2 sin(1 / 2)
2 sin
2
1
1  1
Let In =  x tan x dx . Show that (n + 1)In–1 + (n – 1)In–2 =  .
n
Q.15
0
2 n
1 / 4
1
x tan x dx   (tan ) sec 2  d
n n
Sol. We have In = [Putting x = tan ]
0 0
/4 / 4 /4
 (tan )n 1  (tan ) n 1 (tan  )n 1 (sec2   1)
=  n 1  –  d =  / 4 –  d
 0 0
n 1 n 1 0
n 1
/4 / 4
/4 n 1 1 n 1
 (tan )  (tan )
1 sec  d 
2
d
= – n 1
n 1 n 1 0 0
/4
1  (tan ) 
n
/4  1 
= –   + I
n  1 n  1  n 0  n 1 
/4
/4  1  n 2
= –
1
+ I
n  1 n (n  1)  n 1 
and In–2 =  (tan ) sec2 d
0
/4
/ 4
 (tan )n 1  (tan ) n 1 / 4  1 
=  n 1    n  1 d = n  1  n 1  I
 0 0
Eliminating I from equations (1) and (2), we have
 1
(n + 1)In–1 + (n – 1) In–2 =  which is the desired result.
2 n
n
(n 2  r 2 )1 / n
Q.16 Evaluate : Lim 
n 
r 1 n2
(n 2  r 2 )1 / n
n
Sol. We have S = Lim
n 
 n2
r 1
1n
 n 2  12   n 2  22   n 2  n 2 
= n   
Lim 2
  
  n 2 ...... n 2 
 Taking in both sides, we have
 n    
1   12   22 
 
 n 2 
1   
Lim
ln S = n   n  l n 1 
 n2   l n 1 
 n2   ......  l n  n2 
      
1  r 2 
       x  1 2xx
1 1
1 
2 = 
Lim l
= n n n 1  ln 1  x 2 dx = x l n 1  x 2 0  dx

2
 n  0 0
 
1
 1 
= ln 2 –   2 1 
1
2
dx = ln 2  2 x  tan1 x
0 
1 x  0
 4
  4  
= ln 2 – 2 1   = ln 2 + gives S= 2e 2  .
 4 2
/ 2
Q.17 Evaluate the definite integrals  sin x ln(cos x ) dx
0
Sol. We have
/ 2 / 2
 sin x
=  cos x ln(cos x )
/2
I=  sin x ln(cos x ) dx 0   cos x.
cos x
dx
0 0
 ln(cos x ) tan x
= Lim  cos x 0 / 2 = Lim 1
x  / 2 sec x x   / 2 sec x tan x
= Lim cos x – 1 = –1.

x  / 2
Q.18 Evaluate thefollowing limits, usingdefinite integral :
 1 1 1 1 
Lim     .....  
n   n 2 2
 2 2
 2 2
 2
 n 1 n 2 n ( n 1) 
Sol. We have
 1 1 1 1 
Lim     .....  
n   n 2 2
 2 2
 2 2
 2
 n 1 n 2 n ( n 1) 
n
1 n 1

1
= Lim
n 
 = Lim
n  n
[Omitting one term will not affect the limit]
n2  r2 r 1 1  ( r / n )
2
r 0
  
dx
=  1 x 2 = sin 1 x
1
0
=
2
.
0
Q.19 Prove the following results, using definite integral

n
n 2
Lim  
n 
r 1 r (a n  b r ) 2
a (a  b)
Sol. We have
n
n 2
Lim  
n 
r 1 r (a n  b r ) 2
a (a  b)
1 a b
dx 2 dt
=  x (a  b x ) 2

b  t2
[Putting a – b x = t]
0 a
a b
2 1  2 1 1 2
=      
b  t a b  a  b a  a (a  b)
 n n n n 
Q.20 Evaluate : Lim      .....
n    n3 ( n  2) 3 ( n  4) 3 (n  8)3 

Sol. We have
 n n n n 
Lim      .....
n    n3 ( n  2) 3 ( n  4) 3 (n  8)3 

n
n n
= Lim
n
  Lim
n
[omitting one term will not affect the limit]
r0 ( n  2r )3 ( n  2 r )3
1 n
n3 2 n
1
= Lim
n n
 ( n  2r ) 3/ 2
 Lim
n
 32
r 1 r 1   r 
1  2 
  n 
1
1
1  (1  2 x ) 1 2 1   1 
0
1
= dx =  ·  =   = 1 .
(1  2 x )  1 2
32
0
2
0  1  2 x  1 3
DIFFERENTIALS:
Up to this point in our work, for y = f (x) we have regarded dy/ dx as a composite symbol for the
derivative f (x) , whose component parts, dy and dx , had no meaning by themselves. It is now
convenient to modify this point of view and attach meaning to dy and dx, so that thereafter we can treat
dy/ dx as though it were a fraction in fact as well as in appearance. We shall not however enter into any
discussions on it. We shall only state that,
for a function of a single variable y = f (x) , the diffrential of y denoted by dy is the product of the
derivative of y (with respect to x) and the diffrential of x denoted by dx. Thus,
Diffrential of y = f (x) is dy = f (x)dx.

For y = x4 , dy = 4x3dx , or simply d(x4) = 4x3 dx . Thus
d (sinx) = cosx dx , d (y2) = 2y dy , d (tanu) = sec2u du.
INTEGRATION AS ANTI-DERIVATIVE :
Simplest way to define integration is as an antiderivative the inverse of a derivative. Derivative of sin x is
cos x then we may say that integral of cos x is sin x.
In general , if we consider
d
f (x)   (x )
dx
or, using differentials d f(x) =  (x) dx ;
then an integral of  (x) with respect to x or an integral of  (x) dx is f (x) and symbolically, we write,
 (x ) dx  f (x )
where the symbol  which is an elongated S (the first letter of the word sum, or, of the Latin word
Summa) is known as the sign of integration. Now we come to some formal definitions:
Theactual process of findingthe function,whenits derivative orits differential is known,is called Integration
as anti-derivative ; the function to which the integration is applied is called Integrand and the function
obtained as a result of integration is said to be Integral. In the above case,  (x) is the integrand and f (x)
is the integral.
The process of integrating many ordinaryfunctions is simple, but in general, integration is more involved
than differentiation, as will be evident from future discussions.
Summary:
If
d
F( x )  C = f (x) then F(x) + C is called an antiderivative of f (x) on [a, b] and is written as
dx
 f ( x ) dx = F(x) + C.
In this case we say that the function f (x) is integrable on [a, b]. Note that every function is not integrable.
0 if x  Q

e.g. f (x) =  is not integrable in [0, 1]. Every function which is continuous on a closed

1 if x  Q
and bounded interval is integrable.
However for integrability function f (x) may only be piece wise continuous in (a, b)
Notes on indefinite integration :
(1) Geometrical interpretation :
x2
y =  2 x dx  C
2
y =  f ( x ) dx = F(x) + C
 F ' (x) = f (x) ; F ' (x1) = f (x1)
Hence y =  f ( x ) dx denotes a family of curves such that the slope of the tangent at
x = x1 on every member is same. i.e. F ' (x1) = f (x) (when x1 lies in the domain of f (x))
hence antiderivative of a function is not unique. If g1(x) and g2(x) are two antiderivatives of a function
f (x) on [a, b] then they differ only by a constant i.e. g1(x) – g2(x) = C
(2) Antiderivative of a continuous function is differentiable

i.e. If f (x) is continuous then  f ( x ) dx = F (x) + C  F ' (x) = f (x)  F ' (x) is always exists
 F (x) is differentiable
(3) If integrand is discontinuous at x = x1 then its antiderivative at x = x1 need not be discontinuous.

1 3
i.e. e.g. x dx . Here x–1/3 is discontinuous at x = 0.
3 23
but  x 1 3dx  x  C is continuous at x = 0
2
(4) If
d
F(x )  C = f (x)   f ( x ) dx  F( x )  C then only we say that f (x) is integrable.
dx
(5) Antiderivative of a periodic function need not be a periodic function
e.g. f (x) = cos x + 1 is periodic but  (cos x  1) dx = sin x + x + C is aperiodic.
Problems based on Indefinite integral as antiderivative :
Some times it is possible to convert given integral as a loving integral (Standrad integral) after simple
manipulation
Evaluate the following integrals :
Illustration :
 2x . ex dx
( 2 e )x
 2 e dx =  ( 2e ) dx =
x x x
Sol. +c
ln( 2e )
Illustration :
1tan 2 x
 1tan 2 x dx
1tan 2 x 1  tan2 x 1
Sol.  1tan 2 x dx =  sec2 x dx =  (cos2 x  sin2 x ) dx =  cos 2 x dx = 2 sin 2 x  c
Illustration :
 
x 1 x 2  x 
 x x  x x
dx
 
x 1 x  x 2
    
x  1 x  x  1

3
 dx
Sol.  x x  x x
=  x ( x  x 1)
=
 x 1  
x 1 x 1 x 
dx =  ( x  1 )dx =
x2
–x+c
( x  x 1) 2
Illustration :
x 2

 sin 2 x sec 2 x
 1  x2
dx
x 2

 sin 2 x sec 2 x  2 1 
Sol.  1 x 2 dx =   sec x 

 dx = tan x – tan–1 x + c
1  x2 
Illustration :
sin 2 x  sin 2 k
 sin x  sin k  cos x  cos k dx
sin 2 x  sin 2 k
Sol.  sin x  sin k  cos x  cos k dx
(sin x  cos x  sin k  cos k )(sin x  cos x  sin k  cos k )
=  sin x  sin k  cos x  cos k
dx
=  (sin x  cos x  sin k  cos k ) dx =(sin x – cos x) + (sin k + cos k)x + C
Practice Problem
1  cos 2 x 1  tan 2 x x 4  x2  1
  
 
Q.1 dx Q.2 dx Q.3 dx
1  cos 2x 1  cot 2 x 2 1  x2
sin 2x  sin 5x  sin 3x 2  3x2

 
 
Q.4 dx Q.5 dx
cos x  1  2 sin 2 2x x2 1  x2
Answer key
1 1  x3 1 
Q.1 (tan x + x) + C Q.2 tan x  x + C Q.3   tan x  +C
2 23 
2
Q.4  2 cos x + C Q.5  + tan1 x + C
x
TECHNIQUES OF INTERGRATION :
Often it is not possible to convert an integral into lovingintegral just bysimple manipulation. Then required
some techniques to convert an integral into loving integral. This techniques are following.
Substitution By part Partial Kuturputur & Misc.

(product rule) (fraction)
SUBSTITUTION :
Theory : I =  f (x) dx and let x =  (z)
dI dx
= f (x) ; =  (z)
dx dz
dI d I dx dI
 = · = f (x) .  (z) or = f ( (z))  (z)
dz dx dz dz
Hence I   f (z)  ' (z) dz ....(1)
Substitution is said to be appropriate if the integrand in (1) is a loving one . (standard integral)
f  (x )
If  [ f (x) ]n f  (x) d x or  [f (x)]n
dx
Start with f (x) = t
 tan x dx  ln sec x  C   ln (cos x )  C;

 (cot x ) dx  ln (sin x) (loving integrals)
sin x
Proof :  tan x dx   cos x dx
 dt
Put cos x = t to get  t
= –ln t + c = –ln (cos x) + c = ln (sec x) + c
Illustration :
cos( ln x )
 x
dx
1
Sol. Put ln x = t  dx = dt
x
Integral becomes  cos t dt = sin t + c = sin (ln x) + c
Illustration :
x 3dx
 1  x8
Sol. x4 = t  4x3 dx = dt
1
dt 1 1
Integral becomes  4 = tan –1 t + c = tan–1 (x4) + c
1  t2 4 4
Illustration :
ln x  1  x 2 
  dx
 1 x 2
2x
1
Sol. Put ln  x  1  x 2  = t  2 1  x 2 dx = dt or
1
dx = dt
  x  1  x2 1  x2
2
t2 1 2 
Integral become  t dt = + c = ln  x  1  x  + c
2 2  
Illustration :
x 2 tan 1 x 3
 1x6 dx
3 x2
Sol. Put tan–1 x3 =t  dx = dt
1  x6
1 1 2 1
Integral becomes  3 t dt = 6
t + c = (tan–1 x3)2 + c
6
Illustration :
tan x sec 2 x
 x
dx
sec 2 x
Sol. Put tan x = t  dx = dt
2 x
 2t dt = t2 + c = tan  2
Integral becomes x +c
 x 
 sec x dx  ln (sec x  tan x)  C or ln tan 4  2   C;
 (loving integrands)
x 
 cosec x dx  ln (cosec x  cot x ) or ln tan 2  C 
sec x(sec x  tan x )

Proof :  sec x dx =  sec x  tan x
dx
Put sec x + tan x = t  (sec x tan x + sec2 x)dx = dt

dt
Integral becomes  t
= ln t
Illustration :
cos ec(tan 1 x )
 1 x 2 dx
1
Sol. Put tan–1 x = t  dx = dt
1  x2
integral becomes  cosec t dt = ln (cosec t – cot t) + c
1  x2 1 
= ln [cosec (tan–1 x) – cot (tan–1 x)] + c = ln   + c
 x x
Illustration :
cos2x
 sin x
dx
1  2 sin 2 x
Sol.  sin x dx =  ( cosec x  2 sin x )dx = ln (cosec x – cot x) + 2 cos x + c
Illustration :
ex( 1  x )
 cos( xe x ) dx
Sol. Put xex = t  ex (1 + x)dx = dt
dt
Integral becomes  cos t =  sec t dt = ln (sec t + tan t) + c = ln (sec (xex) + tan (xex)) + c
General Substitution : Examples :
x cos 2 cot 1 1  x  x2 1
a x
2 2; x = a sin  
   1 x  [Ans. ] ; 
 a  x  2  2 x 2
 3x  5

 dx (9  x 2 )3 x dx

a 2 x 2 ; x = a tan   x 2  4 4x 2  1 ;   x6
dx ;  a 3  x3


 x2
x a
2 2 ; x = a sec 
  a 6  x 6 dx


a2  x2 2 = a2cos 

x note that  a 2  x 2 dx   x 2  a 2 dx
a x
2 2
to be executed by parts.
 ln  x  x 2  a 2  &   ln  x  x 2  a 2  (loving integrals)

dx dx
 x a2 2  x a
2 2  
Loving Integrals:-
dx x dx 1 x
 x2  a2 tan 1   c ;
 a2  x2
= sin–1   + c ;
a
=
a a
1 1 x  dx
= ln  x  x 2  a   c ;
dx
x =
a
sec    c ;
a  x a
2 2  
x a2 2
= ln  x  x  a   c
dx

2 2
x a
2  2 
Illustration :
sin 2 x
 9  sin4 x
dx
Sol. Put sin2 x = t  sin 2x dx = dt
dt t  sin 2 x 
Integral becomes   sin 1    c = sin–1 
 3 + c

9  t2 3  
Illustration :
e x dx
 e2 x  1
Sol. Put ex = t  ex dx = dt
= ln t  t 2  1   c = ln e x  e 2 x  1   c
dt
Integral becomes  t 1
2    
Illustration :
ex
 4  e2 x dx
dt 1 1 t  1  ex 
Sol. Put ex = t to get  4  t 2  2 tan  2   c 
2
tan 1   c
 2
NOTE :
dx
 ax2  bx  c and 
dx
For Integration of type make ax2 + bx + c as perfect square.
ax  bx  c
2
px  q px  q
for Integration of type  ax 2  bx  c dx and  ax 2  bx  c
dx write px + q = (2ax + b) + 
Illustration :
e x dx
 5  4e x  e2 x
dt
= ln t  2  t 2  4t  5   c
dt
Sol. Put ex = t to get  5  4t  t 2
=  (t 2) 12  
Illustration :
4x  3
 3 x2  3 x  1 dx
Sol. 4x + 3 = A (6x + 3) + B by equating cofficients
2 4x  3 2 6x 3 dx
A=
3
& B=1   3 x2  3 x  1 dx = 
3 3x  3x  1
2
  3x  3x  1
2
 1
2 1 dx 2  x 
1 1
= ln (3x2 + 3x + 1) +  = ln (3x2 + 3x + 1) + tan 1  2
3 3  1
2
1 3 3 1  1 
x    
 2  12 12  12 
Illustration :
x dx
 x4  x2  1
1
dt 1 dt
Sol. Put x2 = t to get  2 2  
t  t  1 2  1 2  3 2
 t     
 2   2 
1 1  1 1  1
= · tan 1  t    c = tan 1  x 2    c
2 3/2  2 3  2
Illustration :
5x  4
 x2  2 x  5
dx .
5x  4
Sol. Let I =  x2  2 x  5
dx
Let 5x + 4 =  (2x + 2) + µ. Comparing the coefficient's, we have

5
2 = 5 and 2 + µ = 4 gives  = and µ = – 1.
2
Hence, we have
5 2x  2 dx
I=
2  x  2x  5
2
dx  
x  2x  5
2
= 5 x2  2 x  5  
dx
( x  1 )2  2 2
= 5 x 2  2 x  5 – ln x  1  x 2  2 x  5  C .
Practice Problem
x2
Q.1  dx = 1 sin 1f ( x ) c . Find f '(2).
1  4x 6 6
n
dx  1 
Q.2  x 2 (1  x 5 )4 5 = – 1  x m  + c. Find mn.
x 3 1 5 dx
Q.3  dx = f (x )   then find minimum value of f(x).
4x 2  4x  3 4 2 4x 2  4x  3
Evaluate following integrals :

1 x2
 x(ln x)3 dx
x
Q.4 Q.5  x 3
dx Q.6 a x b
dx
Answer key
1
Q.1 24 Q.2 1 Q.3 –4 Q.4 +C
2 ln 2 x
Q.5
2
3
(x – 3)3/2 + 10 x  3 + C Q.6
1
a3
 2 4b
 2b 2
 
a x  b – 3 a x  b + 3 ln a x  b + C
a a
INTEGRATION BY PARTS :
Theory: If f (x) and g (x) are derivable functions then

d
[f ( x ) . g ( x ) ]  f ( x ) . g ' ( x )  g ( x ) . f ' ( x )
dx
  f ( x) . g' ( x) dx = f (x) . g (x) –  g ( x ) . f ' ( x ) dx
I II
I =  f
( x ) ·g
( x ) dx
I II
= 1st function  integral of 2nd   (diff. co-eff. of 1st)  (integral of 2nd) d x
Remember ILATE for deciding the choice of the first and second function which is not arbitrary.
Here I for Inverse trigonometric function
L for Logarithmic function
A for Algebraic function
T for Trigonometric function
E for Exponential Function
Illustration :
 x cos x dx
Sol. Take x as first and cos x as 2nd function.
 x cos x dx = x sin x –  1  sin x dx = x sin x + cos x + c.

Illustration :
1
 x tan x dx
1 x2 x2
Sol.  x 

tan
II

x dx = (tan–1 x)
2
–  2( 1  x2 ) dx
I
1 1 1  x2  1 1 1 1
= x2 (tan–1 x) –
2 2  1  x2 dx = 2 x2 (tan–1 x) – 2 x + 2 tan–1 x + c
Illustration :
sin 1 x
 ( 1x2 )3 / 2 dx
Sol. Put sin–1 x =  or x = sin   dx = cos  d
 .cos d
  . sec  d
2
Integral becomes  cos3  =
I
 
II

1 x
= . tan –  1.tan d =  tan – ln (sec ) + c.= (sin x ). + ln ( 1  x 2 )  c
1  x2
Illustration :
 sin(ln x)dx
Sol. Put ln x = t to get I =  et sin t dt = et (– cos t) –  et (  cos t ) dt

I II

= – cos t · et +  et cos t dt = – cos t · et + e sin t   e sin t dt
t t

1 t
 I = –cos t · et + et sin t – I or I= e (sin t – cos t) + c
2
1
= x (sin (ln x) – cos (ln x)) + c
2
Illustration :
x e
2 3x
dx
2 3x 3x
 xI e dx = x e – 2 x · e dx
 3
2 3x
Sol. I= II 3
1 2 3x 2  x · e  e dx 
3x 3x
 xI eII dx = 3 x e – 3  3  3 
1 2 3x
= x2 e3x –
3 3
1 2 2 3x
= x2 e3x – x e3x + e +c
3 9 27
sin( bx  c) ax sin( bx  c)
Example : I = eax cos(bx  c) = eax –  ae dx
I II b b
sin( bx  c) a ax
= eax –  e sin(bx  c) dx
b b I II
1 ax a a 2 ax
 I= e sin (b + c) + 2 eax cos (bx + c) – 2  e cos(bx  c) dx
b b b
1 ax a ax a2
or I = e sin (bx + c) + 2 e cos (bx + c) – 2 I
b b b
1
I= eax [a cos (bx + c) + b sin (bx + c)]
a  b2
2
Two Classic Integrands :
 e f (x)  f (x)dx  e f (x)  C  f (x)  xf (x) dx = x f (x) + C

x x
(a) & (b)
Proof :
 e f (x )  f ' (x ) dx =  ex f (x)dx +  eI f ' (IIx ) dx

x x
(a)
=  e x f (x)dx + ex f (x) –  e x f (x) dx + c = ex f (x) + c
(b)  f (x) dx + x f '(x)dx =  f (x) dx +  xI f ' (IIx ) dx

=  f ( x )dx  x f ( x ) –  f ( x )dx = x f(x) + c
Illustration :
xe x
 ( 1x )2 dx
xe x x 1 x 1 x  1 1  1
Sol.  ( 1x )2 dx =  e ( 1  x )2 dx =  e .1  x  ( 1  x )2  = ex 1  x + c
Illustration :
 [ sin(ln x) + cos(ln x)dx
Sol. Put ln x = t to get  et (sin t  cos t )dt  et .sin t + c = x sin (ln x) + c
Illustration :
ex
 x ( 1  x ·ln x )dx
ex x1 
Sol.  x ( 1  x ·ln x )dx =  e  x  n x  dx = ex ln x + c.
Illustration :
x2e x
 ( x2 )2 dx
x2 x x 44 x x2 
2
4
e =  =  
x
Sol. dx e dx e  2
dx
( x  2 ) ( x  2 ) 
2
( x  2 )2 ( x  2 )2
x x2 4  x2
= e x  2  2
dx =  e x  c
 (x2)   x2
Illustration :
 (sin x  x cos x )dx

Sol.  (sin x  x cos x )dx = x sin x + c
Illustration :
 ( 2l n x  ( ln x )
2
) dx
 2 ln x 
 ( 2l n x  ( ln x ) ) dx =   x ·  ( ln x )2  dx = x · (ln n)2 + c
2
Sol.
 x 
Illustration :
 
  n( nx ) n1 x  dx
2
 1 t 1 1 1
 e  ln t  t 2 dt =  e  ln t    2 
t
Sol. Put ln x = t to get
 t t t 
t 1 ln x  1   1 
= e  ln t    c = e  ln ( ln x )  ln x   c = x ln ( ln x )  ln x   c
 t    
Practice Problem
1 1
Q.1  tan x dx = x g(x) – 2
ln (1 + x2) + c. Find number of point of discontinuties of g(x).
Q.2  (ln x)2 dx = Ax (ln x)2 – Bx ln x + cx + D. Find value of A + B + C.

Evaluate the following integrals :
1
ln ( x 2  a 2 ) x e tan x
(1xx 2 )
Q.3  x 2 dx Q.4  1  sin x dx Q.5  1x 2
dx
e x (1xx 3 )
Q.6  (1x 2 )3 / 2 dx
Answer key
 ln ( x 2  a 2 ) 2 x
Q.1 0 Q.2 5 Q.3  tan 1    C
x a a
 x  x 1 x ex x
Q.4  x tan     2 ln ln cos     C Q.5 x e tan Q.6
4 2 4 2 x2 1
PARTIAL FRACTION :
This technique is used if a rational function is being integrated whose denomenator can be factorised.
If degree of numerator is greater than degree of denomenator then first devide numerator bydenomenator
dx 1 ax dx 1  x a 
Loving Integrands  a 2  x 2  2a ln a  x  &  x 2  a 2  2a ln x  a 
Illustration :
x2  2
 ( x  1 )( x 2  1 ) dx
x2  2 x2  2 A B C
Sol. We have = = + +
( x  1 )( x  1 ) ( x  1 ) ( x  1 ) x  1 ( x  1 )
2 2 2
x 1
i.e. x2 + 2 = A(x2 – 1) + B(x – 1) + C(x + 1)2
Comparing the coeff. s, we have
1 3 3
A + C = 1, B + 2C = 0 and –A – B + C = 2 gives A= ,B= and C =
4 2 4
Hence, we have
x2  2 dx dx dx
I=  dx = A  +B  + C  x 1
( x  1 )( x  1 )
2 x1 ( x  1 )2
1 3 3
= ln |x + 1| + + ln |x – 1| + C
4 2( x  1 ) 4
Illustration :
( 1  x )3
 ( 1  x )3 dx
( 1  x )3 x3  3 x2  3 x  1 6 x2  2 6 x2  2
Sol. We have = +1 – 1 = 3 – 1 = –1 –
( 1  x )3  x 3  3 x 2  3 x  1  x  3 x2  3 x  1 ( x  1 )3
Note : Before decomposing into partial fractions, we must ensure that the degree of the numerator is less than
the degree of the denominator. Take special note of the method of performing division.Adding 1 to the
given fraction cancels out the x3 them in the numerator, thereby reducing the degree of the numerator.
6x 2  2 A B C
Now we have 3 = + 2 +
( x  1) x  1 ( x  1) ( x  1)3
i.e. 6x2 + 2 = A(x – 1)2 + B(x – 1) + C
Comparing the coeff.s, we have
A = 6, –2A + B = 0 and A – B + C = 2 gives A = 6, B = 12 and C = 8
Hence, we have
(1  x )3 dx dx dx
I=  (1  x )3 dx = –1  dx – A  x 1 – B  ( x  1)2 – C  ( x  1)3
12 4
= –x – 6 ln |x – 1| + + + C.
x  1 ( x  1) 2
Illustration :
1
 ( x  1 )( x2  1 )2 dx
1 A Bx  C Dx  E
Sol. We have = + 2 + 2
( x  1 )( x  1 )
2
x 1 x 1 ( x  1 )2
i.e. 1 = A(x2 + 1)2 + (Bx + C) (x3 + x2 + x + 1) + (Dx + E) (x + 1)
A + B = 0, B + C = 0, 2A + B + C + D = 0
B + C + D + E = 0 and A + C + E = 1
1 1 1 1 1
gives A = B= ,C= ,D= and E =
4 4 4 2 2
Hence, we have
1 1 dx 1 x 1 1 x 1
I=  ( x  1 )( x 2  1 )2 dx = 4  x  1 – 4  x 2  1 dx – 2  ( x 2  1 )2 dx
1 1 2x 1 dx 1 2x 1 dx
= ln |x + 1| –
4 8  x2  1 dx +  –  2
4 x 1 4 ( x 1)
2 2 dx +
2  ( x 2  1 )2
1 1 1 1 1
= ln |x + 1| – ln (x2 + 1) + tan–1 x + + I1
4 8 4 4( x  1 ) 2
2
To evaluate I1, put x = tan  and dx = sec2  d. Thus, we have
sec 2  d 1  cos 2 1  sin 2  1  1 x 

I1 =  = d =    = tan x  2 
sec 
4 2 2  2  2 x  1
Hence, we have
1 1 1 x1
I= ln |x + 1| – ln (x2 + 1) + tan–1 x + +C
4 8 2 4( x 2  1 )
Decomposition of Fractions Involving Even Powers of x only :
Illustration :
x2  1
 ( x 2  2 )( x 2  3 ) dx
Sol. Before decomposing such fractions into partial fractions, it is more convenient to write them as
y 1 A B
= + [writing x2 = y]
( y  2 )( y  3 ) y  2 y  3
i.e. y + 1 = A(y + 3) + B(y + 2)
A + B = 1 and 3A + 2B = 1 gives A = –1 and B = 2
Thus, we have
x2  1 x2  1
f (x) = 2
( x  2 )( x 2  3 )
  ( x 2  2 )( x 2  3 ) dx
1 2 1  x  2 1  x 
tan 1 
=  x2  2  x2  3
dx  dx =
2  2
 +
3
tan 
 3
+ C
Substitution after manipulation (Kuturputur) :
Illustration :
dx
 x( x n  1 )
dx dx
Sol.  x( x n  1 )    1 
x n 1  1  n 
 x 
1
1  dt 1
1
Put 1+ n =t
x
to get  nt   n ln t  c = – n ln (1 + x–n) + c
Illustration :
x7
 ( 1x2 )5 dx
x7 dx dx
Sol.  5 =  5
10 
1  3 1 
x  2  1 x  2  1
x  x 
1
1  dt 1 1 4 1 1
Put –1 = t to get  25 dt = · t c = 2
c
x2 t 2 4 8 ( x  1 )4
Illustration :
xd x
 ( 1x4 )3 / 2
x dx dx 1 1
Sol. I=   1 
3/ 2 =   1 
3/ 2 Put
x4
–1 =t  –4
x5
dx = dt
x6  4  1  x5  4  1
x  x 
1
 dt 1 1 1 1
 I =  34/ 2 = c =
t 2 t 2 1
1
x4
Practice Problem
x 1
Q.1  x (1  xex ) dx = ln |f (x)| + c. Find value of f (ln 2).
x 1 1 x  
Q.2  (x  1)(x 2  4) dx = 5 log (x – 1) + 5  x 2  4 dx Find value of  +  .
Evaluate the following indefinite integrals :
dx 2 x 2  3x  3
Q.3  x 4 ( x 3  1)2 Q.4  (x  1) (x 2  2x  5) dx
Answer key
1 1  1
Q.1 log(4e) 4 Q.2 3 Q.3 –  t   2 log t   c where t = 3 + 1
3 t  x
Q.4
3
2
 1
 x 1
ln x 2  2 x  5  tan 1 
2  2 
  ln x  1  C
INTEGRALS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS :
dx dx dx dx
Type  1 :  absin 2 x  abcos2 x  asin 2 xbcos2 xcsinxcosx (a cos x  b sin x )2
Multiply Nr and Dr by sec2x or cosec2 x and proceed
dx dx dx
Type  2 :  absinx  abcosx  absinxccosx
Convert sin x and cos x into their corresponding tangent to half the angles and
x
put tan =t
2
a sin x  b cos x  c  d 
Type3 :   sin x  m cos x  n dx; N r  A (D r )  B D r   C
 dx 
x 2 1 x 2 1
Type4 :  x 4 kx 2 1 dx or  x 4 kx 2 1 dx
Divide Nr and Dr by x2 and take suitable substituion
Illustration :
dx
 45sin2 x
dx cosec2 x cosec2 x
Sol.  45sin2 x =  4cosec2 x  5 dx =  4 cot 2 x  1 dx
 1
 dt 1 dt 1  t  2  1  2 cot x  1 
Put cot x = t to get  4t 2  1 = 4   
2 =
4
l n
 1


 c = –
4
l n
 2 cot x  1
c

1
t2    t  
2  2
Illustration :
dx
 5  4 cos x
x
dxsec 2
dx dx
 5  4 cos x =  = 
2
Sol.
 2 x 9  tan 2
x
 1  tan 
54
2 2
 2 x
 1  tan 
 2
x 2dt 2 1 
t
Put tan
2
= t to get  9  t 2  3 tan  c
3
Illustration :
1
 sin x  3 cos x  1 dx
1
Sol. Let I=  sin x  3 cos x  1 dx
x 1 2dt 2 dt
Putting tan
2
= t, we have I=  2t 3( 1  t 2 ) 1  t 2 =
·  2t  3( 1  t 2 )  ( 1  t 2 )

1  t2 1  t2
2dt dt dt 1  1 1  1 t 1
= = 2 = =    dt = ln +C
2t  2t  4
2
t t 2 ( t  1 )( t  2 ) 3  t  1 t  2  3 t2
x
1 tan 2  1
 ln C
3 tan x  2
2
Illustration :
sin x  3 cos x  1
Evaluate the indefinite integral  sin x  3 cos x  1 dx.
Sol. Let sin x + 3 cos x + 1 =  (sin x – 3 cos x – 1) + (cos x + 3 sin x) + 
Comparing the coefficient of sin x, cos x and constant term we have
4 3 1
 + 3 = 1, –3 +  = 3 and – +  = 1 kgives  = – ,  = and  =
5 5 5
Thus, we have
4 3 cos x  3 sin x 1 dx
I=
5  1 dx + 
5 sin x  3 cos x  1
dx +
5  sin x  3 cos x  1
4 3 1
= x + ln |sin x – 3 cos x – 1| + I1
5 5 5
Now, we have
1 2dt  x 
I1 =  ·  Putting tan 2  t 
2t 3( 1  t )
2 1 t2
 1
1  t2 1 t2
2 dt 2dt dt 1  1 1 
= 2 = =  =     dt
2t  3( 1  t )  ( 1  t )
2
2t 2  2t  4 ( t  1 )( t  2 ) 3  t  1 t  2 
1 t  1 1 tan( x / 2)  1
= ln = ln
3 t  2 3 tan( x / 2)  2
Hence, we have
4 3 1 tan( x / 2 )  1
I= x + ln |sin x – 3 cos x – 1| + ln +C
5 5 15 tan( x / 2 )  2
Illustration :
dx
 ( 3sinx4cosx )2
dx sec 2 x dx
Sol. I = =  Put 3 tan x – 4 = t  3 sec2 x dx = dt
( 3sinx4cosx )2 ( 3 tan x  4 )2
1
dt 1 1
 I=  2 =–3 +c
t 3 ( 3 tan x  4 )
Illustration :
x2  1
 x4  7 x2  1 dx
 1 
 1  2 dx
x 1 2
 x  1  1  1
Sol.  x4  7 x2  1 dx =  2 1
Put x – = t   1  2  dx = dt & x2 + 2 = t2 + 2
x  x  x
x 7  2
x
dt 1 1  t  1 1  x 2  1 
To get  2 = tan    c = tan  c
t 9 3 3 3  3 x 
Illustration :
x2  1
 x4  x2  1 dx
1 1
1 1
x 1 2
x 2 dx = x2
Sol. I=  4 dx =  2 1   1 2 dx
x  x2  1 x  2 1
x x  3
 x
dt  1  1  
=  Putting x  x  t and  1  2  dx  dt 
t 3
2
  x  
1  t  1  x2  1 
= tan 1  + C = tan 1  C

3  3 3  3x 
Illustration :
x2  2
 x4  5 x2  4 dx
2 2
1 1 2
x2  2 2
Sol. I=  4 dx =  2 4x dx =   2x dx
x  5 x2  4 x  2 5  x   1
x  x
dt  2  2  
=  Putting x  x  t and  1  2 dx  dt 
t 1
2
  x  
1 t 1 1 x2  x  2
= l n +C= l n +C
2 t 1 2 x2  x  2
INTEGRATION OF IRRATIONAL ALGEBRAIC FUNCTION :
dx
Type1 :  (x) ( x)(x ) ( > ) (Start: x =  cos  +  sin )
2 2
dx dx
Type  2 :  (axb) pxq ; e.g.  (2x  1)  4x  3
Put px + q = t2
dx dx
Type  3 :  (ax  b) px 2  qx  r
; e.g.  ( x  1)  1  x  x2
1
Put ax + b =
t
dx
Type  4 :  (ax 2 bx c) pxq ; Put px + q = t
2
dx
e.g.  x 2  5x  2 x2
this reduces to 2 
dt
t  9t 2  16
4
dx
Type  5 :  (ax 2  bx  c) px 2  qx  r
Case-I: When (ax2 + bx + c) breaks up into two linear factors, e.g.
dx
I =  ( x 2  x  2) x2  x 1
then
 A B  1
=   x  2  x 1 2
dx dx
dx = A   B
  x  x 1 ( x  2) x  x  1
2
( x  1) x 2  x  1
     
put x  21 / t put x 11 / t
Case-II: If ax2 + bx + c is a perfect square say (lx + m)2 then put lx + m = 1/t
dx
 (ax2  b)
1
Case-III: If b = 0; q = 0 e.g. then put x = or the trigonometric
px  r
2 t
substitution are also helpful.
dx
e.g.  ( x 2  4) 4x  1
2
.
Illustration :
dx
(x2) x 1
 
dx 2t dt
Sol. I= (x2) x 1
Put x + 1 = t2  I =  ( t 2  1 )t = 2 tan–1 t+ c = 2 tan–1 x 1 c
Illustration :
dx
 ( x2  4 ) 4 x2  1
1
 dt
dx 1 2  t dt
Sol. I=  ( x2  4 ) 4x  1
Put x =
t
to get I = 
1
t
 4
=  ( 1  4t 2 ) 4  t2
2
 2  4 2 1
t  t
 zdz
Again put 4 + t2 = z2  tdt = zdz  I =  { 1  4( z 2  4 )} z
 dz 1 dz 1 1 2 z  15
= =  2 =– · ln +c
4 z  15 4 z  15 / 4
2
4 15 2 z  15
Illustration :
dx
 ( x 1) 1  x  x2
1
dx  dt  dt
Sol. I=  ( x 1) Put x+1=
1
 I=  t2 =  3t  1  t 2
1  x  x2 t 1 1 1 
2
   1
t t t 
 2 
  3
 dt 1  
  c = –sin–1  x  1
2 t 3
= = – sin  + c
5  3
2  5  

5 
 t    
4  2
 3x  1 
= sin–1   + c
 5 ( x  1 ) 
Practice Problem
dx 1 
Q.1  5 sin 2 x  4 = 6 tan–1 f (x) + c. Find value of f '(x) at x = 4 .
x2  3 1
Q.2  x 4  2x 2  9 dx = 4 ln |f (x)| + c. Find f (0).
Evaluate the following indefinite integrals :
1 x x ( x 2 x  1)(ln x  1)
Q.3  (cos x  2 sin x )2 dx Q.4  x 4x  1
dx
sin 2x 5 x
Q.5  sin 4 x  cos4 x dx Q.6  x2
dx Q.7  2 x 2  x  1 dx
Answer key
  x 1 
x  x
1 1  1 
Q.1 3 Q.2 1 Q.3 C Q.4  tan  x 
2(1  2 tan x ) 2  2 
 
  
x2
Q.5 c – tan–1(cot2x) Q.6 ( x  2)(5  x )  3 sin 1
3
1 1 7 1 2x 2  x  1
 x   2x  x  1  ln x   C
2
Q.7
2 4 16 2 4 2
STANDARD RESULTS (Must be memorised):
ax  bn 1 dx 1
(i) ∫ (ax + b)n dx = + c n  1 (ii) ∫ = ln (ax + b) + c
a  n  1 ax  b a
1 ax+b 1 a pxq
(iii) ∫ eax+b dx =
a
e +c (iv) ∫ apx+q dx =
p n a
(a > 0) + c
1 1
(v) ∫ sin (ax + b) dx =  cos (ax + b) + c (vi) ∫ cos (ax + b) dx = sin (ax + b) + c
a a
1 1
(vii) ∫ tan(ax + b) dx =
a
ln sec (ax + b) + c (viii) ∫ cot(ax + b) dx =
a
ln sin(ax + b)+ c
1
(ix) ∫ sec² (ax + b) dx = tan(ax + b) + c (x) ∫ cosec²(ax + b) dx = − 1 cot(ax + b)+ c
a a
1
(xi) ∫ sec (ax + b) . tan (ax + b) dx =
a
sec (ax + b) + c
(xii) ∫ cosec (ax + b) . cot (ax + b) dx =  1 cosec (ax + b) + c

a
(xiii) ∫ secx dx = ln (secx + tanx) + c OR ln tan    x  + c

4 2
x
(xiv) ∫ cosec x dx = ln (cosecx  cotx) + c OR ln tan + c OR  ln (cosecx + cotx)
2
(xv) ∫ sinh x dx = cosh x + c (xvi) ∫ cosh x dx = sinh x + c
(xvii) ∫ sech²x dx = tanh x + c (xviii) ∫ cosech²x dx =  coth x + c
(xix) ∫ sech x . tanh x dx =  sech x + c (xx) ∫ cosech x . coth x dx =  cosech x + c

dx x dx 1 x
(xxi) ∫ = sin1 +c (xxii) ∫ = tan1 + c
a 2 x 2 a a x
2 2
a a
dx 1 x
(xxiii) ∫ = sec1 + c
x x a 2 2 a a
= ln  x  x 2  a 2 
dx x
(xxiv) ∫ OR sinh1 +c
x a2 2   a
= ln  x  x 2  a 2 
dx x
(xxv) ∫ OR cosh1 +c
x 2 a 2   a
dx 1 ax
(xxvi) ∫ a x
2 2 =
2a
ln
ax
+c
dx 1 x a
(xxvii) ∫ x a
2 2
=
2a
ln
xa
+c
x a2 x
(xxviii) ∫ a  x dx =
2 2
a x
2 2 + sin1 + c
2 2 a
x a2 x
(xxix) ∫ x 2  a 2 dx = x 2 a 2 + sinh1 + c
2 2 a
x a2 x
(xxx) ∫ x 2  a 2 dx = x 2 a 2  cosh1 + c
2 2 a
e ax
(xxxi) ∫ eax. sin bx dx =
a 2b2
(a sin bx  b cos bx) + c
e ax
(xxxii) ∫ eax . cos bx dx =
a 2b2
(a cos bx + b sin bx) + c
Solved Examples
Q.1 Evaluate the followingindefinte integrals :

 2   1 
(i)   x
x
 sin x  dx

(ii)  
 2x  3
 sin( 2 x  3)  dx

 2  1
Sol.(i) I =   x   sin x dx =  x dx + 2  dx –  sin x dx
 x  x
x1 / 21 2
= + 2 ln |x| – (– cos x) + C = x3/2 + 2 ln |x| + cos x + C.
1/ 2  1 3
 1  dx
(ii) I = 
 2x  3
 sin( 2 x  3)  dx =

 2 x  3 +  sin(2x  3) dx
ln | 2 x  3 | cos( 2 x  3)
= – +C
2 2
Q.2 Evaluate the followingindefinite integrals :

dx
(ii) 
x
(i)  x  1 dx e  e x
x
Sol.(i)
x
 x  1 dx =
t
 t 2 1 · 2t dt Putting x  t and dx  2 t dt 
2t 2 t2  11 dt
= 2 dt = 2  2 dt = 2  dt – 2  2 = 2t – 2 tan–1 t + C = 2 x – 2 tan–1 x + C.
t 1 t 1 t 1
dx 1 dt  dt 
 e x  e x =  t  1 / t · Putting e  t and dx  t 
x
(ii)
t
dt
= = tan–1 t + C = tan–1 (ex) + C.
t 1
2
Q.3 Evaluate the following integrals :

(i) x
2
sin x dx (ii)  ( x 2  5x )e 2 x dx
Sol.(i) We have
I =  x 2 sin x dx = x2 (– cos x) –  ( cos x )2 x dx [integrating by parts]
= –x2 cos x + 2  x cos x dx
Using parts again, we have  x cos x dx = x sin x –  sin x dx = x sin x + cos x

Hence, we have I = –x2 cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x + C.
e2 x e2x
(ii) I =  ( x 2  5x ) e2x dx = (x2 + 5x)
2
–  2 (2x + 5) dx
( x 2  5 x )e 2 x e2 x e2x
= – (2x + 5) + 2 dx
2 4 4
( x 2  5x )e 2 x (2 x  5)e 2 x e2 x
= – + +C
2 4 4
Q.4 Evaluate the followingindefinte integrals :
( x  1)3 sin 3 x  cos3 x

(i)  dx (ii)  dx
x sin 2 x cos2 x
( x  1)3 x 3  3x 2  3x  1
Sol.(i)  dx =  dx =  (x5/2 – 3x3/2 + 3x1/2 – x–1/2)dx
x x
x 7 / 2 3x 5 / 2 3x 3 / 2 x1 / 2 2 6
= – + – + C = x7/2 – x5/2 + 2x3/2 – 2x1/2 + c
7/ 2 5/ 2 3 / 2 1/ 2 7 5
sin 3 x  cos3 x
(ii)  sin 2 x cos2 x dx =  tan x sec x dx +  cot x csc x dx = sec x – csc x + C.

(i)  sin x sin 2x sin 3x dx (ii)  sin3 x cos 3x dx
 cos x  cos 3x 
Sol.(i) I =  sin x sin 2x sin 3x dx =   2
 sin 3x dx

1 1
=
2  (cos x sin 3x – sin 3x cos 3x) dx =
4  (sin 4x + sin 2x – sin 6x) dx
1   cos 4 x cos 2 x cos 6 x 
=    + C
4 4 2 6 
 3 sin x  sin 3x 
(ii) I=  sin3 x cos 3x dx =   4
 cos 3x dx

[sin 3x = 3 sin x – 4 sin3 x]
3 1
=
4  sin x cos 3x dx – 4  sin 3x cos 3x dx
3 1
=
8  (sin 4x – sin 2x) dx – 8  sin 6x dx
3   cos 4 x  3  cos 2 x  1  cos 6 x 
=  +  +  + C
8 4  8 2  8 6 
sin 2 x
Q.6 Evaluate the following indefinite integral  a 2  b2 sin 2 x dx .
sin 2 x
Sol. I=  a 2  b2 sin 2 x dx Put sin2 x = t  sin 2x dx = dt
dt 1 dt 1  1  1 t 
 I= = 2 
 a 2  b2t 2 b t  (a / b)2 = b2  a / b  tan  a / b   c
2
1  b sin 2 x 
= tan–1  + c

ab  a 
Q.7 Evaluate the indefinite integral  x2 cos x dx .
Sol. I=  x2 cos x dx = x2 sin x –  sin x · 2x dx = x2 sin x – 2I1

where I1 =  x sin dx = x(–cos x) –  (– cos x) · 1 dx = –x cos x + sin x
Hence, we have I = x2 sin x + 2x cos x – 2 sin x + C

2
x  1 x 
(i)  e 
2
2
dx (ii)  x (1  x 2 ) e x dx
1 x 
2
x 1 x  x 1  x  2x
2
Sol.(i) I =  e   dx =  e dx
1 x 
2
(1  x 2 )
 1  2x  ex
=  ex    dx = +C
1  x
2
(1  x 2 )2  1 x2
1
 (t + 1)et dt
2
 x(1  x
2
(ii) I= ) e x dx = [Putting x2 = t and 2x dx = dt]
2
1 1 2
= tet + C = x2 e x + C
2 2
1
Q.9 Evaluate the indefinite integral  2  sin 2x  cos 2x .
1
Sol. Let I =  2  sin 2x  cos 2x dx
Putting tan x = t, we have
1 dt 1
I=  2t 1 t 2 ·
1 t2
=  t 2  2t  3 dt
2 
1 t 1 t2
2
1 t  1  1  1  tan x 
=
1
dt =
1
tan    C = tan 1 C
( t  1)2  2 2  2  2  2 
dx
Q.10 Evaluate the indefinite integral  ( x  1) 2x  3
dx
Sol. Let I =
( x  1) 2 x  3
t2  3
Putting 2x – 3 = t2, i.e. x = and dx = t dt, we have
2
tdt 2dt 2  t  2 2x  3
I  = tan 1 C= tan 1 C
 t2  3  t 5
2
5  5 5 5
 
 2  1 t
 
cos 4 x dx
Q.11 Evaluate the indefinite integral  sin 3 x sin 5 x  cos5 x 3 5
cos 4 x dx cot 4 x cosec2 x dx

 sin 3 x sin 5 x  cos5 x 3 5  1  cot x 
Sol. Let I= = 3/ 5
5
Putting 1 + cot5x = t and – 5 cot4x cosec2 x dx = dt, we have
I=
 dt
 5t 3 / 5 
1 2 5
2
t C 
1
2
1  cot 5 x  
25
C.
 cos x  sin x 
Q.12 Evaluate the indefinite integral  cos 2x ln  cos x  sin x  dx .
 cos x  sin x 
Sol. Let I =  cos 2 x ln   dx
 cos x  sin x 
Integrating by parts, we have
sin 2 x  cos x  sin x  sin 2 x cos x  sin x (cos x  sin x ) 2  (cos x  sin x ) 2
I=
2
l n  
 cos x  sin x 
  2 · cos x  sin x · (cos x  sin x ) 2
dx
sin 2 x  cos x  sin x  sin 2 x sin 2 x  cos x  sin x  1

= ln   dx = ln    ln cos 2 x  C .
2  cos x  sin x  cos 2 x 2  cos x  sin x  2
sec x dx
Q.13 Evaluate the indefinite integral  sin 2x  a   sin a .
sec x dx sec x dx
Sol. Let I=  sin 2x  a   sin a =  sin 2 x cos a  1  cos 2 x sin a
sec x dx

sec x dx
=  2 cos x (sin x cos a  cos x sin a ) = 2 cos x cos a (tan x  tan a )
2
1 sec2 x dx
=
2 cos a  tan x  tan a
Putting tan x + tan a = t and sec2 x dx = dt, we have
1 dt 1 2
I=
2 cos a  t

2 cos a
·2 t  C 
cos a
tan x  tan a  C .
1 1 x
Q.14 Evaluate the integral x 1 x
dx
 1 x 
I =   
12
dx
=  
12
 1  cos 2  d cos 2
2
 
Sol. Let
 
 1 x  x  1  cos 2  cos 2 2
Putting x = cos22 and dx = 2 cos 2 (– 2 sin 2) d, we have
sin   8 sin  cos  d sin 2 
I=  cos  ·
cos 2
= – 8  cos 2 d
 cos 2  1 
= 4   d  4  1  sec 2  d = 4 – 2 ln sec 2  tan 2  C
 cos 2 
 1  C = 2 cos1 x  2 ln 1  1  x  C .
1 1 1
= 2 cos x  2 ln 
x x x
dx
Q.15 Evaluate the integral  x11 1 x4
.
dx x dx
Sol. Let I =  x11 1 x 4
=  x12 1 x4
Putting x2 = tan  and 2x dx = sec2  d, we have
1 sec2  d 1 sec2  d 1 cos5  1 cos4 

I=
2  tan 6  1  tan 2  = 2  tan 6  sec  = 2  sin 6  d = 2  sin 6  .cos  d
Put sin  = t
1 (1  t 2 )2 1 t 2  2t 2  1 1
=  6
dt =  6
dt =  ( t  2  2 t  4  t 6 )dt
2 t 2 t 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
=  3 C =   C
2t 3t 10t 5 2 sin  3 sin  10 sin 5 
3
x2
Here sin  = .
1 x4
1  
Evaluate the integral  cos  x  x  2  dx .
2
Q.16
 
1  
Let I =  cos  x  x  2  dx
2
Sol.
 
 x 
Put x  x 2  2 = cos t and 1   dx = – sin t dt
 
 x 2 
2
x2  2 x2  2
i.e. dx = – . sin t dt = · sin t dt
x  x2  2 cos t
2
Now, rationalising LHS of equation (1), we have x2  2  x 
cos t
1 2 
Adding equations (1) and (2), we have x 2  2   cos t  
2 cos t 
1 2  sin t
Thus, we have dx =  cos t   dt
2  cos t  cos t
Hence, we have
1  2  sin t 1   sin t 
I=
2  t  cos t 


cos t  cos t
dt =
2  t sin t dt   t  2 
 cos t 
dt
=
1
   1 
t  cos t    cos t dt   t  

1 
dt
cos t 
2   cos t 
1 1 t
= t cos t  sin t   ln sec t  tan t  C where cos t = x  x 2  2 .
2 2 cos t
 1 ln 1  6 x   
Q.17 Evaluate the integral   3   dx
 x x x x 
4 3
 1 ln 1  6 x   
Sol. I=  3
   dx
 x x x x 
4 3
1 1 1 1
The common denominator of , , and is 12.
2 3 4 6
Putting x = t12 and dx = 12t11 dt, we have
 1 ln (1  t 2 )  11  t8 t 7ln (1  t 2 ) 
I =  4 3   12 t dt = 12  dt   1  t 2  = 12 (I1 + I2)
t  t t4  t6   t 1 
Now, we have
I1 = 
t8  1  1
t 1
 
dt   t  1 t 2  1 t 4  1 dt  
dt
t 1

 t  1 t 
 t 4  t 2  1 dt  ln t  1  t 
 t 6  t 5  t 4  t 3  t  1 dt  ln t  1
6 7
= =
=
t8 t 7 t 6 t5 t 4 t3 t 2
       t  ln t  1
2 3

and I2 =  ( t ) ln 1  t
2
 1tdtt
2
8 7 6 5 4 3 2
2 t dt
Putting ln (1 + t2) = u and = du, we have
1 t2
I2 =
2

1 u

3

e  1 u du 
1
2  e
3u

 3e 2 u  3eu  1 u du
1  e3u 3e2 u  1  e3u 3e 2u 

        3eu  u  du
u
= 2 3 3e u  u  [integrating by parts]
 2  2  3 2 
u  e3u 3e2 u  1  e3u 3e2 u

  u 2 
= 2 3   3e u
 u 
 2 9   3e u

 2   4 2 
u 1
= (2e3u – 9e2u + 18eu + 18eu – 6u) – (4e3u – 27e2u + 108eu– 18u2)
12 36
where eu = t2 – 1 = x1/6 – 1.
sin( x  a )
Q.18 Evaluate the followingindefinite integrals  dx
sin( x  a )
sin( x  a ) sin(x  a )
Sol. Let I=  sin( x  a )
dx =  sin(x  a ) sin(x  a )
dx
sin x cos a  cos x sin a

= 
dx
= I1 – I2
sin 2 x  sin 2 a
Now, we have
cos a sin x dx sin x dx
I1 =  sin x  sin a
2 2 = cos a  cos2 a  cos2 x
 dt
= cos a  [putting cos x = t]
cos2 a  t 2
 t   cos x 
= cos a cos–1   = cos a cos–1  
 cos a   cos a 
sin a cos x dx dt
and I2 =  = sin a  [putting sin x = t]
sin 2 x  sin 2 a t 2  sin 2 a
= sin a ln t  t  sin a = sin a ln sin x  sin x  sin a

2 2 2 2
Hence, we have
 cos x 
I = cos a cos–1   + sin a ln sin x  sin 2 x  sin 2 a  C .
 cos a 
x  1  sin x
Q.19 Evaluate the following indefinite integral e   dx
 1  cos x 
x  1  sin x x 1 sin x 
Sol. e   dx =  e   dx
 1  cos x  1  cos x 1  cos x 
1 x  x  x
=  e x  sec2    tan  dx = ex tan   + C
2 2  2  2
( x 2  1) dx
Q.20 Evaluate the following indefinite integral x x 4  3x 2  1
( x 2  1)dx x dx dx
Sol. Let I= x = 
x 4  3x 2  1

x x 4  3x 2  1
= I1 – I2
x 4  3x 2  1
Putting x2 = t and 2x dx = dt, we have
1 dt 1 dt
2  t  3t  1
2

2  2
 3   5 
2
I1 =  t   
 2   2 
1 1  2 t  3  1 1
 2 x 2  3  dx
=
2
cosh 
 5  2
= cosh 
 5 
and I2 =  3 1
x3 1 2  4
x x
1 dt  1  2dx 
=
2  t 2  3t  1
putting x 2  t and x 3  dt 
1 1 2 t  3  1 1
 3x 2  2 
= cosh   = 2 cosh  5x 2 
2  5   
Hence, we have
1 1 
 x 3  3  1 1 
 3x 2  2 
I= 2 cosh  5  2  cosh  5x 2   C .
   
INDEFINITE & DEFINITE INTEGRATION
EXERCISE-1 (SPECIAL DPP)
SECTION-A [INDEFINITE INTEGRATION]
SPECIAL DPP-1
Find the antiderivative/primitive/integrals of the following by simple manipulation/simplifying and

converting them into loving integrands.
1  cos 2 x 1  tan 2 x
Q.1  2x . ex dx Q.2  1  cos 2x
dx Q.3  1  tan 2 x
dx
1  tan 2 x e 5 n x  e 4  n x
Q.4  1  cot 2 x
dx Q.5  e 3 n x  e 2 n x
dx Q.6  (ea ln x + ex ln a)dx (a > 0)
cos 2 x 1  2 x2 x 21
Q.7  cos 2 x sin 2 x
dx Q.8  2

x 1 x 2

dx Q.9  4 cos 2 ·cos x ·sin 2
x dx
cos x  sin x
Q.10  cos x  sin x
(2 + 2 sin 2x) dx Q.11  (3 sin x cos2 x  sin3 x) dx
(1  x) 2 x
  
 
Q.12 cos xº dx Q.13 dx Q.14 dx
x 1 x 2
2x  1
sec 2x  1 2x  1 e 2x  1
Q.15  sec 2x  1
dx Q.16  x2
dx Q.17  ex
dx
sin x  cos x cos 2x  cos 2

Q.18  1  sin 2x
dx (cosx + sinx > 0) Q.19  cos x  cos 
dx
x6  1 sin 3 x  cos3 x x 4  x2  1
  
 
Q.20 dx Q.21 dx Q.22 dx
x2  1 sin 2 x cos2 x 2 1  x2
sin 6 x  cos 6 x  x  1 x2  x 

Q.23  1  sin 2x dx Q.24  sin 2 x . cos 2 x
dx Q.25  x x x x
dx
SPECIAL DPP-2
Find the antiderivative/primitive/integrals of the following by simple manipulation/simplifying and

converting them into loving integrands.
 2x  sin 2x  sin 5x  sin 3x
Q.1  sin  sin (x   )  sin     dx
2
Q.2  cos x  1  2 sin 2 2x
dx
 
 cot 2 2x  1  cos 4 x  sin 4 x

Q.3    cos 8x cot 4x dx Q.4  1  cos 4x
dx (cos2x>0)
 2 cot 2x 
2 x 3  3x 2  4 x  5 x 2

 sin 2 x sec2 x
Q.5  2x  1
dx Q.6  1 x 2
dx
dx dx
Q.7  Q.8 
9  16 x 2
25  4 x 2
1  1  cos x
 dx
Q.9  tan 
 sin x 
 dx Q.10  1  sin x
cos 8x  cos 7 x 2  3x2
Q.11  1  2 cos 5x dx Q.12 

x2 1  x2 
dx
sin 2 x  sin 2k x2  3
Q.13  sin x  sin k  cos x  cos k dx Q.14  x (x 6 2
 1)
dx
Q.15  sin x cos x cos 2x cos 4x dx Q.16 x

x
ln (ex )dx
 2x x x x
 sin  2 sin cos  cos 2 
 2 2 2 2  2  9 x  7 x
Q.17   2 x 
dx Q.18  sin 
 8
   sin 2 
4  8
   dx
4 
 2 sin  1
 2 
cos 4x  1
Q.19  cot x  tan x
dx
Q.20 A function g defined for all positive real numbers, satisfies g'(x2) = x3 for all x>0 and g (1) = 1.
Compute g (4).
SPECIAL DPP-3
Q.1 Find the Integrals

dx
(i)  tan x d(tan x )
3
(ii) x
2 5
x 3  2 dx (iii)  arc sin x  3
1 x2
2
    2 x dx 1 x  x2
(iv)  cos 2x  4  dx (v)  (vi)  (1  x 2 )3
dx
1 4 x
dx
(vii)  (x  x  1)
2 2 (viii)  (tan
2
x  tan 4 x )dx (ix)
cos 2 x dx
 1  sin x cos x
d(1  ln x )
(x)  cos 2
(1  ln x )
Q.2 Primitive of 1 2cotx(cotx cos ecx ) w.r.t. x is :

x x
(A) 2 ln cos +c (B) 2 ln sin +c
2 2
1 x
(C) ln cos + c (D) ln sin x  ln(cosec x  cot x) + c
2 2
2
1)
Q.3 Primitive of f (x) = x ·2ln ( x w.r.t. x is
2
1) 2
1)
2 ln ( x ( x 2  1)2ln ( x
(A) +C (B) +C
2( x  1)
2
ln 2  1
( x 2  1) ln 21 ( x 2  1)ln 2
(C) +C (D) +C
2(ln 2  1) 2(ln 2  1)
Q.4 Which one of the following is TRUE.

dx dx
(A) x .   x ln | x |  C (B) x .   x ln | x |  Cx
x x
1 1
cos x  cos x 
(C) . cos x dx  tan x  C (D) . cos x dx  x  C
Q.5 The evaluation of z p x p  2 q 1  q x q 1

x2 p  2q  2x pq  1
dx is
xp xq xq xp
(A) – C (B) C (C)  C (D) C
x pq  1 x pq  1 x pq  1 x pq  1
x 2 (1  ln x )
Q.6  ln 4 x  x 4 dx equals
(A)
1  x  1
ln 
  ln ln 2 x  x 2  C  (B)
1  ln x  x  1
ln
4  ln x  x  2
 ln x 
  tan 1  C
2  ln x  4  x 
1  ln x  x  1  ln x  1   ln x  x  1  ln x  
(C) ln   tan 1  C (D) 4  ln  ln x  x   tan  x    C
4  ln x  x  2  x      
1 sin x  cos x
2  e x  sin x
Q.7 Let F(x) = dx and F(0) = 1 then F(x) is equal to
(A) ln 1  e x sin x  1 (B) ln 1  e x sin x

1 1
(C) ln (1  e x sin x )  1 (D) ln (1  e x sin x )  2
2 2
Q.8 Let f be a polynomial function such that for all real x
f (x2 + 1) = x4 + 5x2 + 2, then  f (x ) dx is
x 3 3x 2 x 3 3x 2
(A)  – 2x + C (B)  + 2x + C
3 2 3 2
x 3 3x 2 x 3 3x 2
(C)  – 2x + C (D)  + 2x + C
3 2 3 2
Where C is constant of integration.
1  x 
Q.9 Let f (x) = ln   then its primitive w.r.t. x is
x  ex 
1 x 1 1 2 ex
(A) e – ln x + C (B) ln x – ex + C (C) ln x – x + C (D) +C
2 2 2 2x
1 1
2 –  sin(x) ; f '(2) = + 2 and f (1)=0.
Q.10 A function y = f (x) satisfies f "(x) = – 2
x
1
The value of f   is
2

(A) ln 2 (B) 1 (C) – ln 2 (D) 1 – ln 2
2
3
Q.11 Let f be a twice differentiable function on R and satisfying f "(x) = x  1  2

2
for all x  R.
If f ' (0) = 0 and f (1) = 2 + 1 , then f (0) is equal to
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 5
x 2  10 x  24
Q.12  x 5
dx is equal to
[Note : C denotes constant of integration.]

(A) x 2  10 x  24 + sec–1(x + 5) + C (B) x 2  10 x  24 – cosec–1(x + 5) + C
(C) sec–1 (x + 5) – x 2  10x  24 + C (D) cosec–1(x + 5) + x 2  10 x  24 + C
Q.13 Let f(x) satisfies x f 2(x) – f (x) = x – 1  x  R and f(1)  0.

 f ( x )  f ( x )  f " ( x ) 
If h(x) =    f ( x ) d( x ) then h(3) – h(2) equals
 2  f ' (x) 

(A) tan–1   (B) tan–1(1) (C) tan–1 (tan 1) (D) tan–1 (–tan 1)
4
n (tan x)
Q.14  sin x cos x
dx equal:
1 1 2
(A) ln2 (cot x) + c (B) ln (sec x) + c
2 2
1 2 1 2
(C) ln (sin x sec x) + c (D) ln (cos x cosec x) + c
2 2
SPECIAL DPP-4
log x x 3dx
(i)  x 3 dx (ii)  1 x 2 (iii)  (arctan x )
2
x dx
( x  1)dx x 2 arctan x
(iv)  cos(ln x )dx (v)  x(1  xe x ) (vi)  1  x 2 dx
Q.2  etan  (sec  – sin ) d equals

(A)  etan  sin  + c (B) etan  sin  + c (C) etan  sec  + c (D) etan  cos  + c
Q.3  (x eln sin x  cos x) dx is equal to :

(A) x cos x + c (B) sin x  x cos x + c
(C)  eln x cos x + c (D) sin x + x cos x + c
 sin(101x ) ·sin 
99
Q.4 x dx equals
sin(100 x )(sin x )100 cos(100 x )(sin x )100

(A) +C (B) +C
100 100
cos(100 x )(cos x )100 sin(100 x )(sin x )101
(C) +C (D) +C
100 101
Q.5 If x
2
·e 2 x dx = e–2x(ax2 + bx + c) + d, then
1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) a = – ,b=– ,c=– (B) a = – , b = – , c =
2 2 4 2 2 4
1 1 1
(C) a = – , b = – 1, c = – (D) a = 1, b = 1, c = –
2 2 2
 sec  (sec   tan ) 2 d

2
Q.6
(sec   tan )
(A) [ 2  tan  (sec   tan )]  C
2
(B) [2  4 tan  (sec   tan )]  C
3
(C) [2  tan  (sec   tan )]  C
3
3 (sec   tan )
(D) [ 2  tan  (sec   tan )]  C
2
dx x6
Q.7 If  x  x7 = p(x), then  x  x 7 dx is equal to
(A) ln | x | + p(x) + C (B) x + p(x) + C
(C) ln | x | – p(x) + C (D) x – p(x) + C
[Note : C is the constant of integration.]
1
Q.8 If  f (x ) dx = g (x), then  f ( x ) dx is
(A) x f–1 (x) + C  

(B) f g 1 ( x )  C
 
(C) x f 1 ( x )  g f 1 ( x )  C
1
(D) g ( x )  C
[Note: Where 'C' is constant of integration.]
Q.9 If f(x) =  2e x cos2 x (– tan2x + tan x + 1)dx and f(x) passes through (, 0) then f (0)  f ' (0)  equals
(A) 2e (B) 3e (C) 2 (D) 3
2
 x2 f (x ) e x 1
If  e 
x
Q.10  dx =  C then the sum f (x) + f 2(x) + f 3(x) ........  at x = , is
 x4 x4 2
1 1 3
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D)
2 4 2
[Note: where 'C' is constant of integration.]
SPECIAL DPP-5

3  x3 x dx
(i) ( sin x  cos x ) dx2
(ii)  2  2x 2
dx (iii)  4 x 3 1
3x 2  1 1 x2
(iv)  2x x arctan x dx. (v)  ln(x  1  x )dx2
(vi)  x4
dx
 (x x  x )(2 x  7x  14)
Q.2 For any natural number m, 7m 2m m 6m m m dx (where x > 0), equals
m 1 m 1
(A) (7 x
7m
 2x  14x
2m m
) m (B) (2x
7m
 14x  7 x
2m m
) m
C C
14(m  1) 14(m  1)
m 1 m 1
(2x 7m
 7 x  14 x
2m m
) m 7m
 2x  x 2m m
) m
(C) +C (D) (7 x C
14(m  1) 14(m  1)
where C is constant of integration.
(2 x  3) dx 1
Q.3 If  x( x  1)(x  2)(x  3)  1 = C – f ( x ) where f (x) is of the form of ax2 + bx + c, then (a + b + c)
equals
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) none
( x 2  1) 1
Q.4 Let k (x) =  3 x3  3x  6 dx and k (–1) = 3 2 then the value of k (– 2) is
(A) – 8 (B) – 2 (C) 2 (D) 4
x
Q.5 The integral  2  x2  2  x2
dx equals
(A) – x ln 1  2  x 2 + C (B) ln 1  2  x 2 + C
(C) – ln 1  2  x 2 + C (D) x ln 1  2  x 2 + C
where C is constant of integration.
dt 1 2
Q.6 If   8

  p1

  p2
 C , where C is constant of integration, then
1 t 3 1 t 7 1 t
(A) p1 = 5 (B) p1 = 6 (C) p2 = 7 (D) p2 =8
Q.7 Column-I Column-II

1
x 2 ( x 6  x 5  1) dx 1 1 3 2
(A)  (2x 6  3x 5  2) 2 (P)  3   2   C
6x x 
( x 5  x 4  x 2 ) dx
(B)  4x  5x  10x
7 6 4 (Q)
1
2
(1 + x–2 + x–5)–2 + C
(2x12  5x 9 )dx 1
(C)  (x 5  x 3  1)3 (R)
6
(2x3 + 3x2 + 2x–3)–1 + C
1
 x3 x 2 1  2
(where C is the constant of integration.) (S) x      C
 25 20 10 

 ( x 2  1)  x 4  1 
x 4 1  
(A)  x2 x4  x2 1
dx (P) ln 
x  +C
 
x 2 1  x 4  1  2x 
(B) x dx (Q) C–
1
ln  
1 x4 2  ( x 2  1) 

 
1 x2  1
1
 
(C)  (1  x 2 ) 1 x4
dx (R) C– tan–1 
 x 4
1


1 x4  x2 1
(D)  dx (S)
x
+C
(1  x 4 ) 1 x4  x2
SECTION-B [DEFINITE INTEGRATION]
SPECIAL DPP-1
Evaluate the following definite integrals.

1 2
dx dx
Q.1 Let  16  9 x 2

9  4x 2
 ln a . Find a.
0 0
n2 e  1 ln x 
Q.2  x ex dx Q.3   
x 
dx
0 1  x l n x 
3 2

f   = a, f  3  = b. Find the value of the definite integral
cos x
Q.4 Given f ' (x) =
x
,
2  2 
 f (x ) dx .
2
1
x dx e
 1 1 
Q.5  5 4x
Q.6    2  dx
 n x n x 
1 2
/ 2
/4 cos x dx
Q.7 
sin 2 x
sin x  cos4 x
4
dx Q.8  (1  sin x ) (2  sin x )
0 0
x
/4 2 2 3 sin 1
sin x . cos x 1  x 2 dx
Q.9  dx Q.10 
sin 
2
0
3
x  cos3 x 13
x
2 12
 x 1 
3
dx
Q.11 
2 ( x  1) (5  x)
Q.12   3  x  dx
32
/4 /2

dx
Q.13
0
x cos x cos 3x dx Q.14  5  4 sin x
0
3 /2
dx dx
Q.15 
2 ( x  1) x  2 x 2
Q.16  1  cos ·cos x
(0, )
0
ln 3
/ 4
2
ex 1
Q.17  e2 x  1
dx Q.18  cos 2x 1  sin 2 x dx
0
0
1/ 2
3
x dx
 
1 2x 
Q.19 dx Q.20
0 3 x 0
2
1 x2
2 /2
a 
dx
  sin  cos  2
sin 2   b 2 cos2  d ab (a > 0, b > 0)
 
Q.21 Q.22
1 x x4 1 0
3 4 
 (1  x) sin x  (1  x) cos x dx , (b) 2x (1  x cos x ·ln x  sin x ) dx

sin x
Q.23(a)
0
1
Q.24  x (tan1 x)2 dx
0
Q.25 Suppose that f, f ' and f '' are continuous on [0, ln 2] and that f (0) = 0, f ' (0) = 3,
ln 2 ln 2
2x
e
2 x
f (ln 2) = 6, f ' (ln 2) = 4 and ·f ( x ) dx = 3. Find the value of e ·f ' ' ( x ) dx .
0 0
SPECIAL DPP-2
Evaluate the following definite integrals.

1
e  e 1 e 2  e 2
b
dx dx
Q.1  x  2 x cos   1
2
where << Q.2 
a 1 x 2
where a=
2
& b=
2
0
1
x x ( x 2 x  1)(ln x  1) 1
1 x 2
Q.3  x 4x
 1
dx Q.4 
0
x5
1 x2
dx
0
Q.5 Suppose that the function f, g, f ' and g ' are continuous over [0, 1], g (x)  0 for x  [0, 1], f (0) = 0,
1006
g(0) = , f (1) = and g (1) = 1. Find the value of the definite integral,
2
1
   
f ( x ) ·g ' ( x ) g2 ( x )  1  f ' ( x ) ·g ( x ) g 2 ( x )  1
 g2 (x )
dx .
0
/4 
sin   cos 
Q.6  9  16 sin 2
d Q.7 
0
 sin2 cos d
0
/2 /2
1  2 cos x x  sin x
Q.8  ( 2  cos x ) 2
dx Q.9  1  cos x
dx
0 0
4/3
2x 2  x  1 dx 1
2  x2
Q.10 Let A =  3 . Find eA. Q.11  dx
3/ 4 x  x 2
 x  1 0 (1  x) 1  x 2
e
 d  1 
1
dx
Q.12 1 dx  1  e1/ x   dx

Q.13  ln(x x e x )
1

 2  3
x 2  11 x 
Q.14  cos     cos 
 8 4  8
  dx
4 
0

Q.15 If f() = 2 &  (f(x)+ f (x)) sin x dx = 5, then find f(0).
0
b
|x|
Q.16  x
dx
a
n 3
Q.17  f (x)dx, where f(x) = ex + 2e2x + 3e3x + .. 
n 2
/2
sec x  tan x cosec x 1
Q.18  sec x  tan x 1  2 cosec x
dx Q.19  x f ' ' ( x) dx , where f (x) =cos(tan–1x)
0 0
Q.20(a) If g (x) is the inverse of f (x) and f (x) has domain x  [1, 5], where f (1) = 2 and
5 10
f (5) = 10 then find the value of  f (x ) dx   g( y) dy .
1 2
1
1
(b) Suppose f is continuous, f (0) = 0, f (1) = 1, f ' (x) > 0 and  f ( x ) dx = . Find the value of the definite
3
0
1
1
integral  f ( y) dy .
0
  7x 
2  sin  
sin 8x  2  dx
Q.21 (a)  sin x dx , (b)  x
0 0 sin  
2
SPECIAL DPP-3
2
 x cos x  1e
sin x
dx
0
Q.1 The absolute value of 2 is equal to
 x sin x  1e
cos x
dx
0
(A) e (B) e (C) e/2 (D) /e
 t ln t dt = 4 ,
1
Q.2 The value of x > 1 satisfying the equation is
1
(A) e (B) e (C) e2 (D) e – 1
Q.3 Let a, b, c be nonzero real numbers such that ;

1 2
 (1 + cos8x) (ax2 + bx + c) dx =  (1 + cos8x) (ax2 + bx + c) dx , then the quadratic equation

0 0
ax2 + bx + c = 0 has :
(A) no root in (0, 2) (B) atleast one root in (0, 2)
(C) a double root in (0, 2) (D) none

 1  ln x
Q.4  f  x  x  · x
dx
0
1
(A) is equal to zero (B) is equal to one (C) is equal to (D) can not be evaluated
2
1 1
2
Q.5 If  + 2  x e2  x2
dx =  e  x dx then the value of  is
0 0
(A) e1 (B) e (C) 1/2e (D) can not be determined

1
x
If f(x) = A sin   + B , f   = 
1
Q.6 2 and f(x) dx = 2 A , Then the constants A and B are
 2  2 0 
respectively.
 4  4 4 4 
(A)  ,  (B) (, 0) (C)  ,   (D)  , 0 
 2    
x
Let f(x) =  
 t  2 dt ; x  2
Q.7
1 k ; x2

If f(x) is continuous at x = 2, then the value of k is equal to
3 5 9 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
Let f (x) be a continuous function on R. If  f ( x )     f (x )  

1 2
Q.8 f (2 x ) dx = 5 and f (4 x ) dx = 10 then
0 0
 f ( x )  
1
the value of f (8x ) dx is equal to
0
(A) 0 (B) 5 (C) 10 (D) 15
2
sin x
Q.9 The value of definite integral   1
dx is equal to
1 x  sin x  sin 
2  x
1
(A) 0 (B) ln 2 (C) ln 2 (D) 2 ln 2
2
1 x 1 1
Q.10 Let f(x) =
x 1
and f(g(x)) =
x
then the value of  gf (x ) dx is equal to
2
(A) ln 2 (B) 1 + ln 2 (C) 2 + ln 2 (D) 1 – ln 2

3
Q.11 If   ex  dx = k then ek is equal to
0
[Note : [k] denotes gratest integer less than or equal to k.]
9
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) (D) 6
2
1 4
1
Q.12 If f(x) = x3 + 3x + 4 then the value of  f (x ) dx   f ( x )dx equals
1 0
17 21 23
(A) 4 (B) (C) (D)
4 4 4
SPECIAL DPP-4
k k
Q.1 Let f be a positive function. Let I1 =  x f x(1  x) dx ; I2 =  f x(1  x ) dx , where 2k – 1 > 0.
1 k 1 k
I2
Then is
I1
(A) k (B) 1/2 (C) 1 (D) 2
Q.2 Let f (x) be a continuous function on [0, 4] satisfying f (x) f (4 – x) = 1.
4
1
The valueof the definite integral  1  f (x ) dx equals
0
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4

 
2
10
 3
Q.3 The value of definite integral ( x  ) 3  cos 2 ( x  3) dx is equal to
(A) 4 (B) 5 (C) 6 (D) 7

1
dx
Q.4 The value of the definite integral  1 x3  1 x6
equals
1
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 1/2 (D) 2
3
Q.5 Let I =  ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3) dx . The value of I–1, is equal to
1
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

2
cos x
Q.6 The value of definite integral  (sin x  3 cos x ) 3
dx equal to
0
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 6 12
2
1
Q.7 The value of x sin 2 x 
2
dx is equal to
0
   3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 8 2 4
1
The value of the definite integral  (1  x ) (1  x ) dx equals
12 32
Q.8
1
3  
(A)  (B) (C) (D)
4 4 2
Q.9 Let g (x) be a function defined on R such that g ' (x) = g ' (5050 – x)  x  [0, 5050].
5050
If g (0) = 1 and g (5050) = 100 and  g( x ) dx = k(5050) then k equals
0
101
(A) 100 (B) 101 (C) (D) 202
2
t2
(1  t )2  x
Q.10 If f(t) =  tan 1 dx then minimum value of f(x) is
2t
1 x
   3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 2 2 4
Q.11 Which of the following definite integral(s) has/have their value equal to atleast one of the remaining three?

 4
x
 cos x (cos x  sin x ) dx
x
(A)  1 x4
dx (B)
0
0
1 5
sin 1 x
1
2
x2 1  1
(C)  l n  1  x   dx (D)  dx
1 x4  x2 1  x 0
x
 
18 4 x
Q.12 If the value of definite integral 2
 

4 dx is equal to n (n  N), then find the value of n.
2  cos 2 x
4
SPECIAL DPP-5
/ 2 / 2
 2   
Q.1 Let u =  cos  sin 2 x  dx and v =
 3 
 cos  sin x  dx , then the relation between u and v is
3 
0 0
(A) 2u = v (B) 2u = 3v (C) u = v (D) u = 2v
 2008 
Q.2 The value of   x | sin x | dx  is equal to
 
 0 
(A) 2008 (B)  2008 (C) 1004 (D) 2008
 {x} 
37
Q.3 The value of the definite integral 2
 3(sin 2x ) dx where { x } denotes the fractional part function.
19
(A) 0 (B) 6 (C) 9 (D) 18
2
sin x  
Q.4 Let f (x) =
x
, then  f (x ) f  2  x  dx =
0
   
2 1
(A)   f ( x ) dx (B)  f ( x ) dx (C)   f ( x ) dx (D)   f ( x ) dx
0 0 0 0


log(1  t 2 ) 2
Q.5 Let J =  dt and K =  log(sin t ) dt . If J + K = 0, then  is equal to
0 1  t 2
0
(Here base of log is 'e')
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Q.6 Which of the following definite integral vanishes?

 2  
ln x x cos x sin 2012 x x sin x
(A)  1  x 2 dx (B)  8  sin 2 x
dx (C)  sin x dx (D)  10  sin 2 x dx
0 0  0
/2 /2 /2

Q.7 Suppose I1 =  cos( sin
2
x ) dx ; I2 =  cos(2 sin
2
x ) dx and I3 =  cos( sin x ) dx , then
0 0 0
(A) I1 = 0 (B) I2 + I3 = 0 (C) I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 (D) I2 = I3
 
3
If I   x  13  4  x 3  x cos x dx , then 50 I is equal to
2
(A) (P) 0
2
10
(B) If J =  sgn sin x  dx , then 10J is equal to, (Q) 100
0
where sgn x denotes signum function of x
 cot 
102
1
(C) If K  x dx , then [K] is equal to, (R) 50
0
where [ y ] denotes largest integer less than or equal to y
51
 x  25 dx L
(D) If L  0
51
, then is equal to, (S) 70
2
 x  25 dx
0
where [y] and {y} denote greatest integer function and fractional part function respectively.
1
Q.9 Let the function f be defined by f(x) = |x – 1| – , 0  x  2 and satisfies f (x + 2) = f(x)
2
100
 x  R. Then find the value of definite integral  f (x ) dx .
0
 5  5
Q.10 Let g be a non-negative continuous function such that g(x) + g  x   = 7, x   0,  .
 2  2
5
If I =  g ( t ) dt , then find the value of 4I.
0
SPECIAL DPP-6
x
dt
Q.1 Let f (x) =  1 t4
and g be the inverse of f. Then the value of g'(0) is
2
(A) 1 (B) 17 (C) 17 (D) none of these
x
Q.2 A function f (x) satisfies f (x) = sin x +  f ' (t ) (2 sin t – sin2t) dt then f (x) is
0
x sin x 1 cos x tan x
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1  sin x 1  sin x cos x 1  sin x
x t2
1 u4
Q.3 If F (x) =  f ( t ) dt where f (t) =  du then the value of F '' (2) equals
1 1
u
7 15 15 17
(A) (B) (C) 257 (D)
4 17 17 68
x
Q.4 Let f : (0, )  R be a continuous function such that F(x) =  t f ( t )dt .

0
12
If F (x2) = x4 + x5, then  f (r 2 ) is equal to
r 1
(A) 216 (B) 219 (C) 222 (D) 225
n 3
n
Q.5 Let f (x) = Lim
n 
 n 2  x 2r 2
, then the value of  k f (k ) is equal to (where x > 0)
r 1 k 1
  
(A) (B) (C) (D) 
4 3 2
(12  2 2  ......  n 2 )(13  23  ......  n 3 )(14  2 4  ......  n 4 )

Q.6 The value of Lim is equal to
n  (15  25  ......  n 5 ) 2
4 3 2 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 5 5 5
2 3 n 1
 1   22   32   2
1   …… 1  n  , then Lim (Pn ) n 2 is equal to
Q.7 If Pn = 1  2  1  2   n2   n2 
 n  n      n 
e
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) e (D)
2
1  2 a 1
 n  1  2 n  2  ......  n n  n  =
2 2 2 2
Q.8 Lim where a, b  N then (a + b) equals
n  n 3   b
(A) 11 (B) 13 (C) 45 (D) 17
Paragraph for question nos. 9 and 10

x x
Let f be a continuous function satisfying the equation  f ( t ) dt   t · f ( x  t ) dt = e–x – 1.
0 0
1
Q.9  f ( x) dx is equal to
0
(A) e–1 (B) – 1 (C) 1 (D) – e–1
Q.10 f ' (0) has the value equal to

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) – 1 (D) e
x
dt
Q.11 For 0  x < 1, let f (x) = ∫ then which of the following hold(s) good?
0 1− t2
 3 2 2
(A) f '   =2
 (B) f   
 2  3 3
f (x) π
(C) Lim =1 (D) f (x) + f  1  x 2  =  x  (0, 1)
x0 x   2
 1  (2008) x e
1
2008 x 2008
(A) dx equals (P) e–1
0
1 1e
(B) The value of the definite integral  e x 2
dx +   ln x dx is equal to (Q) e–1/4
0 1
1
 11 ·22 ·33.........(n  1) n 1 ·n n  n2
(C) Lim   equals

(R) e1/2
n 
 n1 23....... n 
(S) e
EXERCISE-2

 x
dx tan(ln x ) tan ln  tan ln 2
(a)   2
Q.1 x x
cot ·cot ·cot
x ; (b)  x
dx
2 3 6
 1 x 
ln  ln  
cosec x  cot x sec x   1  x   dx
Q.2  ·
cosec x  cot x 1  2 sec x
dx Q.3  1 x2
 x  x  e  x 
Q.4   e    x  nx dx Q.5 ∫ sin (x  a ) dx
  sin (x  a )
x 5  3x 4  x 3  8x 2  x  8 ( x  1)dx
Q.6  x2 1
dx Q.7  x ( 3 x  1)
cot x dx 3x 2  1
Q.8
x ln x
∫ x 2 13 / 2 dx Q.9  (1  sin x )(sec x  1) Q.10  ( x 2  1)3 dx
(ax 2  b) dx dx
Q.11 ∫x c2 x 2  (ax 2  b) 2
Q.12  x  x (1  x )  2
e x
 e x
cos e x
 e x 
  e
4
 x
 e x
cos e x
 e x 
 
4
Q.13
 x
dx
ecos x ( x sin 3 x  cos x ) 5 x 4  4 x5

Q.14  dx Q.15  dx
x 
2
sin 2 x 5
 x 1
dx
Q.16 ∫ (sin x)11/3 (cos x)1/3dx Q.17  sin 3 x sin( x  )
dx (1  x 2 )dx
Q.18 ∫ sin x secx Q.19  1  2x 2 cos   x 4 (0, )
4 x 5  7 x 4  8x 3  2 x 2  4 x  7
Q.20  x 2 ( x 2  1) 2
dx
f ' ( x ) g ( x )  g ' ( x )f ( x )  f ( x )  g( x ) 
Q.21 Let  f (x )  g(x ) f ( x )g ( x )  g 2 ( x )
dx = m tan 1 
ng ( x )
C ,

 
where m, n  N and 'C' is constant of integration g ( x )  0 . Find the value of (m2 + n2).
dx
Q.22  cos3 x  sin 3 x
Q.23
sin 4 x
(a) If the primitive of the function f(x) = with respect to x is tan x + g (x) + C,
cos2 x
   
where g(0) = 0 and C is a constant of integration, then find the value of 8   g    
8  12  
(sin12 x  cos12 x ) 
f ( x )  = be such that f(0) = 0 then f   equals
d
(b) Let
dx (sin x  cos x ) (1  3 sin x cos x )
2 2 2 2
2
k
. Find the value of k (k  N).
16
 1 1
 2 +  ( x − 1) dx
x x 5
Q.24 If ∫ 1 = sec–1(f(x)) + c (x > 0) and f(2) = then find the
1 2
 3+  (x 3 − x 2 + x) (x 3 + x 2 + x)
x x
minimum value of f (x).
x19dx x 30 ( x 20  1)3 / 2
Q.25 If  =  +c
x 5  x 5  x10  x 10  m n
 
where c is the constant of integration and m, n  N, then find the value of (m + n).
dx x 1
Q.26 If  1 x 1  x
= ax + b x + c 
x
dx , where a, b, c are constant, then find the value of
(a + b + c).
cos x dx 1
Q.27 Let  7  5 sin x  cos2 x = ln 1 f ( x )  + C, where f (0) = . If range of f (x) is [a, b], find the
2
value of 6ab.
 x 2 sec2 x  3x tan x 
Q.28 If   3
 dx = f (x) + c, where f (0) = 0, then find the number of solutions of

 tan x 
3 2
f (x) = x in [0, ].
2
cos   sin 
Q.29 ∫ cos 2. ln cos   sin  d
3e x  5 sin x  10 cos x
Q.30 Let  e x  4 sin x  3 cos x dx = m x + n ln (ex + 4 sin x + 3 cos x) + C,
where C is constant of integration. Find the value of (m2 + n2).

1
ln tan 1 x
Q.1 e ·sin 1 (cos x ) dx .
0
 2 
β β

Q.2 Prove that: (a) ∫ ( x  )( x ) dx = (b) ∫ x  dx =    
α 8 α  x 2
β β
x .d x 
=     where  < 
dx π
(c) ∫ = where  ,  > 0 (d) ∫
α x ( x   ) (  x ) αβ α
( x  )( x ) 2
n
Q.3 (a) Let (n) =  1  sin t dt . Find the value of (2) – (1).
0
1
(b) Determine a positive integer n  5, such that e
x (x  1)n dx = 16  6e.
0
2
 1  x e 
e
x x x
 (1  x )e  x ·ln x dx

x
Q.4 (a) e cos(sin x) cos  sin(sin x ) sin 2
2
 dx (b)
0  2 2 1
  
x2 x dx dx
Q.5 If P =  dx ; Q =  and R =  then prove that
0
1 x 4
0
1 x4 0
1 x4
 
(a) Q= , (b) P = R, (c) P– 2 Q+R= 2 2
4
z
2
1  sin 2 x
Q.6 dx
0
1  sin 2 x
 (3x  3x  1) cos( x 3  3x 2  4 x  2) dx can be expressed

2
Q.7 If the value of the definite integral I =
0
in the form as p(sin q) where p, q  N, then find (p + q).
2
2x 7 3x 6 10x 5 7x 3 12x 2 x1
Q.8  dx
 2 x 2 2

dx 
Q.9 For a  2, if the value of the definite integral  a 2  x  (1 x )2 equals
5050
. Find the value of a.
0
2
x2  x
Q.10  x 4
2
dx
2
4 4 2
 sin x  cos x 
2
 cos x  v
Q.11 Let u =    dx and v =
 sin x  cos x 
 
 cos x
 dx . Find the value of .
 u
0 0
1 5
sin 1 x
1
2
x2 1  1
Q.12  x 2  x  1 dx Q.13  ln 1  x   dx
0 1 x  x 1 
4 2
x

Q.14 Find the value of the definite integral  2 sin x  2 cos x dx .
0
Q.15 A continuous real function f satisfies f (2x) = 3 f (x)  x  R
1 2
If  f (x ) dx  1 , then compute the value of definite integral  f (x ) dx .
0 1

2  100 U10  1 
Q.16 Let U n   x sin n x dx , then find the value of  .

 U 8 
0
 
1
100
3 5050  1  x 50 dx
2x

1 0
Q.17 sin dx Q.18 Find the value of
1 x2
 1  x 
1
0 50 101
dx
n 0
x sin x
Q.19 If  1  cos x dx (n  N) is equal to 100 ln 2, then find the value of n.
0
1
2  3x  4x 2
Q.20 Let I = 2 1 x  x 2
dx . Find the value of I2.
0
5 2/3
2
Q.21 Show that the sum of the two integrals e
( x 5) 2
dx + 3  e9( x 2 3) dx is zero.
4 1/ 3
10

Q.22 Let F(x) = max. (sin x, cos x). Find the value of
4 2  F(x ) dx .
10
/2
 1 sin x  1sin x 
Q.23  tan1   dx
0  1sin x  1sin x 
1
(2 x 332  x 998  4 x1668 ·sin x 691 )
Q.24  1  x 666
dx
1
2 2
cos x  4 sin x  3
Q.25 Let I =  3 sin x  4 cos x  25
dx and J =  3 sin x  4 cos x  25
dx .
0 0
c c
If 25I = a  b ln where a, b, c and d  N and is not a perfect square of a rational then find the
d d
value of (a + b + c + d).
2 
x2
Q.26 Let y = f (x) be a quadratic function with f '(2) = 1. Find the value of the integral  f ( x ) ·sin 
 2
 dx .

2
x
1 if  2  x  0
Q.27(a) Let f(x) = [ x 1 if 0  x  2
and g(x) =  f(t) dt. Define g (x) as a function of x and test the
2
continuity and differentiability of g(x) in (2, 2).
x
 5  2 t  1  dt ,
(b) Consider the function f(x) = 0
x2
 2
ax  bx , x2
If f(x) is differentiable at x = 2, then find the value of 2(a + b)
x
 ln t dt dy
Q.28 If y = x 1 , find at x = e.
dx
x
t2 d t
 at
0
Q.29 Find the constants 'a' (a > 0) and 'b' such that, Lim = 1.
x 0 b x  sin x
3 x
d 3t 4  1
Q.30 Lim
x  dx  1 ( t  3)(t 2  3) dt
2 sin
x

nt  n 2
Q.31 If  x t
2 2
dt =
4
(x>0)then showthat therecan be two integralvalues of‘x’satisfyingthis equation.
0
a
 sin
4 1x
x dx 1 
Q.32 (a) Lim 0 ; (b) Lim   by  a (1  y) x dy  (where b  a)
x 0  
a  a 0 
x2
 sec  d
2
(c) If log + 3 (2 – 2) = log – 6 (2 – 3) = Lim 0

, then find the value of ( + ).
x0 x sin x
Q.33 Let a, b are real number such that a + b = 1 then find the minimum value of the integral

 (a sin x  b sin 2 x )
2
dx .
0
Q.34 Find a positive real valued continuously differentiable functions f on the real line such that for all x
x
f 2(x) =
  f (t)   f ' (t) dt + e
0
2 2 2
Q.35 Let f (x) be a function defined on R such that f '(x) = f '(3 – x)  x [0, 3]
3
with f (0) = – 32 and f (3) = 46. Then find the value of  f ( x ) dx .
0
1/ n
 1  22  2   2  1  1 2 3n 
(a) Lim   1  2   1  2   1 3  .....  1 n  ; (b) Lim   ..... 
Q.36 n   n   n2   n2  n n  n  1 n2 4n

n     
Lim  n! 
1/ n (3n )! P
Q.37 (a) n  n n  (b) Let Pn = n (n = 1, 2, 3........) then find Lim n .
(2n )! n  n
 1  x 
1
2 n
Q.38 Given that In = dx then find the value of 13I6 – 12I5.
0
Q.39 Let f and g be function that are differentiable for all real numbers x and that have the following
properties:
(i) f ' (x) = f (x) – g (x) ; (ii) g ' (x) = g (x) – f (x)
(iii) f (0) = 5 ; (iv) g (0) = 1
(a) Prove that f (x) + g (x) = 6 for all x. (b) Find f (x) and g (x).
/ 2
sin 2 n x
Q.40 If Un=  sin 2 x
dx , then show that U1, U2, U3, ....., Un constitute an AP..
0
Hence or otherwise find the value of Un.
EXERCISE-3
SECTION-A
(JEE-MAIN Previous Year's Questions)
sin x
Q.1 If  sin( x  ) dx = Ax + B log sin (x – ) + C, then value of (A, B) is [AIEEE 2004]
(1) (sin , cos ) (2) (cos , sin ) (3) (– sin , cos ) (4) (– cos , sin )
dx
Q.2  cos x  sin x is equal to [AIEEE 2004]
1 x  1 x
(1) log tan    + C (2) log cot   + C
2 2 8 2 2
1  x 3  1  x 3 
(3) log tan    + C (4) log tan    + C
2 2 8  2 2 8 
2
 (log x  1) 
Q.3  1  (log x ) 2  dx is equal to - [AIEEE 2005]
log x x xe x x
(1) +C (2) 2 +C (3) +C (4) +C
(log x ) 2  1 x 1 1 x 2 (log x ) 2  1
dx
Q.4  cos x  3 sin x
equals [AIEEE 2007]
1 x   1 x  
(1) log tan     C (2) log tan     C
2  2 12  2  2 12 
x   x  
(3) log tan     C (4) log tan     C
 2 12   2 12 
sin x
Q.5 The value of 2   
dx is [AIEEE 2008]
sin  x  
 4
   
(1) x – log sin  x   + C (2) x + log sin  x   + C
 4  4
   
(3) x – log cos  x   + C (4) x + log cos  x   + C
 4  4
5 tan x
Q.6 If the integral  tan x  2 dx = x + a ln | sin x – 2cos x | + k then a is equal to
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) –1 (4) – 2 [AIEEE 2012]
 f ( x ) dx = (x), then  x f (x
5 3
Q.7 If ) dx is equal to [JEE (Main) 2013]
1 3 1 3
(1) x (x3) – 3  x 3 ( x 3 ) dx + C (2) x (x3) –  x 2  ( x 3 ) dx + C
3 3
(3)
3

1 3
x  ( x 3 )   x 3 ( x 3 ) dx + C  (4)
3

1 3
x  ( x 3 )   x 2  ( x 3 ) dx + C 
1
 1  x
Q.8 The integral  1  x   e x dx is equal to
 x
 1  1
 x   x 
(1) – x e x  +C (2) (x – 1) e x  +C
 1  1
 x   x 
(3) x e x  +C (4) (x + 1) e x  +C [JEE (Main) 2014]
dx
Q.9 The integral  3
equals [JEE (Main) 2015]
x 2 ( x 4  1) 4
1 1
1
 x4 1 4  x4 1 4 1
(1)  ( x 4  1) 4 c (2)  4   c
 (3)  4   c (4) ( x 4  1) 4  c
 x   x 
2x12  5x 9
Q.10 The integral   x5  x3  1 3 dx is equal to
 x10  x5
 
(1) +C (2) +C
2 x5  x3  1
2
 x5  x3  1 2
x10 x5
2  x5  x3  1 
(3) +C (4) +C
2  x5  x3  1 
2 2
where C is an arbitrary constant. [JEE (Main) 2016]
Q.11 Let In =  tan n x dx , (n > 1). If I4 + I6 = a tan5x + bx5 + C, where C is a constant of integration, then
the ordered pair (a, b) is equal to [JEE (Main) 2017]
 1  1  1   1 
(1)  ,1 (2)  , 0  (3)  , 1 (4)  , 0 
 5  5  5   5 
sin 2 x cos2 x

 
Q.12 The integral 2
dx is equal to
sin x  cos x sin x  sin x cos x  cos x
5 3 2 3 2 5
1 1
(1) C (2) C
1  cot x
3
1  cot3 x
1 1
(3) C (4) C
3 (1  tan 3 x ) 3 (1  tan 3 x )
(where C is a constant of integration) [JEE (Main) 2018]
n r
1
Q.1 Lim  e n is [AIEEE 2004]
n 
r 1 n
(1) e (2) e – 1 (3) 1 – e (4) e + 1
 1 x
2
Q.2 The value of dx is [AIEEE 2004]
2
28 14 7 1
(1) (2) (3) (4)
3 3 3 3
/2
(sin x  cos x ) 2
Q.3 The value of I =  1  sin 2 x
dx is [AIEEE 2004]
0
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
 / 2
Q.4 If  x f (sin x ) dx = A  f (sin x) dx , then A is [AIEEE 2004]
0 0

(1) 0 (2)  (3) (4) 2
4
f (a ) f (a )
ex I
Q.5 If f (x) =   
x , I1 =  x g x 1  x dx and I2 = 
g x 1  x  dx , then the value of 2 is
1 e f ( a ) f ( a )
I1
(1) 2 (2) – 3 (3) – 1 (4) 1 [AIEEE 2004]
Lim  2 sec 2 2  2 sec 2 2  .....  sec 2 1 equals

1 1 2 4 1
Q.6 [AIEEE 2005]
n   n n n n n 
1 1 1
(1) sec 1 (2) cosec 1 (3) tan 1 (4) tan 1
2 2 2
1 1 2 2
x2 x3 x2 3
Q.7 If I1 =  2 dx, I2 =  2 dx, I3 =  2 dx and I4 =  2 x dx, then [AIEEE 2005]
0 0 1 1
(1) I2 > I1 (2) I1 > I2 (3) I3 = I4 (4) I3 > I4
f (x)
 1  4t 3
Q.8 Let f : R  R be a differentiable function having f (2) = 6, f (2) =   , then Lim
 48  x 2
 x2
dt equals
6
(1) 24 (2) 36 (3) 12 (4) 18 [AIEEE 2005]

cos 2 x
Q.9 The value of  x dx, a > 0 is [AIEEE 2005; IIT-97, 2000]
 1  a
 
(1) a (2) (3) (4) 2
2 a
6
x
Q.10 The value of the integral,  9x  x
dx is [AIEEE 2006]
3
3 1
(1) (2) 2 (3) 1 (4)
2 2
 / 2
Q.11  [(x + )3 + cos2(x + 3)] dx is equal to [AIEEE 2006]
3  / 2
 4       4
(1)  32    2  (2) (3)    1 (4)
    2 4 32

Q.12  x f (sin x) dx is equal to [AIEEE 2006]
0
 / 2 / 2 

(1)   f (sin x) dx (2)
2
 f (sin x) dx (3)   f (cos x) dx (4)   f (cos x) dx
0 0 0 0
x
1 log t
Q.13 Let F(x) = f (x) + f   , where f (x) =
x
 1  t dt . Then F(e) equals [AIEEE 2007]
1
1
(1) (2) 0 (3) 1 (4) 2
2
x
dt 
Q.14 The solution for x of the equation   is [AIEEE 2007]
2 t t 1
2 12
3
(1) 2 (2)  (3) (4) 2 2
2
1 1
sin x cos x
Q.15 Let I =  x dx and J =  x dx . Then which one of the following is true? [AIEEE 2008]
0 0
2 2 2 2
(1) I < and J < 2 (2) I < and J > 2 (3) I > and J < 2 (4) I > and J > 2
3 3 3 3

Q.16  [cot x] dx where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, is equal to [AIEEE 2009]
0
 
(1) (2) 1 (3) – 1 (4)
2 2
f (3x )
Q.17 Let p(x) be a function defined on R such that Lim = 1, p'(x) = p'(1 – x), for all x  [0, 1],
x f (x)
1
p(0) = 1 and p(1) = 41. Then  p( x ) dx equals [AIEEE 2010]
0
(1) 41 (2) 21 (3) 41 (4) 42
1
8 log(1  x )
Q.18 The value of  1 x2
dx is [AIEEE 2011]
0
 
(1)  log 2 (2) log 2 (3) log 2 (4) log 2
8 2
x
Q.19 If g(x) =  cos 4t dt , then g(x + ) equals [AIEEE 2012]
0
g( x )
(1) g(x) – g() (2) g(x) · g() (3) (4) g(x) + g()
g ()
3
dx 
Q.20 Statement-I: The value of the integral  1 tan x
is equal to .
6
6
b b
Statement-II:  f ( x) dx =  f (a  b  x ) dx .
a a
(1) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true, Statement-II is not a correct explanation for Statement-I.
(2) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is false.
(3) Statement-I is false, Statement-II is true.
(4) Statement-I is true, Statement-II is true, Statement-II is a correct explanation for Statement-I.
[JEE (Main) 2013]

x x
Q.21 The integral  1  4 sin 2
2
 4 sin dx equals
2
0
 2
(1) 4 3  4  (2)  – 4 (3)  44 3 (4) 4 3  4
3 3
[JEE (Main) 2014]
4
log x 2
Q.22 The integral  log x 2  log(36  12x  x 2 ) dx is equal to
2
(1) 1 (2) 6 (3) 2 (4) 4 [JEE (Main) 2015]
1
 (n  1) (n  2) . 3n  n
Q.23 Lim   is equal to
n   n 2n 
18 27 9
(1) 3log 3 – 2 (2) (3) (4) [JEE (Main) 2016]
e4 e2 e2
3
4
dx
Q.24 The integral  1  cos x is equal to
(1) –2 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) – 1 [JEE (Main) 2017]
π
sin 2 x
2
Q.25 The value of  dx is:
π 1  2 x

2
  
(1) 4 (2) (3) (4) [JEE (Main) 2018]
4 8 2
SECTION-B
(JEE-ADVANCED Previous Year's Questions)
x
Q.1 (a) Let f(x) = 

1
2  t 2 dt . Then the real roots of the equation x2 – f (x) = 0 are
1 1
(A) +1 (B) + (C) +
(D) 0 and 1
2 2
(b) Let T > 0 be a fixed real number. Suppose f is a continuous function such that for all x R
T 3 3 T
f (x + T) = f (x). If I =  f(x) dx then the value of  f(2x) dx is

0 3
3
(A) I (B) 2 I (C) 3 I (D) 6 I
2 1
2
  1  x
(c) The integral   [x]  ln 1  x   dx equals, where [ ] denotes greatest integer function
1

2
1  1
(A) – (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2ln  
2  2
[JEE 2002(Scr.), 3+3+3]
(d) For any natural number m, evaluate
zc x 3m
 x 2m
 x m
h c2 x 2m
 3x  6
m
h
1
m dx , where x > 0 [JEE 2002 (Mains),4]
2 4
Q.2 If f is an even function then prove that  f (cos2x) cosx dx = 2  f (sin2x) cosx dx
0 0
[JEE 2003,(Mains) 2 out of 60]
1
1 x
Q.3 (a)  1 x
dx =
0
 
(A)  1 (B) 1 (C)  (D) 1
2 2
t2
2  4 
 x f (x ) dx  5 t , t > 0, then f   =
5
(b) If
0  25 
(A) 2/5 (B) 5/2 (C) – 2/5 (D) 1
[JEE 2004, (Scr.)]
x2
cos x. cos  dy
(c) If yx    .d  then find at x = . [JEE 2004 (Mains), 2]
2
 / 16
1  sin 2
 dx
/3
  4x 3
(d) Evaluate    
dx . [JEE 2004 (Mains), 4]
  / 3 2  cos | x |  
 3
 1 
1
 t f (t ) dt = (1 – sin x), then f   is

2
Q.4 (a) If [JEE 2005 (Scr.)]
sin x
3
(A) 1/3 (B) 1 3 (C) 3 (D) 3
 x 
0
(b)
3
 3x 2  3x  3  ( x  1) cos( x  1) dx is equal to [JEE 2005 (Scr.)]
2
(A) – 4 (B) 0 (C) 4 (D) 6

 1  1 
(c) Evaluate:  e|cos x|  2 sin  cos x   3 cos cos x   sin x dx . [JEE 2005, Mains,2]
0  2  2 
x 2 1
Q.5  x3 2x 4  2x 2  1
dx is equal to
2x 4  2x 2  1 2x 4  2x 2  1
(A) +C (B) +C
x2 x3
2x 4  2x 2  1 2x 4  2x 2  1
(C) +C (D) +C [JEE 2006, 3]
x 2x 2
COMPREHENSION:
b
Q.6 Let y = f(x) be a twice differentiable, non-negative function defined on [a, b]. The area  f ( x )dx , b  a
a
bounded by y = f(x), the x-axis and the ordinates at x = a and x = b can be approximated as
b
 f (x )dx ~ (b 2 a ) {f (a )  f (b)} .
a
b c b b
Since  f ( x )dx =  f ( x )dx +  f ( x )dx , c  (a, b), a better approximation to  f ( x )dx can be written
a a c a
b
(c  a ) ( b  c)
as  f (x )dx ~ 2 {f(a) + f(c)} + 2 {f(c) + f(b)}  F(c).
a
b
ab ba
If c = , then this gives :  f ( x )dx ~
 {f(a) + 2f(c) + f(b)}, ....... (1)
2 a
4
/ 2
(a) The approximate value of  sin x dx using rule (1) given above is
0
   
(A) (1  2 ) (B) (1  2 ) (C) (1  2 ) (D) (1  2 )
8 2 4 2 8 4
t (t  a) 
  f ( x )dx  (f ( t )  f (a )) 
Lim a 2 
(b) If t  a   = 0, for each fixed a,
 (t  a) 3

 
 
then f (x) is a polynomial of degree utmost
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
(c) If f ''(x) < 0, x  (a, b), then at the point C c, f (c)  on y = f(x) for which F(c) is a maximum, f '(c) is
given by
f ( b)  f (a ) f ( b )  f (a )
(A) f '(c) = (B) f '(c) =
ba ab
2(f ( b)  f (a ))
(C) f '(c) = (D) f '(c) = 0
ba
[JEE 2006]
 
1
100
5050  1  x 50 dx
0
Q.7 Find the value of [JEE 2006, 6]
 1  x 
1
50 101
dx
0
sec 2 x
 f (t ) dt
Q.8(a) Lim 2 equals
x
 2
4 x2 
16
2 2 1
(A) 8 f (2) (B) f (2) (C) f  (D) 4 f (2)
   2
x
n 1 n for n  2 and g (x) =  f o f o......o f  ( x ) . Then  x
n 2
(b) Let f (x) = g ( x ) dx equals
(1  x )      
f occurs n times
1 1
1 1 1 1
(A) (1  nx ) n
n
K (B) (1  nx n ) n  K
n (n  1) (n  1)
1 1
1 1 1 1
(C) (1  nx n ) n  K (D) (1  nx n ) n  K
n (n  1) (n  1)
(c) Let F (x) be an indefinite integral of sin2x.
Statement-1: The function F (x) satisfies F (x + ) = F (x) for all real x.
because
Statement-2: sin2(x + ) = sin2x for all real x.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is a correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false. (D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
MATCH THE COLUMN:
(d) Match the integrals in Column I with the values in Column II.
Column I Column II
1
dx 1 2
(A)  1 x2 (P)
2
log 
3
1
1
dx 2
(B)  1 x2
(Q) 2 log 
3
0
3
dx 
(C)  1 x2 (R)
3
2
2
dx 
(D) x x 1
2
(S)
2
[JEE 2007, 3+3+3+6]
1
ex ex
Q.9(a) Let I =  e4x  e2x  1 dx , J =  e4x  e2x  1 dx
Then, for an arbitrary constant C, the value of J – I equals
1  e 4 x  e 2 x  1  1  e 2 x  e x  1 
(A) 2 ln  4 x 2 x  +C (B) 2 ln  2 x x  +C
 e  e 1  e  e 1
1  e 2 x  e x  1  1  e 4 x  e 2 x  1 
(C) 2 ln  2 x  +C (D) 2 ln  4 x 2 x  +C [JEE 2008, 3 (–1)]
 e  e 1  e  e 1
x
n n 1
n

n
(b) Let Sn =  and Tn = 2 , for n = 1, 2, 3, ....... Then,
n  kn  k 2 k  0 n  kn  k
2 2
k 1
   
(A) Sn < (B) Sn > (C) Tn < (D) Tn> [JEE 2008, 4]
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
x x
Q.10(a) Let f be a non–negative function defined on the interval [0,1]. If  1  (f ( t )) 2 dt =  f ( t ) dt ,
0 0
0  x  1, and f(0) = 0, then
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) f    and f    (B) f    and f   
2 2  3 3 2 2  3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(C) f    and f    (D) f    and f   
2 2  3 3 2 2  3 3

sin nx
(b) If I n   (1   x ) sin x dx , n  0,1, 2, .........., then

10 10
(A) In = In+2 (B)  I2 m1  10  (C)  I2m  0 (D) In = In+1
m 1 m 1
x
(c) Let f : R  R be a continuous function which satisfies f ( x )   f ( t )dt. Then the value of f (ln 5) is
0
[JEE 2009, 3 + 4 + 4]
x
1 t ln (1  t )
x 0 x 3  t 4  4
Q.11(a) The value of Lim dt is
0
1 1 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
12 24 64
1
x 4 (1  x ) 4
(b) The value(s) of  dx is(are)
0 1 x
2
22 2 71 3
(A)  (B) (C) 0 (D) 
7 105 15 2
x
(c) Let f be a real-valued function defined on the interval (–1, 1) such that e
x
f x   2   t 4  1 dt ,
0
for all x (-1,1), and let f–1 be the inverse function of f.
Then (f–1) (2) is equal to
1 1 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D)
3 2 e
(d) For any real number x, let [x] denote the largest integer less than or equal to x. Let f be a real valued
function defined on the interval [–10, 10] by
x  [ x ] if [ x ] is odd
f (x) = 1  [ x ]  x if [ x ] is even

10
2
Then the value of
10  f ( x) cos x dx is [JEE 2010, 3 + 3 + 5 + 3]
10
ln 3
x sin x 2
Q.12 The value of  sin x 2  sin (ln 6  x 2 ) dx is
ln 2
1 3 1 3 3 1 3
(A) ln (B) ln (C) ln (D) ln [JEE 2011, 3]
4 2 2 2 2 6 2
sec2 x
Q.13(a) The integral  sec x  tan x 9 2 dx equals (for some arbitrary constant K)
1 1 1 2 1 1 2
  sec x  tan x    K   sec x  tan x    K
1
(A) (B)
sec x  tan x  11 2
11 7  sec x  tan x  11 2
11 7 
1 1 1 2 1 1 2
  sec x  tan x    K   sec x  tan x    K
1
(C) (D)
sec x  tan x  11 2
11 7  sec x  tan x  11 2
11 7 
2
 2  x 
(b) The value of the integral   x  ln
   x
 cos x dx is

 2
2 2 2
(A) 0 (B) –4 (C) +4 (D)
2 2 2
2
(c) Let S be the area of the region enclosed by y = e x , y = 0, x = 0 and x = 1. Then
1 1
(A) S  (B) S  1 
e e
1 1  1 1  1 
(C) S  1   (D) S   1  
4 e 2 e 2
[JEE 2012, 3+3+4]
1 
Q.14 (a) Let f :  , 1  R (the set of all real numbers) be a positive, non-constant and differentiable
2 
1
1
function such that f '(x) < 2f(x) and f   = 1. Then the value of  f ( x ) dx lies in the interval
2 12
 e 1   e 1 
(A) (2e – 1, 2e) (B) (e – 1, 2e – 1) (C)  , e  1 (D)  0, 
 2   2 
(b) For a  R (the set of all real numbers), a  – 1
(1a  2a  .  n a ) 1
Lim a 1
= . Then a =
n  (n  1) [(na  1)  (na  2)  .  (na  n )] 60
 15  17
(A) 5 (B) 7 (C) (D)
2 2
[JEE (Advanced) 2013, 2 + 3]

2
 (2 cosec x)
17
Q.15 The following integral dx is equal to

log 1 2  
log 1 2 
 u 16  u 17
 2(e  e ) du  (e  e ) du
u u
(A) (B)
0 0

log 1 2  
log 1 2 
 u 17
(C)  (e
u
 e ) du (D)  2(e
u
 e  u )16 du
0 0
[JEE (Advanced) 2014, 3]
Q.16 Let f : [0, 2]  R be a function which is continuous on [0, 2] and is differentiable on (0, 2) with
x2
f (0) = 1. Let F (x) =  f  t dt for x  [0, 2]. If F'(x) = f ' (x) for all x  (0, 2), then F (2) equals
0
(A) e2 – 1 (B) e4 – 1 (C) e – 1 (D) e4
Paragraph For Questions 17 & 18
1 h
a
Given that for each a  (0,1), Lim t (1  t ) a 1 dt exists. Let this limit be g(a). In addition, it is given
h 0
h
that the function g(a) is differentiable on (0,1).
1
Q.17 The value of g   is
2
 
(A)  (B) 2 (C) (D)
2 4
1
Q.18 The value of g '   is
2
 
(A) (B)  (C) (D) 0
2 2
[JEE (Advanced) 2014, 3 + 3]
Q.19 Let f : [a, b]  [1, ) be a continuous function and let g : R  R be defined as



0, if x  a
x

g(x) =  f ( t ) dt , if a  x  b
a
b
 f ( t ) dt , if x  b
 a
Then
(A) g(x) is continuous but not differentiable at a.
(B) g(x) is differentiable on R.
(C) g(x) is continuous and not differentiable at b.
(D) g(x) is continuous and differentiable at either a or b but not both. [JEE (Advanced) 2014, 3]
3 d 2 5
1 2
Q.20 The value of   dx 2 (1  x )  dx is
4 x [JEE (Advanced) 2014, 3]
0  
Q.21 List-I List-II

P. The number of polynomials f(x) with non-negative integer 1. 8
1
coefficients of degree  2, satisfying f(0) = 0 and  f ( x ) dx = 1, is
0
Q. The number of points in the interval [ 13 , 13 ] at which 2. 2

f(x) = sin (x2) + cos (x2) attains its maximum value, is
2
3x 2
R.  (1  ex ) dx equals 3. 4
2
1 
2  
 cos 2 x log  1 x  
 1
 dx
 1 x  
 
2 
S. equals 4. 0
1 
2 
 cos 2 x log  1  x  dx 
 0 1 x  
 
 
Codes:
P Q R S
(A) 3 2 4 1
(B) 2 3 4 1
(C) 3 2 1 4
(D) 2 3 1 4
[ x ], x  2
Q.22 Let f : R  R be a function defined by f (x) = 0, x  2 , where [x] is the greatest integer less than

2
x f (x 2 )
or equal to x. If I = 
1
2  f ( x  1)
dx , then the value of (4I – 1) is
1
9 x  3 tan 1  12  9 x 2 
If  =  (e )   dx where tan–1x takes only principal values, then the value of
x
Q.23 2 
0  1  x 
 3 
 log e | 1   |   is
 4 
1
Q.24 Let f : R  R be a continuous odd function, which vanishes exactly at one point and f(1) = .
2
x x
Suppose that F(x) =  f (t ) dt for all x  [– 1, 2] and G(x) =  t f  f (t )  dt for all x  [– 1, 2].
1 1
F( x ) 1 1
If Lim = , then the value of f   is
x1 G ( x ) 14 2
  
Q.25 Let f(x) = 7 tan8 x + 7tan6x – 3tan4x – 3tan2x for all x   ,  . Then the correct expression(s)
 2 2
is(are)
/4 / 4
1
(A)  x f ( x ) dx 
12 (B)  f (x ) dx  0
0 0
/4 /4
1
(C)  x f ( x ) dx 
6 (D)  f ( x ) dx  1 [JEE (Advanced) 2015, 4]
0 0
1
192x 3 1
Q.26 Let f ' ( x )  for all x  R with f    0 . If m   f ( x )dx  M , then the possible values
2  sin x
4
2 1/ 2
of m and M are
1 1
(A) m = 13, M = 24 (B) m = ,M=
4 2
(C) m = – 11, M = 0 (D) m = 1, M = 12 [JEE (Advanced) 2015, 4]
Q.27 The option(s) with the values of a and L that satisfy the following equation is (are)
4
 e t (sin 6 at  cos 4 at)dt

0

L?
 e t (sin 6 at  cos 4 at )dt
0
e4  1 e4  1
(A) a = 2, L = (B) a = 2, L =
e  1 e  1
e4  1 e4  1
(C) a = 4, L = (D) a = 4, L =
e  1 e  1

2
x 2 cos x
Q.28 The value of  1  e x dx is equal to

2
 
2 2
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C)  2
e2 (D)  2
 e2
4 4
x
  n  n  n
 n n ( x  n )  x   .  x   
  2  n 
Q.29 Let f(x) = Lim  , for all x > 0. Then
n   n 
2  n2  
 n! ( x 2  n 2 )  x   .  x 2   
 n 2  
  4  
1 1 2 f ' (3) f ' ( 2)

(A) f    f(1) (B) f    f   (C) f '(2)  0 (D) 
2  3 3 f (3) f (2)
98 k 1
k 1
Q.30 If I =  x ( x  1)
dx , then
k 1 k
49 49
(A) I < (B) I > loge99 (C) I > (D) I < loge99
50 50
sin 2 x
1
Q.31 If g(x) =  sin ( t ) dt , then
sin x
   

(A) g '   = – 2 (B) g '   = – 2 (C) g '   = 2 (D) g '   = 2
2  2   2  2
Q.32 Let f : R  (0, 1) be a continuous function. Then, which of the following function(s) has(have) the value
zero at some point in the interval (0, 1)?

2
(A) f(x) +  f ( t ) sin t dt (B) x9 – f(x)
0

x
2 x
(C) x –  f ( t ) cos t dt (D) ex –  f ( t ) sin t dt
0 0

Q.33 Let f : R  R be a differentiable function such that f(0) = 0, f   = 3 and f '(0) = 1.
2

2
 
If g(x) =  f ' (t ) cosec t  cot t cosec t f (t ) dt for x   0, 2  , then Lim
x0
g( x ) =
x
1/ 2
1 3

(x  1) (1  x) 
Q.34 The value of the integral dx is______. [JEE (Advanced) 2018, 3]
2 6 1/ 4
0
1
Q.35 For each positive integer n, let yn =
1
 (n  1) (n  2).(n  n)  n . For x  R, let [x] be the greatest
n
integer less than or equal to x. If Lim y n = L, then the value of [L] is _______.
n 
EXERCISE-4
SECTION-A
(CBSE Previous Year's Questions)
1  cot x
Q.1 Evaluate :  x  log(sin x) dx [CBSE 2000]
2x  1
Q.2 Find  ( x  1)(x  2)( x  3) dx [CBSE 2005]
sec2 x
Q.3 Evaluate :  dx [CBSE Delhi 2009]
3  tan x
cos x
Q.4 Evaluate :  x
dx [CBSE (AI) 2009]
eax  eax
Q.5 Evaluate :  eax  eax dx. [CBSE (F) 2009]
ex
5  4e  e
x 2x
( x  4) e x
( x  2) 3
dx
Q.8 Evaluate :  . [CBSE (AI) 2009]
5  4x  2x 2
Q.9 Evaluate :  x sin 1 x dx . [CBSE (AI) 2009]
cos x dx
Q.10 Evaluate :  (2  sin x )(3  4 sin x) . [CBSE (F) 2009]
x 4dx
Q.11 Evaluate :  [CBSE (F) 2009]
( x  1)( x 2  1)
Q.12 Evaluate :  sec 2 (7  x )dx . [CBSE Delhi 2009; (AI) 2010]
 sin 4 x  4 
Q.13 Evaluate :  e x   dx [CBSE Delhi 2010]
 1  cos 4 x 
(log x ) 2
Q.14 Evaluate :  dx. [CBSE (AI) 2011]
x
2x
Q.15 Evaluate :  ( x 2  1)( x 2  3) dx [CBSE Delhi 2011]
3x  5
Q.16 Evaluate :  x 2  8x  7
dx [CBSE (F) 2011]
x sin 1 x
Q.17 Evaluate :  1 x 2
dx [CBSE 2012]
cos 2 x  cos 2
Q.18 Evaluate :  cos x  cos 
dx [CBSE 2013]
dx
Q.19 Evaluate :  x (x 3  1) [CBSE 2013]
1
Q.20 Evaluate:  dx [CBSE 2014]
cos  sin 4 x
4
sin x  x cos x
Q.21 Evaluate :  x  x  sin x  dx [CBSE 2015]
x3
Q.22 Evaluate :   x  1  x 2  1 dx [CBSE 2015]
(2 x  5)e 2 x
Q.23 Find :  dx [CBSE 2016]
(2 x  3)3
x2  x 1
Q.24 Find :  2 dx [CBSE 2016]
( x  1)( x  2)
Q.25 Find :  ( x  3) 3  4 x  x 2 dx [CBSE 2016]
sin 2 x  cos 2 x
Q.26 Find :  sin x cos x dx [CBSE 2017]
dx
Q.27 Find :  5  8x  x 2 [CBSE 2017]
e x dx
Q.28 Find :  x . [CBSE 2017]
(e  1) 2 (e x  2)
cos 2x  2 sin 2 x
Q.29 Evaluate :  cos2 x dx [CBSE 2018]
2 cos x
Q.30 Find :  1  sin x 1  sin 2 x  dx [CBSE 2018]
/ 2
Q.1 Evaluate :  tan x  cot x dx  [CBSE 2005; (AI) 2008]
0
/2
Q.2 Evaluate :  log(sin x ) dx [CBSE (AI) 2008]
0
1
1
Evaluate :  cot (1  x  x )dx
2
Q.3 [CBSE Delhi 2008, (AI) 2008]
0
a
ax
Q.4 Evaluate :  ax
dx [CBSE Delhi 2008]
a
1
dx
Q.5 Evaluate :  2x  3
dx [CBSE (F) 2009]
0
 (3x  2 x  k )  0 find the value of k.

2
Q.6 If [CBSE Delhi 2009]
0

ecos x
Q.7 Evaluate :  ecos x  ecos x dx [CBSE Delhi 2009]
0

x dx
Q.8 Evaluate :  a 2 cos2 x  b2 sin 2 x (a > 0, b > 0). [CBSE (AI) 2009]
0
/2
 sin
5
Q.9 Evaluate : x dx [CBSE (AI) 2010]
 / 2
2
5x 2
Q.10 Evaluate :  x 2  4x  3 dx [CBSE (AI) 2010]
1
5
Q.11 Evaluate :  | x  2 | dx [CBSE (F) 2010]
5
1
Q.12 Evaluate :  x 2 (1  x ) n dx [CBSE (F) 2010]
0
/3
sin x  cos x
Q.13 Evaluate :  sin 2 x
/6

x tan x
Q.14 Evaluate :  sec x  tan x dx [CBSE Delhi 2008, 2010, (A1) 2008, (F) 2010]
0

x
Q.15 Evaluate :  1  sin x dx [CBSE Delhi 2010, 2001C, 2000, 1999C, 1997C]
0
1
1 
Q.16 Evaluate :  log  1 dx [CBSE (AI) 2011]
0 x 
/2
x  sin x
Q.17 Evaluate :  1  cos x
dx [CBSE (AI) 2011]
0
/4
sin x  cos x
Q.18 Evaluate :  9  16 sin 2 x
dx [CBSE (F) 2011]
0
/ 2
x sin x cos x
Q.19 Evaluate :  sin 4 x  cos 4 x
0
/ 2
1
Q.20 Evaluate :  2 sin x cos x tan (sin x )dx [CBSE Delhi 2011]
0
/3
dx
Q.21 Evaluate :  1  tan x
[CBSE 2007; (AI) 2011]
/6
4
Evaluate :  ( x  x ) dx as limit of sums.
2
Q.22 [CBSE Delhi 2010; (F) 2011]
1
/4
Q.23 Evaluate :  log(1  tan x ) dx [CBSE 2006, 2003; CBSE (AI) 2011]
0
2
Q.24 Evaluate :  4  x 2 dx [CBSE 2012]
0
2
Q.25 Evaluate :  | x 3  x | dx [CBSE 2012]
1

x sin x
Q.26 Evaluate :  1  cos2 x dx [CBSE 2012]
0
2
1
Q.27 Evaluate :  1 e
0
sin x
dx [CBSE 2013]
x
Q.28 If f (x)   t sin tdt , then write the value of f (x) [CBSE 2014]
0
4
x
Q.29 Evaluate: x
2
2
1
dx [CBSE 2014]

4x sin x
Q.30 Evaluate:  1  cos
0
2
x
dx [CBSE 2014]
/ 2
cos 2 x dx
Q.31 Evaluate : 
0
1  3sin 2 x [CBSE 2015]
/ 4
 sin x  cos x 
Q.32 Evaluate :  
0
3  sin 2x 
 dx [CBSE 2015]
2
x2
Q.33 Evaluate :  dx . [CBSE 2016]
2
1  5 x

x tan x
Q.34 Evaluate :  sec x  tan x dx . [CBSE 2017]
0
4
Q.35 Evaluate :  | x  1 |  | x  2 |  | x  4 |  dx . [CBSE 2017]
1
/4
sin x  cos x
Q.36 Evaluate  16  9 sin 2 x
dx [CBSE 2018]
0
3
Evaluate  ( x  3x  e )dx
2 x
Q.37 [CBSE 2018]
1
as the limit of the sum.
SECTION-B
(Potential Problems Based on CBSE)
(3x  1) 1
Q.1 Find  (x  1)(x  2)(x  3) dx Q.2 Find  x  x3 dx
(5x  2) 1
x 1 
x  x2 
 (3x 2  2x  1) dx Find :  e
tan
Q.3 Find Q.4  2 
dx
 1 x 
sin 1 x  cos 1 x ( x 2  1) ( x 2  4)
Q.5 Find  1 dx Q.6 Evaluate :  2 dx
sin x  cos 1 x ( x  3) ( x 2  5)
x2  4 2 sin 2  cos 
Q.7 Evaluate :  4
x  x 2  16
dx Q.8 Find  6  cos2   4 sin  d
x 2 ·dx  sin 8 x  cos8 x 
Q.9 Find  4 Q.10 Find   2 
dx
x  x2 1 1  2 sin 2
x ·cos x 
/2 /2
 sin 
7
Q.1 Find the value of x dx . Q.2 Evaluate : sin x ·cos x dx
 / 2 0
1.5
Q.3 Evaluate :  [ x ] dx (where [x] is greatest integer function).
0
/2 
 3  5 cos x  dx
Q.4 Find the value of  log 
 3  5 sin x 
dx Q.5 Evaluate :  5  4 cos x dx
0 0
/2 / 2
sin x sin x  cos x
Q.6 Evaluate :  sin x  cos x
dx Q.7 Evaluate :  1  sin x cos x
dx
0 0
/2 /2
sin 2
Q.8 Evaluate :  sin   cos 4 
4
d Q.9 Evaluate :  log tan x dx
0 0
/2 1
1  2 x 
Q.10 Evaluate :  sin 2x log tan x dx Q.11 Evaluate :  sin 
 1  x 2

dx
0 0
2
Q.12 Evaluate the integral as limit of sum  (3x 2  1)dx
1
/2 2 4
  | x  1 |  | x  2 |  | x  4 |  dx
sin x
Q.13 Evaluate :  sin x  cos x
dx Q.14 Evaluate :
0 1
3/ 2
Q.15 Evaluate :  | x cos x | dx
0
EXERCISE-5 (Rank Booster)
Q.1 ∫ sin1
x
dx Q.2 ∫ 
 
 x 2 1 ln x 2 1  2ln x 
 dx

ax x4 
 
a 2 sin 2 x  b 2 cos2 x x3  x 1
Q.3  a 4 sin 2 x  b 4 cos2 x dx Q.4  x 4  x 2  1 dx
Q.5 Let f and g be two differentiable function such that
f (x) = g'(1) sin x + g" (2)  1 x
 
g(x) = x2 – f '   x + f "  
2  2 
(i) Find the number of solutions(s) of the equation f (x) = g(x).
g(cos x )
(ii) Find the value of  f (x )  x dx .
1
Q.6 Let ,  be the distinct positive roots of the equation tan x = 2x then evaluate  (sin  x ·sin  x ) dx ,
0
independent of  and .
1
Q.7 Comment upon the nature of roots of the quadratic equation x2 + 2x = k +  | t  k | dt depending on the
0
value of k  R.
 1
dx dx
Q.8 (a) Show that  2
x  2x cos  1
=2  2
x  2x cos  1
0 0

tan 1 x
(b) Evaluate: f () =  2 dx ,   (0, )
0 x  2 x cos   1
1 n 1  k 1 
Q.9 Lim 2
n  n
 k  (x  k)(k  1  x) dx 
 k
k 0  
Q.10 A student forgot the product rule for differentiation and made the mistake of thinking that
(f · g)' = f ' g'. However he was lucky to get the correct answer. The function f that he used was
1 
f ( x )  e x . If the domain of g (x) was the interval  2 ,   with g (1) = e. Find the value of g (5).
2
1 1 n
r
Q.11 Consider a function f (n) =
1 n 2 . Let n =
n
 f  n  and n = for n = 1, 2, 3, .....
r 1
Also  = & = . Then prove (a) n < n (b)  =  (c) n < < n
Q.12 If = 6, where g(x) is a continuous positive function in (0, ),
then find the maximum value of g(x) in (0, ).
Q.13
(a) Let f : [0, 1]  R be defined as f(x) = g(x) + 6x – 2, where g(x) is some integrable function.
If = = 1, then find the least value of .
(b) Let f : R+  R be a differentiable function satisfying f(x) = e + (1 – x) ln + for all
x  R+. Then find the value of definite integral e – .
Q.14 If  x , y  [2, 10] , then find the maximum value of
for   [2, 10].
Q.15 Prove the inequalities:
(a) < (b) 2 e1/4 < dx < 2e².
(c) < < (d)  
EXERCISE-1
SPECIAL DPP-1
2x . e x 1 1
Q.1 +C Q.2 (tan x + x) + C Q.3 sin 2x + C Q.4 tan x  x + C
1  n 2 2 2
x3 x a 1 ax
Q.5 +C Q.6  +c Q.7  (cot x + tan x) + C
3 a  1 n a
1 1 1 1 1 
Q.8  + tan1 x + C Q.9   cos 9 x  cos 10 x  cos 11x  cos 12 x  + C
x 9 10 11 12 
cos3x 180
Q.10 sin 2x + C Q.11  +C Q.12 sin xº + C Q.13 ln x + 2 tan1 x +C
3 
1 x  n (2x  1) 
Q.14   +C Q.15 tan x  x + C Q.16 2x + 3ln (x  2) +C
2  2 
Q.17 ex + ex + C Q.18 x + C Q.19 2 (sin x + x cos ) +C
x5 x3 1  x3 1 
Q.20  + x  2 tan1 x + C Q.21 sec x  cosec x + C Q.22   tan x  +C
5 3 2 3 
Q.23 (sin x + cos x) sgn (cos x – sin x) + C Q.24 tan x  cot x  3x + C
x2
Q.25 x+C
2
SPECIAL DPP-2
1 cos8x
Q.1 (x  sin x) + C Q.2  2 cos x + C Q.3  +C
2 8
x x 3 x 2 3x 7
Q.4 +C Q.5    ln(2x+1)
2 3 2 2 4
1 4 1 2x
Q.6 tan x  tan1 x + c Q.7 sin1 x + C Q.8 tan1 +C
4 3 10 5
x x 2 sin 3x sin 2 x
Q.9  Q.10 tan x  sec x + C Q.11  C
2 4 3 2
2
Q.12  + tan1 x + C Q.13 (sin x – cos x) + (sin k + cos k)x + C
x
2 2 1 3 1 1
Q.14 C – +  – – 2tan–1x Q.15  cos 8x + C Q.16 xx + C
x 3x 5 x5 64
x cos 4x 67
Q.17 x + ln | sec x | + C Q.18  2 cos +C Q.19  +C Q.20
2 8 5
SPECIAL DPP-3
Q.1 (i) (ii)
(iii) (iv)
(v) (vi)
(vii) (viii)
(ix) (x) tan (1 + ln x) + C

Q.2 B Q.3 C Q.4 B Q.5 C Q.6 B Q.7 A Q.8 A
Q.9 C Q.10 D Q.11 B Q.12 D Q.13 C Q.14 ACD
SPECIAL DPP-4
Q.1 (i) (ii)
(iii)
(iv) (v)
(vi)
Q.2 D Q.3 C Q.4 A Q.5 A Q.6 C Q.7 C Q.8 C
Q.9 C Q.10 C
SPECIAL DPP-5
Q.1 (i)
(ii)
(iii) (iv)
(v) (vi)
Q.2 C Q.3 B Q.4 C Q.5 C Q.6 BC
Q.7 (A) R, (B) S, (C)Q Q.8 (A) S; (B) P ; (C) Q ; (D) R

SPECIAL DPP-1
Q.1 21/3 · 31/2 Q.2 Q.3 Q.4


Q.5 Q.6 e Q.7 Q.8 ln
4
Q.9 Q.10 Q.11 Q.12 –1+
Q.13 Q.14 tan1 Q.15 Q.16
Q.17 Q.18 Q.19
Q.20 Q.21 ln Q.22 Q.23 (a) ; (b)
Q.24 Q.25 13
SPECIAL DPP-2
Q.1 Q.2 1 Q.3 0 Q.4 Q.5 1006
Q.6 ln 3 Q.7  Q.8 Q.9 Q.10
Q.11 Q.12 Q.13 ln 2 Q.14 Q.15 3
Q.16 |b|–|a| Q.17 Q.18 /3 Q.19
Q.20 (a) 48 (b) 2/3 Q.21 (a) ; (b) 
SPECIAL DPP-3
Q.1 A Q.2 A Q.3 B Q.4 A Q.5 A
Q.6 D Q.7 C Q.8 C Q.9 B Q.10 B
Q.11 C Q.12 D
SPECIAL DPP-4
Q.1 D Q.2 C Q.3 B Q.4 B Q.5 B
Q.6 C Q.7 B Q.8 D Q.9 C Q.10 A
Q.11 BC Q.12 3
SPECIAL DPP-5
Q.1 A Q.2 D Q.3 B Q.4 A Q.5 B
Q.6 ABC Q.7 ABC Q.8 (A) Q ; (B) P ; (C) P (D) R Q.9 0
Q.10 70
SPECIAL DPP-6
Q.1 C Q.2 B Q.3 C Q.4 B Q.5 D
Q.6 B Q.7 D Q.8 D Q.9 D Q.10 B
Q.11 ABCD Q.12 (A) S; (B) P; (C) Q
EXERCISE-2
 x  x  x  secln x  
Q.1 (a) 2ln  sec   3ln  sec   6ln  sec   C ; (b) ln  C
tan ( ln 2 ) 
 2  3  6  secl n ( x 2) x 
1  1 x   1 x   1  x 
sin1  sec 2  + C ln  1  x  ·ln ln 1  x   ln 1  x  + C
1 x
Q.2 Q.3
2 2 2       
x x
x e    sin x  sin 2 x  sin 2 a 
Q.4     C Q.5 cos a . arc cos  cos x   sin a . ln  
+C
e x  cosa 
x4 1
Q.6 + x3 – x2 + 5x + ln (x2 + 1) + 3 tan–1x + C
4 2
t4 t2 1 
Q.7 6    t  ln (1  t 2 )  tan 1 t  + C where t = x1/6
4 2 2 
ln x 1 x 1 x x
Q.8 arc sec x  C Q.9 ln tan + sec² + tan + C
2 4 2 2
x2 1 2
x  ax 2  b 
Q.10 C Q.11 sin 1   k
( x 2  1) 2  cx 
t 1
Q.12 2ln + + C when t = x + x 2  x
2t  1 2t  1
Q.13 
2 2 cos (e  x

) sin (e x
)  cos (e x

) C
x1 x5
Q.14 C– ecos x (x  cosec x) Q.15 C – 5 or C + 5
x  x1 x  x 1
Q.16 

3 1 4 tan 2 x  +C Q.17 C –
2 sin( x  )
8(tan x ) 8 / 3 sin  sin x
1 3  sin x  cos x
Q.18 ln  arc tan (sin x  cos x )  C
2 3 3  sin x  cos x
  x 2 1 
1  

1
 cos ec  ·tan    cos ec   7 6x
Q.19 2 2  2  Q.20 4 ln x + + 6 tan–1(x) + +C
  2x  x 1 x 2
2 1 2  sin x  cos x
Q.21 8 Q.22 tan–1(sin x + cos x) + ln +C
3 3 2 2  sin x  cos x
Q.23 (a) 1; (b) 7 Q.24 2 Q.25 60 Q.26 1 Q.27 2 Q.28 3
1  cos   sin   1
Q.29 (sin 2) ln    ln(sec 2)+C Q.30 5
2  cos   sin   2

2  1
Q.1  (1  ln 2)  Q.3 (a) 4 (b) n = 3
8 4 2
Q.4 (a) 
1 2
2

e cos 1  sin 1  1 ; (b) e1+ e + e1 – e + e–e – ee + e – e–1
 16 2
Q.6 ln 2 Q.7 4 Q.8  Q.9 2525
2 2 5
2 
Q.10 4 2  4 ln ( 2  1) Q.11 4 Q.12 Q.13 ln 2
6 3 8
 3
Q.14 2 6 Q.15 5 Q.16 90 Q.17
3
Q.18 5051 Q.19 10 Q.20 3 Q.22 5
3 2 4
Q.23 Q.24 Q.25 62 Q.26 8
16 666
Q.27(a) g(x) is cont. in (2 , 2); g(x) is der. at x = 1 & not der. at x = 0
  (x  2) for  2  x  0
 2
Note that ; g(x) =  2  x  x2 for 0  x  1 ; (b) 11
 x2
 2 x1 for 1 x  2
Q.28 1+e Q.29 a = 4 and b =1 Q.30 13.5 Q.31 x = 2 or 4
1
1  b 
b b a
3
Q.32 (a) ; (b) e · a  ; (c) 15 Q.33 /4 Q.34 f (x) = ex + 1
8  
a
1 27
Q.35 21 Q.36 (a) 2 e(1/2) (  4); (b) 3  ln 4 Q.37 (a) ; (b)
e 4e
n
Q.38 64 Q.39 f (x) = 3 + 2e2x; g (x) = 3 – 2e2x Q.40 Un =
2
EXERCISE-3
SECTION-A
Q.1 2 Q.2 4 Q.3 4 Q.4 1 Q.5 2

Q.6 2 Q.7 2 Q.8 3 Q.9 2 Q.10 3
Q.11 2 Q.12 4
Q.1 2 Q.2 1 Q.3 3 Q.4 2 Q.5 1
Q.6 4 Q.7 2 Q.8 4 Q.9 2 Q.10 1
Q.11 2 Q.12 3 Q.13 1 Q.14 1 Q.15 1
Q.16 4 Q.17 2 Q.18 1 Q.19 1, 4 Q.20 3
Q.21 1 Q.22 1 Q.23 3 Q.24 2 Q.25 2
SECTION-B
Q.1 (a) A, (b) C, (c) A, (d)
Q.3 (a) B, (b) A, (c) 2, (d)
Q.4 (a) C, (b) C, (c)
Q.5 D Q.6 (a) C, (b) D, (c) A Q.7 5051

Q.8 (a) A; (b) A; (c) D; (d) (A) S; (B) S; (C) P; (D) R
Q.9 (a) C; (b) A, D Q.10 (a) C; (b) A, B, C; (c) 0
Q.11 (a) B, (b) A, (c) B, (d) 4 Q.12 A
Q.13 (a) C; (b) B; (c) ABD Q.14 (a) D ; (b) B Q.15 A
Q.16 B Q.17 A Q.18 D Q.19 AC
Q.20 2 Q.21 D Q.22 0 Q.23 9
Q.24 7 Q.25 AB Q.26 D Q.27 AC
Q.28 A Q.29 BC Q.30 CD Q.31 BONUS
Q.32 BC Q.33 2 Q.34 2.00 Q.35 1.00
EXERCISE-4
SECTION-A
Q.1 log |x + log (sin x)| + C Q.2 – log |x – 1| – log |x + 2| + log |x – 3| + C
Q.3 log |3 + tan x| + C Q.4 2 sin +C
Q.5 log |eax + e–ax| + C Q.6 sin–1 +c
Q.7 Q.8
Q.9 sin–1 x – sin–1 x + +c Q.10
Q.11 +x+ log |x – 1| – log |x2 + 1| – tan–1 x + C Q.12 – tan (7 – x) + C
Q.13 ex · cot 2x + c Q.14 (log x)3 + c
Q.15 log +C Q.16 3 + 17 log +C
Q.17 Q.18 2(sinx + xcos) + c Q.19
Q.20 Q.21
Q.22 Q.23 +C
Q.24 loge |x + 2| + loge |x2 + 1| + tan–1 x + C
Q.25 – sin–1
Q.26 – log | sin 2x | + C Q.27 log + C Q.28 – log +C
Q.29 tanx + C Q.30 – + tan–1(sin x) + C
Q.1 Q.2 – log 2 Q.3 – log 2 Q.4 a
Q.5 Q.6 k = –2 Q.7 Q.8
Q.9 0 Q.10 5 – 10 log + log Q.11 29
Q.12 Q.13 2 sin–1 Q.14 ( – 2)
Q.15  Q.16 0 Q.17 Q.18 log 9
Q.19 Q.20 –1 Q.21 Q.22
Q.23 log 2 Q.24  Q.25 Q.26
Q.27  Q.28 f ' (x) = x sin x Q.29 Q.30 2
Q.31 /6 Q.32 Q.33 I=
Q.34 Q.35 Q.36 Q.37
SECTION-B
Q.1 log |x – 1| – 5 log |x – 2| + 4 log |x – 3| + C Q.2
Q.3 log |3x2 + 2x + 1| – tan–1 +C Q.4
Q.5
Q.6 x+ tan–1 +C
Q.7
Q.8 2 log |sin2  – 4 sin  + 5| + 7 tan–1 (sin  – 2) + C
Q.9 log + tan–1 + C, where C1 + C2 = C
Q.10 – +C
Q.1 0 Q.2 Q.3 0.5 Q.4 0
Q.5 Q.6 Q.7 0 Q.8
Q.9 0 Q.10 0 Q.11 – log 2 Q.12 6
Q.13 Q.14 Q.15
EXERCISE-5
Q.1 (a + x) arc tan  +C Q.2
Q.3 +C
Q.4 ln(x2 + x + 1) – tan–1 + – +C
Q.5 (i) 2 ; (ii) cos x – ln (sin x) + 2 ln +C Q.6 0
Q.7 real & distinct  k  R Q.8 (b)
Q.9 Q.10 g(5) = 3e5 Q.12 4

Q.13 (a) 4 ; (b) 2 Q.14 32

DEFINITE INTEGRALS: FINDING ANSWERS

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DEFINITE INTEGRALS: FINDING ANSWERS

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DEFINITE INTEGRATION

Evaluating definite integrals by finding antiderivatives :

Sol.  cos 2 x 4  sin 2 x dx , Put 4 – sin 2x = t  = –2 cos 2x dx = dt

Find the value of  1  x2

Q.2 Evaluate :  x ex dx

PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL :

P1:  f(x) dx =  f(t)dt ; P2:  f(x) dx = –  f(x)dx

or when f is not uniformly defined in (a, b)

1/2 1/2 3/2 5/2 3

Find the value of following integrals

(a)  x  1 dx (b)  cos x  sin x dx .

Evaluate the following definite integral

Q.1  sin x  cos x dx

Find the value of following integral

Sol. Let f (x) = sin4 x then f(2 – x) = sin4 (2 – x) = f (x)

I + I =  ( x  2  x ) cos x dx or I =   cos x dx = 2  cos x dx

= 2 × 0 [using P-6 as cos5 ( – x) = –cos5 x]

Adding the above integrals, we have

 (a  2 b) (  3)

= n  | cos x | dx   | cos( n  t ) | dt = 2n | cos x | dx  | cos t | dt

(B) DERIVATIVES OF ANTIDERIVATIVES (LEIBNITZ RULE) :

Q.1 Evaluate Lim

Q.1 1 Q.2 400 2 Q.3 A Q.4 10

(C) DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS A LIMIT OF SUM :

Put a = 0 & b = 1  n h = 1 , we have

= hLim h cos( a  h )  cos( a  2 h )  ....  cos( a  nh )

Taking in both sides, we have

(D) ESTIMATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL AND GENERAL

(a) For a monotonic increasing function in (a, b)

(b – a) f(a) <  f ( x ) dx < (b – a) f(b)

(b) For a monotonic decreasing function in (a, b)

f(b). (b – a) <  f ( x ) dx < (b – a) f(a)

(c) For a non monotonic function in (a, b)

f(c) (b – a) <  f ( x ) dx < (b – a) f(b)

(d) In addition to this note that

sin x x cos x  sin x cos x

In the interval [0, 1], f(x) is strictly decreasing, therefore we have

Q.1 Lim 1  2  3  .........  2 n

(E) WALLI'S THEORM :

I =  ( 2  x ) sin6 x cos4 x dx  I + I =  2 sin

(F) SOME INTEGRALS WHICH CANNOT BE FOUND IN TERMS OF

Evaluate :  sin x cos x dx

 3 2 1

= {sin 4 ( – 3) + sin 3(1) + sin 2(1) + sin 1(1) + …… + sin 1 (1) + ……

which is the desired result.

Sol. We have [x2 – 1] = – 1, 0  x < 1 = 0, 1  x  2 = 1, 2  x  3 = 2, 3  x  2.

Q.8 Evaluate the definite integral  ln tan x  cot x  dx

where a, b are constants, given by a = 1 +

 f (sin x ) dx  f (sin x ) dx 2n  f (sin 4 x ) dx

= Lim cos x – 1 = –1.

Q.18 Evaluate thefollowing limits, usingdefinite integral :

Q.19 Prove the following results, using definite integral

Diffrential of y = f (x) is dy = f (x)dx.

Notes on indefinite integration :

(1) Geometrical interpretation :

(2) Antiderivative of a continuous function is differentiable

(3) If integrand is discontinuous at x = x1 then its antiderivative at x = x1 need not be discontinuous.

Problems based on Indefinite integral as antiderivative :

Evaluate the following integrals :

=  (sin x  cos x  sin k  cos k ) dx =(sin x – cos x) + (sin k + cos k)x + C

sin 2x  sin 5x  sin 3x 2  3x2

Substitution By part Partial Kuturputur & Misc.