WTW 124: Selected Answers to Chapter 4

EXERCISE 4.3

1 (a) The domain of F is R. F 0 (x) = ex cos6 x, x ∈ R

tan2 x sec2 x
1 (b) The domain of G is (−π/2, π/2). G0 (x) = , − π/2 < x < π/2
tan2 x + 2
1 (c) The domain of H is R. H 0 (x) = e3x ln(e4x + e2x + 1) − 2x5 ln(x8 + x4 + 1), x ∈ R
2 2
1 (d) The domain of F is R. F 0 (x) = − sin(x)ecos x − cos(x)esin x , x ∈ R

1 (e) The domain of G is R. G0 (x) = 2x cos10 (x2 ) − 4x3 cos10 (x4 ), x ∈ R

ln(ln x)
1 (f) The domain of H is (1, ∞). H 0 (x) = 2x ln(x2 ) − , x>1
x
2 (a) Show that 
x2
− x if x≤0



F (x) = 2


 x if x>0
Now show that
F (h) − F (0) F (h) − F (0)
lim 6= lim .
h→0− h h→0 + h
What are the assumptions of Theorem 4.2.3? Which assumption is not satisfied in this
example?

2 (b) F is differentiable at all x 6= 0. In particular,


 x − 1 if x≤0
F 0 (x) =
1 if x>0


2 (c) Why is F continuous at all x 6= 0?

Now show that F is continuous at 0, by calculating the left and right hand limits at 0.

3 (a) x = −2 is a local minimum; x = −1 is a local maximum; x = 1 is a local minimum.

3 (b) F is decreasing on (−∞, −2) ∪ (−1, 1); F is increasing on (−2, −1) ∪ (1, ∞).

3 (c) Show that Z x

3t
F (x) ≥ F (2) + dt = . . . ifx ≥ 2
2 t2 +1
and
0
2t2
Z
F (x) ≥ − dt = . . . ifx ≤ 0.
x t2 + 1
Now conclude, as in Example 4.3.7, that lim F (x) = ∞ and lim F (x) = ∞.
x→∞ x→−∞
3 (d)

• y = F (x)
•

x
−2 −1 1

4 (a) Using an appropriate theorem, explain why u is differentiable on R, and calculate its deriva-
tive. Now verify that the equation is satisfied.

4 (b) Find all solutions C of the equation u(0) = u0 .

F (c + h) − F (c)
5 (a) Follow the same argument as for the proof that lim = f (c). Be careful,
h→0+ h
we are now dealing with h < 0, so c + h < c!

5 (b) Prove that there exist points c, d ∈ [a, b] so that (x − a)f (c) ≤ F (x) ≤ (x − a)f (d) for all
x ∈ [a, b]. Now use Theorem 3.3.3.

6 (a) Explain why you can apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Theorem 4.3.2.

6 (b) Fix x < a, and pick a constant T < x. Show that

Z x Z a
F (x) = f (t) dt − f (t) dt.
T T

Now apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Theorem 4.3.2. Have a look at Example
4.3.3.

(7) Apply the Mean Value Theorem for the derivative to the function
Z x
F (x) = f (t)dt, a ≤ x ≤ b.
a

Remember, when you use a theorem you must carefully explain why you are allowed to use
it and how you are using it.

8 (a) Fix c ∈ (a, b). For x > c, prove that

|F (x) − F (c)| ≤ M (x − c).

Now apply the definition to show that lim F (x) = F (c). The proof for the left hand limit
x→c+
is similar.

8 (c) Similar to 8 (a).

 EXERCISE 4.4
1
1 (a) fave =
16
1251 − e10
1 (b) fave =
10
cos(3π/2 − 1)
1 (c) fave = − √
2 π−1
2π
1 (d) fave = √
3 3
Z 2
1 3x + 2 3
fave = − dx
2 0 x2+x+1 x+1

2x + 1 2
  
1 3 2 1
1 (e) = ln(x + x + 1) − 3 ln(x + 1) + √ arctan √
2 2 3 3 0

√ √
 
1 3 1 1
= ln 7 − 3 ln 3 + √ arctan(5/ 3) − √ arctan(1/ 3)
2 2 3 3
ln 6 ln 3 ln 4
1 (f) fave = + −
6 3 6
1 (g) fave = 0
227e12 − 2e3
1 (h) fave =
27
√
12(−2e2π − eπ/12 /2 + 3eπ/12 )
1 (i) fave =
115π
(2) For x ∈ [0, π], f (x) = fave = 0 if and only if x = 0 or x = π/2 or x = π.
Z 2 Z 0
3 (a) Show that fave = 0. [HINT: f (x) dx = f (x) dx+ ∈20 f (x) dx.]
−2 −2
Now prove that f (x) > 0 if −1 ≤ x ≤ 0 and f (x) < 0 if 0 < x ≤ 1.

3 (b) What can you say about the function f at x = 0? What are the assumptions in the Mean
Value Theorem for the integral?

(4) HINT: Apply the version of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus that you learnt about in
WTW 114 / 153 to f 0 on the interval [a, b]. Remember, you must carefully explain why you
are allowed to use this theorem.

(5) Use a theorem from the appendix to prove that there are points c, d ∈ [a, b] so that f (c) ≤
n
1X
f (xi ) ≤ f (d). Now apply the Intermediate Value Theorem. Remember, whenever you
n
i=1
use a theorem, you must carefully explain how you use it, and why you are allowed to use it.

(6) Assume that g(x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ [a, b]. Consider two cases.
Z b
Case I: f (x) dx = 0. Use Exercise 3.3 number 2 to show that g(x) = 0, x ∈ [a, b]. Prove
a
that the Zresult is true.
b
Case II: f (x) dx > 0. Adapt the proof of Theorem 4.4.1. Note that if C ≤ f (x) ≤ D for
a
 all x ∈ [a, b] then, because g(x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ [a, b], we have Cg(x) ≤ f (x)g(x) ≤ Dg(x) for
all x ∈ [a, b].
Finally, assume that g(x) < 0 for all x ∈ [a, b], and apply a similar argument as above.

EXERCISE 4.5
√
1 (a) L = 2 5.
√
Z 1
2(193/2 − 103/2 )
1 (b) L = 9x + 10 dx =
0 27
Z π/4 √
1 (c) L = sec x dx = ln( 2 + 1)
0
r
2 2
x6 1 x3
Z Z
1 1 33
1 (d) L = + + 6 dx = + 3 dx =
1 4 2 4x 1 2 2x 16
Z 2
x 1 3 + ln 4
1 (e) L = + dx =
1 2 2x 4
Z 4
62
1 (f) L = t3/2 dt =
1 5
Z xp
2 (a) s(x) = 1 + [f 0 (t)]2 dt, a ≤ x ≤ b.
a

2 (b) Apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to find the derivative of the function s. You
must carefully explain why this theorem is applicable.
Now show that s0 (x) ≥ 1 for all a < x < b.

2 (c) Show that s0 (x) = 1 if and only if f 0 (x) = 0.