CHAPTER 6:

GAS LAWS AND

KINETIC THEORY
FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
CAWANGAN PERAK KAMPUS TAPAH
 Lesson Outcome
At the end of this chapter you should be
able to:

• Understand the concept atomic theory of

matter.
• Sketch, interpret and apply Boyle’s,
Charles’ and Gay-Lussac’s Law.
• Write and apply formulas The Ideal Gas
Law .
• Understand the Kinetic Theory of gas.
 Contents

6.1 Atomic Theory of Matter (State of Matter)

6.2 Boyle’s, Charles’ and Gay-Lussac’s Law
6.3 The Ideal Gas Law
6.4 Kinetic Theory of Gas

3
 Atomic Theory of Matter
(State of Matter)
• Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid and gas.
• The state of matter is determined by the strength of the bonds between
the atoms that makes up matter.
• To change from one state of matter to another is called a phase transition.
For example, ice (solid water) converts (melts) into liquid water as energy
is added.

4
 STATES OF MATTER

Phase Motion of Speed of Particles

Particles
Solid Particles vibrate in place and
are tightly packed Slow

Particles are close, but can

Medium
Liquid slide past one another

Particles are constantly

Gas expanding Fast
 Gas Laws
❖There are three properties of gases:
✓ Volume, V
✓ Pressure, P
✓ Temperature, T
GAS LAWS

1 3
Boyle’s Law Pressure Law /
Gay Lussac’s Law

2
Charles’ Law
Reminder!!
To use these gas laws,
- Temperature must be in Kelvin (K) → T (K)= T(0C) + 273.15
- Pressure must be absolute pressure (in Pascal), not gauge pressure.
𝑨𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 = 𝒈𝒂𝒖𝒈𝒆 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 + 𝒂𝒕𝒎𝒐𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆
With atmospheric pressure = 6
 1 BOYLE’S LAW
Robert Boyle
(1627–1691) Boyle’s Law definition:
“The volume of a gas is
inversely proportional to
Figure 1: Plot of P vs. V
the absolute pressure
applied to it when the
temperature is kept
constant”

1
V
P
When T is constant
7
 BOYLE’S LAW

Constant: Temperature

1
V When T is constant
P 8
 BOYLE’S LAW

However, if we plot pressure against 1/volume,

we get a linear (straight line) graph.

Figure 2: Plot of P vs. 1/V

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 BOYLE’S LAW

1
V
P
or

PV= 𝑘

where:
V is the volume of the gas
P is the pressure of the gas
k is a constant.

Thus,

P1V1 = P2V2
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Jacques Charles
2
CHARLES’S LAW
(1746-1823)

Charles’s Law definition:

“The volume of a given

amount of gas is directly
Figure 3: Plot of V vs. T
proportional to the absolute
temperature (Kelvin) when the
pressure is kept constant”.

V T
When P is constant

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 CHARLES’S LAW
Constant: Pressure

V T When P is constant
12
 CHARLES’S LAW
V T
or

where:
V is the volume of the gas
T is the temperature of the gas
(measured in Kelvin).
k is a constant.

Thus,

13
 ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE AND IDEAL GAS LAW

Absolute Temperature

❖ By extrapolating GRAPH
CHARLES’S LAW, the volume
becomes zero at - 273.15 0C.

❖ This temperature is called

absolute zero.

Absolute zero = - 273.15 0C = 0 K

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 3
PRESSURE LAW/
Joseph Louis Gay-
Lussac (1778-1850) GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
Definition:

“The absolute pressure of a

given amount of gas is directly
proportional to the absolute
temperature (K) when the
volume is kept constant”.

Temperature
(in Kelvin)
P T When V is constant

15
 PRESSURE LAW

P T When V is constant

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 PRESSURE LAW

P T
or

where:
V is the volume of the gas
T is the temperature of the gas
(measured in Kelvin).
k is a constant.

Thus,

17
 Example 1
20.0 L of a gas is found to exert 67.0 kPa at 35.0°C. What would
be the required temperature to change the pressure to standard
pressure (101.325 kPa)? (Ans: 465.79K)
1 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.001 𝑚3

20 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 20 x 0.001 = 0.02 𝑚3

SPT; T = 273.15 K and P = 1 atm = 101 x 105 Pa

Volume constant = Pressure Law

𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

= 465.79 𝐾
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 Example 2
A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 mL at a
pressure of 726 Pa. What is the pressure of the gas (in Pa) if the is
reduced at constant temperature to 154 mL? (Ans:4460 Pa)

T Constant = Boyle’s law

𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
726 946 = 𝑃2 154
𝑃2 = 443.2 𝑃𝑎

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 Example 3
A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies 3.20 L at 125 0C. At
what temperature will the gas occupy a volume of 1.54 L if the
pressure remains constant? (Ans: 192 K)
𝑉1 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

P constant = Charles’ Law

= 192 𝐾

20
 Example 4
A gas has a pressure at 2.0 atm at 18°C. What is the new pressure
when the temperature is 62°C? (Ans: 2.3 atm)

Volume constant = Pressure Law

𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2

2
= 291335
= 2.3 𝑎𝑡𝑚

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22
 Ideal Gas Law
Approximation that helps us model and predict the behavior of
real gases.
The term ideal gas refers to a hypothetical gas composed of
molecules which follow a few rules :
1. Ideal gas molecules do not attract or repel each other. The
only interaction between ideal gas molecules would be an
elastic collision upon impact with each other or an elastic
collision with the walls of the container.
2. Ideal gas molecules themselves take up no volume. The gas
takes up volume since the molecules expand into a large
region of space, but the Ideal gas molecules are
approximated as point particles that have no volume in and
of themselves.
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 THE IDEAL GAS LAW

❖ The volume of a gas depends very much on the

pressure as well as on the temperature.

❖ The relationship between the volume, pressure,

temperature, and mass of a gas is called an equation of
state.

❖ The ideal gas law is an accurate description of the

behavior of a real gas as long as the pressure is not too
high and as long as the temperature is far from the
boiling point.

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❖ This three gas laws (Boyle’s, Charles’ and Gay-Lussac’s
Law) can be combined to produce a single equation of
state, that is:

PV  T
❖Where

❖Thus;
P1 V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2

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❖ Now we are looking to a simple experiment where the
balloon is blown up at a constant pressure and
temperature (figure below).

❖ It is found that, at constant T and P, the volume, V of an

enclosed gas increases in direct proportion to the mass,
m of a gas present:
V m

❖Hence, we can write:

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❖ A mole is defined as the amount of a substance in gram
that is numerically equal to the molecular mass of the
substance.
❖ Where the number of moles in a certain mass of
material is given as:

27
 Example 5:
a) H2 has 5 number of moles. Determine the mass of H2 .
b) Estimate number of moles in 132 g of CO2.

n = mass / relative molecular mass

5 = mass / (1+1)
a) Mass = 5x 2 = 10 g
b) n = mass / relative molecular mass
= 132 / (12 + 16 +16)
= 3 mol

ZSMAHMUD/UiTMCawanganPerak/PHY210 28
❖ From proportion 𝑃𝑉 ∝ 𝑚𝑇, the EQUATION FOR IDEAL
GAS LAW can be written as:

where
P = Pressure, V = Volume,
T = temperature (in Kelvin)
n is the number of moles and
Ris the gas constant.

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 Units to use for PV=nRT

𝐽 𝐿. 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑅 = 8.31 𝑅 = 0.082
𝐾. 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾. 𝑚𝑜𝑙

• Pressure in pascal (Pa) • Pressure in atmospheres

• Volume in m3 (atm)
• Temperature in kelvin • Volume in L
(K) • Temperature in kelvin (K)

ZSMAHMUD/UiTMCawanganPerak/PHY210 30
❖ The ideal gas law always refers to “standard
condition” or Standard temperature and pressure
(STP).
❖ Where at STP:

1000 m 3 = 1 L
❖Note:
❑1 mol STP gas has:
Volume = 22.4 L

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 Example 6:
How many moles of H2 is in a 3.1 L sample of H2 measured at 300 kPa and 20°C?

P =300 x 103 Pa, V = 3.1 L =3100 m3

T = 20+ 273 = 293K , R = 8.315
PV = nRT → n = PV /RT = (300 x 103 x 3100)
/(8.315x 293)=
P = 300 kPa = 300 / 101.3 = 2.961 atm, V = 3.1 L
n = PV /RT = (2.961x 3.1 ) /(0.0821x 293)=

ZSMAHMUD/UiTMCawanganPerak/PHY210 32
 Example 7:

How many grams of O2 are in a 315 mL container that has a pressure of 12 atm at 25°C?

P = 12 atm, V = 315 mL = 315 x 10-3 L, T = 25+273 = 298 K

n = PV /RT = (12x 315 x 10-3 ) /(0.0821x 298)= 0.15 mol

Mass = n (molecular mas)

= 0.15(32)
= 4.8 g

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Ideal Gas Law in Terms of Avogadro’s Number

❖ Since the gas constant is universal, the number of

molecules in one mole is the same for all gases. That
number is called Avogadro’s number:

❖ The number of molecules in a gas is the number of

moles times Avogadro’s number:

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Therefore we can write:

N
PV = nRT = RT
NA

𝑃𝑉 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇

where k is called Boltzmann’s constant.

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 What is the proportional form of
the ideal gas law?
If the number of moles n(i.e. molecules N) of the gas doesn't change, then
the quantity nR, and NkB are constant for a gas.

This happens frequently since the gas under consideration is often in a

sealed container.

So, if we move the pressure, volume and temperature onto the same side
of the ideal gas law we get,

P1 V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2
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 Kinetic Theory of Ideal Gas
In order to apply the kinetic model of
gases, five assumptions are made:
1. Gases are made up of particles with no defined
volume but with a defined mass. In other words
their volume is miniscule compared to the distance
between themselves and other molecules.
2. Gas particles undergo no intermolecular attractions
or repulsions. This assumption implies that the
particles possess no potential energy and thus their
total energy is simply equal to their kinetic energies. Figure: Gases at molecular level
3. Gas particles are in continuous, random motion.
4. Collisions between gas particles are completely
elastic. In other words, there is no net loss or gain of
kinetic energy when particles collide.
5. The average kinetic energy is the same for all gases
at a given temperature, regardless of the identity of
the gas. Furthermore, this kinetic energy is
proportional to the absolute temperature of the
gas.
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• The pressure exerted on a wall of a container of gas due to the
constant collision of molecules can be calculated.
• now consider the molecules are inside a rectangular container (at rest)
whose ends have area A and length is l as shown in fig. 18-1.
• it is found that, the force that exerted on the wall of area, A, by the
collision of one molecule is;

• Then the force due to all molecules colliding with that wall (for x axis of
direction only) is;

• where N is the total number of molecules.

• and the force due to all molecules colliding with that wall in all three directions are
equal:

• thus, the pressure exerted by a gas on its container in terms of molecular properties
is given as:

• from P = F/A, and V = lA

• and can rewrite as;

• and PV = NkT ; so

• thus, we can say that; the average translational kinetic energy of the molecules in
an ideal gas is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas, and total
translational kinetic energy = N x K = 3/2 NkT
“The average translational kinetic energy of the
molecules in an ideal gas is directly proportional to
the temperature of the gas”:

“The average speed of molecules in a gas as a function of

temperature”:

root-
mean- or
square
speed 40
 Example 8:

• Mol A = 1.25 m/s

• Mol b = 2.24 m/s
• Mol c = 1.99 m/s

Vrms =
= 1.87 m/s

ZSMAHMUD/UiTMCawanganPerak/PHY210 41
 Example 9:

1) Air is primarily a mixture of nitrogen, N2 and Oxygen, O2. Assume

that each behave as ideal gas. Determine the rms speed of the
nitrogen molecule when temperature is 20oC.

Mass of nitrogen molecule is 4.65 x 10-26 kg

Boltzmann’s constant is 1.38 x 10-23 J/k
Ans: 510.75 m/s

Salution:

=510.75 m/s
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END OF CHAPTER 6

43
TUTORIAL CHAPTER 6
• 1)20.0 L of a gas is found to exert 67.0 kPa at 35.0°C. What would be
the required temperature to change the pressure to standard
pressure (101.325 kPa)? (Ans: 465.79K)

• 2)A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 mL at a pressure

of 726 Pa. What is the pressure of the gas (in Pa) if the is reduced at
constant temperature to 154 mL? (Ans:4460 Pa)
• A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies 3.20 L at 125 0C. At what
temperature will the gas occupy a volume of 1.54 L if the pressure
remains constant? (Ans: 192 K)

• A gas has a pressure at 2.0 atm at 18°C. What is the new pressure
when the temperature is 62°C? (Ans: 2.3 atm)