Properties of gases

All mater exists in one of three states

Solid , liquid or gaseous
 Solid Possessing both definite volume &
definite shape at a given temperature.
The body must be crystalline

Liquid Has a definite volume but no definite shape.

Fluids

Gas Has neither definite shape nor volume .

 Characteristics of a Gas
A) Gases assume the shape and volume
of a container.
B) Gases are the most compressible of
all the states of matter.
C) Gases will mix evenly and completely
when confined to the same container.
D) Gases have lower densities than
liquids or solids.
 Properties that Describe a Gas

4 rez
 Gas

Real or nonideal
Ideal or perfect gas
gas
 In ideal gases the volume occupied by the molecules themselves is negligible
compared with the total volume at all P & temperatures , and the intermolecular
attraction is extremely small under all conditions .

For nonideal or real gases both of these factors are appreciable , the magnitude
Of each depending on the nature , the temp. & the pressure of the gas.

Actual gases must contain molecules which occupy a definite volume and exert
attractions between each other .

At low pressure & relatively high temperatures real gas behave like ideal gas
 Gas Laws

Pressure and Volume (Boyle’s Law)

Temperature and Volume (Charles’ Law)

Temperature and Pressure (Gay-Lussac’s Law)

 The volume of any definite quantity of gas at constant temp. varied inversely
as the pressure on the gas .

K1
V= —
P

V is the volume & P the pressure of the gas , while K1 is a proportionality factor
Whose value is dependent on the temp. , the weight of the gas , its nature & the
Units in which P and V are expressed .

PV = K1 (1)
The molecular explanation of Boyle′s law is that , if a sample of gas is compressed
to half its volume , then twice as many molecules strike the walls in a given period
of time than before it was compressed .As a result, the average force exerted on
the walls is doubled .

At constant temperature :
P1V1 = K1 = P2V2
And
P1/P2 = V2/V1 (2)
 Boyle’s Law (V and P)
Boyle’s Law states that the volume of a gas is inversely •
proportional to the pressure at constant temperature.
Mathematically, we write: •
1.
P  V

For a before and after •

situation:
P1V1 = P2V2

10
 Units of Pressure
• Standard pressure is the atmospheric pressure at
sea level, 760 mm of mercury.
– Here is standard pressure expressed in other units:

11
 Charles observed in 1787 that the gases hydrogen , air ,carbon dioxide and oxygen
expanded an equal amount upon being heated from 0 to 80 ⁰C at constant pressure.

However, it was Gay-Lussac in 1802 who first found that for all gases the increase
in volume for each degree centigrade rise in temperature was equal approximately
to ( 1/ 273.15 ) of the volume of the gas at ( 0⁰C )
.
If Vₒ is the volume of a gas at 0⁰C & V the volume at any temperature t⁰C . Then in
terms of Gay-Lussac′s finding V may be written as :

V = Vₒ + ( t / 273.15 ) Vₒ

V = Vₒ [ 1 + (t / (273.15) ]

V = Vₒ [ ( 273.15 + t ) / 273.15 ] (3)

We may define a new temp. scale such that any temp. t on it will be
given by T = 273.15 + t and 0⁰C by Tₒ = 273.15 .
 Equation 3 becomes simply :

V/Vₒ = T/Tₒ
Or generally:

V2/V1 = T2/T1 (4 )
This new temp. scale designated as the absolute or Kelvin scale of temperature ,
In term of this temp. scale eq. 4 tells us that the volume of a definite quantity of
gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temp. .

V = K2 . T (5)
Where K2 is a proportionality factor depend on P , the nature & amount of gas ,
and the units of V .
According to eq. 5 the volume of a gas should be a straight line function of the
absolute temp. at any constant pressure