Solution: 1.

By virtue of the above definitions, we conclude that:

time is a scalar

magnetic field intensity is a vector

force is a vector

volume is a scalar

entropy is a scalar

acceleration is a vector

gravitational coefficient is a scalar

Note that the quantity speed is a scalar, while velocity is a vector. Indeed,

when we speak of the speed of a particle, say 15 m/sec we are solely

concerned with the numerical value 15 m/sec and not with the direction of

the motion. On the other hand, when considering the velocity of a particle,

it is necessary to give both the speed and direction of the motion

eg. 15 m/sec, northeast.

Solution-2: Solution: Since the unit vector u is perpendicular to the plane determined
by

a and b it is also perpendicular to both a and u.

Let
 u = (u1, u2, u3) (1)

then,

u∙a= 0

and

u∙b=0 (2)

or

– u1 = 2u2 + 4u3 = 0

3u1 + 2u2 + 7u3 = 0 (3)

Solving for u2 and u3,

u2 = (19 / 6) u1, u3 = – (4 / 3) u1 (4)

Thus, u can be written as

u = (u1, (19 / 6) u1, – (4 / 3) u1) (5)

Since u is a unit vector, then

|u| = √{u12 + u12 (19 / 6)2 + u12 (4 / 3)2'} = |u1| ∙ 3.578 = 1

and

u1 = [1 / (3.578)] = 0.279 (6)

Then obtain

u = (0.279, 0.884, – 0.372)

The unit vector is shown in the figure.

Solution-3. To prove eq. (1) compute the components of both sides of eq. (1).

From the definition of the vector product, obtain

a × (b × c) = (a1, a2, a3) × (b2c3 – b3c2, b3c1 – b1c3, b1c2 – b2c1)

= [a2 (b1c2 – b2c1) – a3 (b3c1 – b1c3), a3 (b2c3 – b3c2) – a1 (b1c2 – b2c1),

a1 (b3c1 – b1c3) – a2 (b2c3 – b3c2)] (3)

= [b1 (a2c2 + a3c3) – c1 (a2b2 + a3b3), b2 (a1c1 + a3c3) – c2 (a1b1 + a3b3),

b3 (a1c1 + a2c2) – c3 (a1b1 + a2b2)]

= [b1 (a1c1 + a2c2 + a3c3) – c1 (a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3) – b2 (a1c1 + a2c2 +

a3c3)

– c2 (a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3), b3 (a1c1 + a2c2 + a3c3) – c3 (a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3)]

= [b1 (a ∙ c), b2 (a ∙ c), b3 (a ∙ c)] – [c1 (a ∙ b), c2 (a ∙ b), c3 (a ∙ cb)]

= (a ∙ c) b – (a ∙ b) c

That completes the proof. The same method can be used to prove eq.(2).

The shortest method, however, is to rewrite eq. (1) in the form

(b × c) × a = (a ∙ b) c – (a ∙ c) b (4)

then replace

vector b by a

b→a

vector c by b

c→b
 vector a by c

a→c

Then, obtain

(b × c) × a = (a ∙ b) c – (a ∙ c) b

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

(a × b) × c = (c ∙ a) b – (c ∙ b) a (5)

That proves identity (2).

Solution-4: 1. Notice that we have to evaluate the definite integral of a scalar

product of two vectors a and b (which, in this case, are given by eqs.(3)

and (4)). Note that since the scalar product of any two vectors yields a

scalar function, the integral in eq. (1) may be evaluated by actually

carrying out the dot product of the two vectors and then integrating the

resulting scalar function.

Doing this, obtain, from the definition of the scalar product, the

following:

a ∙ b = (t2, t + 1, – t3) ∙ (2, – t, t2)

= 2t2 – t2 – t – t3 = – t5 + t2 – t (5)

Substituting eq. (5) into (1) results in

3∫ a ∙ b dt = 3∫0 (– t5 + t2 – t) dt
0

= – (t6 / 6) + (t3 / 3) – (t2 / 2) 3|0 (6)

 = – (36 / 6) + (33 / 3) – (32 / 2) = – 117

2. To evaluate integral (2), first determine the vector product of a and b

and then integrate the resulting vector. Doing this, we obtain

a × b = (t2, t + 1, – t3) × (2, – t, t2)

= (t3 + t2 – t4, – 2t3 – t4, – t3 – 2t – 2) (7)

Substituting eq. (7) into (2) leads to

2∫ a × b dt = 2∫0 [i (– t4 + t3 + t2) + j (– t4 – 2t3) + k (– t3 – 2t – 2)] dt

0

= [i {– [(t5, t4, t2) / (5 4 3)]} + j [(t5 t4) / (5 2)] + k {(t4 / 4) t2 – 2t}] |20 (8)

= i (– (32 / 5) + 4 + (8 / 3)) + j (– (32 / 5) – 8) + k (– 4 – 4 – 4)

= (4 / 15) i – (72 / 5) j – 12k

Notice that the definite integral of the vector product of two vectors is a

vector while the definite integral of the dot product of two vectors is a

scalar.

Solution-5: 1. The straight line passing through the points (0, 0, 0) and (1, 1, 1)

can be expressed in the parametrical form

x=t

y=t (4)

z=t

The differentials are then

dx = dt
 dy = dt (5)

dz = dt

The line integral can then be computed as follows

∫c F ∙ dr = ∫c (x2 + y2) dx – 3xzdy + y3dz

= 1∫0 2t2dt – 3t2dt + t3dt = 1∫0 (− t2 + t3) dt (6)

= (− (t3 / 3) + (t4 / 4)) |t=1 t=0 = − (1 / 3) + (1 / 4) = − (1 / 12)

Solution-6. The region R bounded by y2 = 2x and x = 8 is shown in the figure.

 The line integral from A to B is equal to

B∫ (x2 + y2)dx + (2xy + 3)dy = 4∫–4 (16y + 3)dy = 24 (3)

A

From B to 0 and from 0 to A,

0∫ (x2 + y2)dx + (2xy + 3)dy + A∫0 (x2 + y2)dx + (2xy + 3)dy

B

= 0∫8 (x2 + 2x)dx + [2x√(2x) + 3] ∙ [(√2) / (2√x)]dx (4)

+ 0∫8 (x2 + 2x)dx + (– 2x√2x + 3) ∙ [(– √2) / (2√x)]dx

= – 0∫8 [(3√2) / (√x)]dx = – 24

Thus, summing up eqs.(3) and (4) results in

∮ (x2 + y2)dx + (2xy + 3)dy = 24 – 24 = 0 (5)

2. The assumptions of Green’s theorem are fulfilled. We have,

∮C (x2 + y2)dx + (2xy + 3)dy = ∬R (2x – 2y)dxdy = 0 (6)

Notice that both methods do, of course, lead to the same result. The

application of Green's theorem significantly reduces calculations.

Solution-7: The cube is shown in the figure. It is required to show that

∬S ∇ × F ∙ n dS = ∮C F ∙ dr (2)
We will now evaluate the surface integral.
The curl of F is
∇ × F = [(∂ / ∂x), (∂ / ∂y), (∂ / ∂z)] × [x + 2y, 3x, yz] = [z – 3, 0, – 2] (3)
For the face OAGF, the surface integral is
∬OAGF [(z – 3)i – 2k] ∙ (– j)dS = 0 (4)
For the face ABHG,
 ∬ABHG (z – 3)i ∙ i dS = 1∫0 1∫0 (z – 3)dydx = – (5/2) (5)
and for BDEH
∬BDEH 0 ∙ j dS = 0 (6)
For the face ODEF we obtain
∬ODEF (z – 3)i ∙ (– i)dS = 1∫0 1∫0 (z – 3)dydx = (5/2) (7)
and for EFGH,
∬EFGH – 2k ∙ k dS = – 2 ∬EFGH dS = – 2 (8)
Adding eqs.(4) through (10) gives us the total surface integral
∬S ∇ × F ∙ n dS = – (5/2) + (5/2) – 2 = – 2 (9)
Note that in evaluating the surface integral, we did not consider the
face
OABD, since we are considering the surface above the xy-plane.
Now, let us evaluate the line integral along the contour C lying in
the xy-plane.
Since z = 0 in the xy-plane, the vector field F reduces to
F = (x + 2y)i
(10)
We have
∫OA F ∙ dr = 1∫0 x dx = (1/2)
(11)
∫AB F ∙ dr = 0
(12)
∫BD F ∙ dr = 0∫1 (x + 2)dx = – (5/2)
(13)
∫DO F ∙ dr = 0
(14)
Adding eqs. (11) through (14) gives us
∮C F ∙ dr = (1/2) – (5/2) = – 2
(15)
Eqs. (9) and (15) give the same result; thus, we have verified Stokes'
theorem for this case.