175 2- CALCULUS II - Final exam - Solutions

Instructor: Andres E. Caicedo

December 14, 2009
1. Let
f(x) =

n=0
2
n
x
n+1
n + 3
.
(a) Find the radius of convergence of the series f(x).
(b) Let g(x) = 8x
2
f(x). Find the power series a
0
+ a
1
x + a
2
x
2
+ . . . for
g

(x).
(c) Show that g

(x) =
8x
2
1 2x
.
(d) Find a closed formula for f(x).
(a) To nd the radius of convergence of f we can use either the ratio test or the
root test. For the ratio test, we look at
b
n
=

2
n
x
n+1
n + 3

,
so b
n+1
=

2
n+1
x
n+2
n + 4

and
b
n+1
b
n
=

2
n+1
x
n+2
n + 4

n + 3
2
n
x
n+1

= |2x|
n + 3
n + 4
|2x|.
The ratio test now ensures that the series converges if |2x| < 1 and diverges if
|2x| > 1. This means that the series converges whenever 1/2 < x < 1/2 and
diverges if x < 1/2 or if x > 1/2. So, the radius of convergence is R = 1/2.
The root test gives the same answer with a similar argument: Letting b
n
be as
before, we now look at
b
1/n
n
= |2x|

x
1/n
(n + 3)
1/n

|2x|.
As before, this means that the radius of convergence R is 1/2.
(The question didnt ask for the interval of convergence. But one can check
that the series diverges if x = 1/2 and converges if x = 1/2, so the interval is
[1/2, 1/2).)
1
(b) If g(x) = 8x
2
f(x) then g(x) =

n=0
2
n
8x
n+1
x
2
n + 3
=

n=0
2
n+3
x
n+3
n + 3
and
g

(x) =

n=0
2
n+3
(n + 3)x
n+2
n + 3
=

n=0
2
n+3
x
n+2
.
(c) The series for g

(x) can be written in the form

n=0
8x
2
(2x)
n
, which has the
form of a geometric series

n=0
ar
n
with a = 8x
2
and r = 2x, so
g

(x) =
8x
2
1 2x
.
(d) Since f(x) =
g(x)
8x
2
, to nd f we rst nd g, which we can do by integration:
g(x) =
_
8x
2
1 2x
dx.
To compute this integral, rst we divide the fraction:
4x 2
2x + 1
_
8x
2
8x
2
+ 4x
4x
4x + 2
2
We see that
8x
2
1 2x
= 4x 2 +
2
1 2x
, so
g(x) =
_
8x
2
1 2x
dx =
_ _
4x 2 +
2
1 2x
_
dx = 2x
2
2xln |12x| +C.
To compute the value of C, we use that when x = 0, then
g(x) =

n=0
2
n+3
x
n+3
n + 3
= 0.
So
g(x) = 2x
2
2x ln |1 2x|.
Finally,
f(x) =
2x
2
2x ln |1 2x|
8x
2
=
1
4

1
4x

1
8x
2
ln |1 2x|.
2
2. Evaluate
_
cos(5t)
(sin(5t))
2
1
dt.
Solution 1: Note that (sin(5t))
2
1 = (1 (sin(5t))
2
) = (cos(5t))
2
, so the
given integral equals
_
dt
cos(5t)
=
_
sec(5t) dt =
1
5
ln | sec(5t) + tan(5t)| +C.
Solution 2: Let u = sin(5t), so du = 5 cos(5t) dt and
_
cos(5t)
(sin(5t))
2
1
dt =
_
(1/5)
u
2
1
du.
To integrate this expresion, we use partial fractions: We look for constants a
and b such that
1/5
u
2
1
=
a
u 1
+
b
u + 1
.
We must have au+a+bub = 1/5, or a+b = 0 and ab = 1/5, i.e., a = 1/10
and b = 1/10. We then nd
_
(1/5)
u
2
1
du =
_
a
u 1
+
b
u + 1
du
=
1
10
ln |u 1|
1
10
ln |u + 1| +C
=
1
10
ln

u 1
u + 1

+C
=
1
10
ln

sin(5t) 1
sin(5t) + 1

+C.
(A bit of trigonometry shows that this expression coincides with the one from
Solution 1.)
Remark: It is tempting, once the expression
_
(1/5)
u
2
1
du is reached, to try
the substitution u = sec . Unfortunately, trying this is incorrect: Notice that
we can only use this substitution if |u| > 1. But u = sin(5t), so |u| < 1.
3. Find the centroid of a thin, at plate covering the region enclosed by the
x-axis, the lines x = 2 and x = 2, and the parabola y = x
2
.
By symmetry, x, the x-coordinate of the centroid is 0, and we only need to nd
y, the y-coordinate. For this we use that
y =
M
x
M
where M
x
is the moment of the plate about the x-axis, and M is its total mass.
Given a thin (i.e., of thickness dx) vertical strip on the plate, at distance x
from the origin, its center of mass is ( x, y) = (x, x
2
/2). We are giving a uniform
3
distribution of mass, so the density is a constant. This means that dm, the
mass of the strip, is dA = x
2
dx, and we have
M
x
=
_
y dm =
_
2
2
x
2
2
x
2
dx =

2
_
2
2
x
4
dx =

2
x
5
5

2
2
=

2
2
32
5
=
32
5
.
Also,
M =
_
dm =
_
2
2
x
2
dx =
x
3
3

2
2
=
16
3
.
Hence
y =
32
5
3
16
=
6
5
.
In summary, the centroid has coordinates ( x, y) =
_
0,
6
5
_
.
4. You can only use calculators in the items indicated with ().
(a) (*) Approximate numerically
_
3
0
1

x + 1
dx using the trapezoidal rule
with n = 4.
(b) (*) Find the theoretical bound for the error between this approximation
and the actual value of the integral.
(c) Find the exact value of the integral.
(d) Verify that the actual error is below the theoretical bound.
(a) The trapezoidal rule for n = 4 approximates
_
3
0
1

x + 1
dx as
T
4
=
x
2
(y
0
+ 2y
1
+ 2y
2
+ 2y
3
+y
4
),
where x = (3 0)/4 = 3/4 and each y
i
is
1

x
i
+ 1
, where x
0
= 0, x
1
= x =
3/4, x
2
= 2x = 3/2, x
3
= 3x = 9/4, and x
4
= 3, so
y
0
= 1
y
1
=
2

7
y
2
=
_
2
5
y
3
=
2

13
y
4
=
1
2
.
4
This means that T
4
=
3
8
_
1 + 2
2

7
+ 2
_
2
5
+ 2
2

13
+
1
2
_
2.019813506.
(b) The theoretical bound for the error is given by
|E
T4
|
M
2
(3 0)
3
12 4
2
,
where M
2
= max
0x3
|f

(x)| for f(x) = 1/

x + 1.
We have f(x) = (x+1)
1/2
, so f

(x) =
1
2
(x+1)
3/2
and f

(x) =
3
4
(x+1)
5/2
.
Note that
|f

(x)|
3
4
for 0 x 3. In eect, f

is decreasing and positive in the interval [0, 3], so it

attains its maximum value when x = 0. This gives us that
|E
T4
|
3
4
27
12 16
=
27
256
= 0.10546875.
(c) We can compute the integral explicitly:
_
3
0
1

x + 1
dx =
_
3
0
(x + 1)
1/2
dx = 2(x + 1)
1/2

3
0
= 2(2 1) = 2.
(d) This means that the error between the approximation and the value of the
integral is 0.019 < 0.105 . . . .
5. Find the area inside the lemniscate with polar equation r
2
= 2 cos(2).
Recall that cos() < 0 for /2 < < 3/2, so there is no graph for /4 < <
3/4, since r
2
must be nonnegative. Similarly, there is no graph for 5/4 < <
7/4 for the same reason. The graph is symmetric around the origin (because
of the r
2
) and the x-axis (because of the cos expression), so it suces to nd
the area of the region between the x-axis and the curve for 0 /4, and
multiply by 4. We have
Area = 4
_
/4
0
1
2
r
2
d = 4
_
/4
0
cos(2) d = 4
sin(2)
2

/4
0
= 2.
5
6