Chapter 1

Techniques of Integration
In this chapter we learn the most common integration techniques. These tech-
niques will be explained throughout examples and remarks.
1.1 Integration by substitution
We solve the following problems:
1.
_
x(x
2
+ 4)
6
dx
Solution: Since the derivative of x
2
+4 is 2x which may be considered as
x, we do the substitution x
2
+4 = t 2xdx = dt dx =
dt
2x
. Therefore,
_
x(x
2
+ 4)
6
dx =
_
xt
6
dt
2x
=
1
2
_
t
6
dt =
1
14
t
7
+ C =
1
14
(x
2
+ 4)
7
+ C.
Thus, the idea of integration by substitution is that some quantity and
its derivative both exist. In such a case we let the quantity (not its
derivative) equal t.
2.
_
x+1
x
2
+2x+7
dx
1
Solution: Let x
2
+2x+7 = t 2(x+1)dx = dt dx =
dt
2(x+1)
. Hence,
_
x + 1
x
2
+ 2x + 7
dx =
_
x + 1
t
dt
2(x + 1)
=
1
2
_
1
t
dt
=
1
2
ln |t| + C
=
1
2
ln |x
2
+ 2x + 7| + C.
3.
_
sin

x
dx
Solution: Let

x = t x = t
2
dx = 2tdt. Whence,
_
sin

x
x
dx =
_
sin t
t
2tdt = 2
_
sin t
d
t
= 2 cos t + C = 2 cos

x + C.
4.
_
1
(2x1)
5
dx
Solution 2x 1 = t 2dx = dt dx =
dt
2
. Therefore,
_
1
(2x 1)
5
dx =
_
1
t
5
dt
2
=
1
2
_
t
5
dt =
1
2
t
4
4
+ C
=
1
8
1
(2x 1)
4
+ C.
5.
_
e
sin
cos d
Solution: sin = t cos d = dt d =
dt
cos
. Whence,
_
e
sin
cos d =
_
e
t
cos
dt
cos
=
_
e
t
dt == e
t
+ C
= e
sin
+ C.
6.
_
5 tdt
Solution: 5 t = u dt = du dt = du. Thus,
_

u(du) =
_
u
1/2
du =
2
3
u
3/2
+ C
=
2
3
(5 t)
3/2
+ C.
2
7.
_
x
2
(x
3
+ 5)
9
dx
Solution: x
3
+ 5 = t 3x
2
dx = dt dx =
dt
3x
2
. Thus,
_
x
2
(x
3
+ 5)
9
dx =
_
x
2
t
9
dt
3x
2
=
1
3
_
t
9
dt =
1
3
t
1
0
10
+ C
=
1
30
(x
3
+ 5)
10
+ C.
8.
_
sin tdt
Solution: t = x dt =
dx

,
_
sin tdt =
_
sin x
dx

=
1

(cos x) + C
=
1

cos t + C.
9.
_
(ln x)
2
x
dx
Solution: Let ln x = t
1
x
dx = dt dx = xdt. Thus
_
(ln x)
2
x
dx =
_
t
2
x
xdt =
_
t
2
dt =
t
3
3
+ C
=
1
3
(ln x)
3
+ C.
10.
_
cos sin
6
d
Solution: sin = t cos d = dt d =
dt
cos
. Consequently
_
cos sin
6
d =
_
cos t
6
dt
cos
=
_
t
6
dt =
t
7
7
+ C
=
sin
7

7
+ C.
11.
_
e
x

1 + e
x
dx
Solution: 1 + e
x
= t e
x
dx = dt dx =
dt
e
x
. Hence,
_
e
x

1 + e
x
dx =
_
e
x

t
dt
e
x
=
_

tdt =
2
3
t
3/2
+ c
=
2
3
(1 + e
x
)
3/2
+ C.
3
12.
_
1
xln x
dx
Solution: ln x = t
1
x
dx = dt dx = xdt. Thus,
_
1
x ln x
dx =
_
1
xt
xdt =
_
1
t
dt = ln |t| + C
= ln | ln x| + C.
13.
_
cot x csc
2
xdx
Solution: cot x = t csc
2
xdx = dt dx =
dt
csc
2
x
. Therefore
_

cot x csc
2
xdx =
_

t csc
2
x
dt
csc
2
x
=
_

tdt =
2
3
t
3/2
+ C
=
2
3
(cot x)
3/2
+ C.
14.
_
cot xdx
Solution: We observe that
_
cot xdx =
_
cos x
sin x
dx =
_
1
t
dt = ln |t| + C
= ln | sin x| + C.
15.
_
sec
3
x tan xdx
Solution: sec x = t sec x tan xdx = dt dx =
dt
sec xtanx
. Therefore
_
sec
3
x tan xdx =
_
t
3
tan x
dt
t tan x
=
_
t
2
dt =
t
3
3
+ C =
sec
3
x
3
+ C.
16.
_
x
a

b + cx
a+1
dx
Solution: We see that the derivative of b+cx
a+1
is (a+1)cx
a
. Thus the
substitution b +cx
a+1
= t (a +1)cx
a
dx = dt dx =
dt
(a+1)cx
a
leads to
_
x
a

b + cx
a+1
dx =
_
x
a

t
dt
(a + 1)cx
a
=
1
c(a + 1)
_

tdt
=
1
c(a + 1)
2
3
t
3/2
+ C =
2
3c(a + 1)
(b + cx
a+1
)
3/2
+ C.
4
17.
_
sin t sec
2
(cos t)dt
Solution: cos t = u sin tdt = du dt =
du
sin t
. Thus,
_
sin t sec
2
(cos t)dt =
_
sin t sec
2
(u)
du
sin t
=
_
sec
2
udu
= tan u + C = tan(cos t) + C.
18.
_
1+x
1+x
2
dx
Solution: An immediate substitution will not simplify the problem. A
deep look suggests that we split the top as follows:
_
1 + x
1 + x
2
dx =
_
1
1 + x
2
dx +
_
x
1 + x
2
dx
= arctan(x) +
1
2
ln(x
2
+ 1) + C,
where we have used the fact that
d
dx
(arctan x) =
1
x
2
+1
for the rst integral
and the substitution x
2
+1 = t for the second one. The details are simple
and shall be left to the student.
19.
_
x
4

x+2
dx Solution: Let
4

x + 2 = t x + 2 = t
4
dx = 4t
3
dt. Thus,
_
x
4

x + 2
dx =
_
t
4
2
t
4t
3
dt = 4
_
t
2
(t
4
2)dt
= 4
_
(t
6
2t
2
)dt = 4(
t
7
7

2t
3
3
) + C
= 4
_
(x + 2)
7/4
7

2(x + 2)
3/4
3
_
+ C.
20.
_
arctan x
1+x
2
dx
Solution: Let arctan x = t
1
x
2
+1
dx = dt dx = (x
2
+ 1)dt. Hence,
_
arctan x
1 + x
2
dx =
_
t
1 + x
2
(x
2
+ 1)dt =
_
tdt
=
t
2
2
+ C =
(arctan x)
2
2
+ C.
21.
_

x sin(1 + x
3/2
)dx
5
Solution: 1 + x
3/2
= t
3
2
x
1/2
dx = dt dx =
2
3

x
dt. Hence,
_

x sin(1 + x
3/2
)dx =
_

x sin(t)
2
3

x
dt =
2
3
_
sin tdt
=
2
3
cos t + C =
2
3
cos(1 + x
3/2
) + C.
22.
_
(1 + tan )
5
sec
2
d
Solution: 1 + tan = t sec
2
d = dt d =
dt
sec
2

. Thus
_
(1 + tan )
5
sec
2
d =
_
t
5
sec
2

dt
sec
2

=
_
t
5
dt
=
t
6
6
+ C =
(1 + tan )
6
6
+ C.
23.
_
e
x
e
x
+1
dx
Solution: e
x
+ 1 = t e
x
dx = dt dx =
dt
e
x
. Therefore,
_
e
x
e
x
+ 1
dx =
_
e
x
t
dt
e
x
=
_
1
t
dt = ln |t| + C
= ln(e
x
+ 1) + C.
24.
_
cos(/x)
x
2
dx
Solution: Let /x = t

x
2
dx = dt dx =
x
2
dt

. Therefore,
_
cos(/x)
x
2
dx =
_
cos t
x
2
x
2
dt

=
1

_
cos tdt
=
1

sin t + C =
1

sin(/x) + C.
25.
_
sin x
1+cos
2
x
dx
Solution: Let cos x = t sin xdx = dt dx =
dt
sin x
. Whence,
_
sin x
1 + cos
2
x
dx =
_
sin x
1 + t
2
dt
sin x
=
_
1
1 + t
2
dt
= arctan t + C = arctan(cos x) + C.
26.
_
x
5
3

x
3
+ 1dx
6
Solution: Let x
3
+ 1 = t 3x
2
dx = dt dx =
dt
3x
2
. Thus,
_
x
5
3

x
3
+ 1dx =
_
x
5
3

t
dt
3x
2
=
1
3
_
x
3
3

tdt
=
1
3
_
(t 1)t
1/3
dt =
1
3
_
(t
4/3
t
1/3
)dt
=
1
3
_
t
7/3
7/3

t
4/3
4/3
_
+ C
=
1
3
_
3
7
(x
3
+ 1)
7/3

3
4
(x
3
+ 1)
4/3
_
+ C.
27.
_
x
x
4
+1
dx
Solution: Let x
2
= t 2xdx = dt dx =
dt
2x
. Thus,
_
x
x
4
+ 1
=
_
x
t
2
+ 1
dt
2x
=
1
2
_
1
t
2
+ 1
dt
=
1
2
arctan t + C =
1
2
arctan(x
2
) + C.
28.
_
x
2

1x
dx
Solution: Let

1 x = t 1 x = t
2
dx = 2tdt. Consequently,
_
x
2

1 x
dx =
_
x
2
t
(2tdt) = 2
_
(1 t
2
)
2
dt
= 2
_
(1 2t
2
+ t
4
)dt = 2
_
t
2
3
t
3
+
1
5
t
5
_
+ C
= 2
_

1 x
2
3
_
(1 x)
3
+
1
5
_
(1 x)
5
_
+ C.
29.
_
2
0
(x 1)
25
dx
Solution: Let x 1 = t dx = dt. Hence
_
(x 1)
25
dx =
_
t
25
dt =
t
26
26
+ C =
(x 1)
26
26
+ C.
Therefore,
_
2
0
(x 1)
25
dx =
(x 1)
26
26
_
2
0
=
1
26

1
26
= 0.
7
30.
_

0
sec
2
(t/4)dt
_
sec
2
(t/4)dt = 4 tan(t/4) + C.
Therefore,
_

0
sec
2
(t/4)dt = 4 tan(t/4)]

0
= 4 tan 0 4 tan /4 = 0 1 = 1.
31.
_
1
0
xe
x
2
dx
Solution: Let x
2
= t dx =
dt
2x
. Therefore,
_
xe
x
2
dx =
_
xe
t
dt
2x
=
1
2
_
e
t
dt =
1
2
e
x
2
+ C.
Consequently,
_
1
0
xe
x
2
dx =
1
2
e
x
2
_
1
0
=
1
2
e
1
+
1
2
=
1
2
(1 e
1
).
32.
_
2
2
(x + 3)

4 x
2
dx
Solution:
_
2
2
(x + 3)

4 x
2
dx =
_
2
2
x

4 x
2
dx + 3
_
2
2

4 x
2
dx
=
1
3
_
(4 x
2
)
3
_
2
2
+ 3 the area of a semi circle
whose radius is 2,
where the rst integral has been solved using the substitution 4x
2
= t.
For the second integral: The equation of the circle centered at the origin
with radius 2 is x
2
+ y
2
= 4 y =

4 x
2
. Therefore, the area of
the upper semicircle is given by the area bounded below by the xaxis
and above by the curve y =

4 x
2
. This area may be evaluated by the
second integral. The area of this semicircle is 2. Standard computations
now give:
_
2
2
(x + 3)

4 x
2
dx = 6.
8
33. If f is continuous and
_
4
0
f(x)dx = 10, nd
_
2
0
f(2x)dx.
Solution: Do the substitution 2x = t, and observe that the limits of the
integral must be changed, in the wanted integral to get
_
2
0
f(2x)dx =
1
2
_
4
0
f(t)dt =
1
2
10 = 5.
34. If f is continuous and
_
9
0
f(x)dx = 4, nd
_
3
0
xf(x
2
)dx.
Solution: Let x
2
= t in the wanted integral to get:
_
3
0
xf(x
2
)dx =
1
2
_
9
0
f(t)dt =
1
2
4 = 2.
35. If a and b are positive numbers, show that
_
1
0
x
a
(1 x)
b
dx =
_
1
0
x
b
(1 x)
a
dx.
Solution: Let 1x = t dx = dt. Observe that the limits should be
changed as follows: x = 0 t = 1 0 = 1 and x = 1 t = 1 1 = 0.
Hence
_
1
0
x
a
(1 x)
b
dx =
_
0
1
(1 t)
a
t
b
(dt) =
_
0
1
(1 t)
a
t
b
dt
=
_
1
0
t
b
(1 t)
a
dt
=
_
1
0
x
b
(1 x)
a
dx.
Note: When having denite integrals, the letter used for the variable is
not a big matter. In other words,
_
1
0
t
b
(1 t)
a
dt =
_
1
0
x
b
(1 x)
a
dx.
This observation is not necessarily true when dealing with indenite in-
tegrals!
36. Show that
_

0
xf(sin x)dx =

2
_

0
f(sin x)dx.
9
Solution: Let x = t dx = dt. Hence
_

0
xf(sin x)dx =
_
0

( t)f(sin( t))(dt)
=
_

0
f(sin t)dt
_

0
tf(sin t)dt,
therefore,
_

0
xf(sin x)dx +
_

0
tf(sin t)dt =
_

0
f(sin t)dt
2
_

0
xf(sin x)dx =
_

0
f(sin x)dx

_

0
xf(sin x)dt =

2
_

0
f(sin x)dx.
1.2 Integration by parts
The rule for integration by parts is
_
udv = uv
_
vdu.
This suggests that we divide the integrand into two parts. One (u) to be
dierentiated and the other one (dv) to be integrated.
The following are problems taken from section 8.2, Calculus 8
th
edition,
Howard Anton.
1.
_
xe
2x
dx. Whenever we have a product of a polynomial with an expo-
nential function we do parts if the exponent of the exponential is linear.
If the exponent is not linear we do a substitution.
We let the polynomial = u and the exponential = dv.
Thus,
x e
2x
(dierentiate)
+
(integrate)
1


_
1
2
e
2x
.
10
In this table: The rst column represents the dierentiation process and
the second represents the integral part. Therefore,
_
xe
2x
dx =
1
2
xe
2x

_

1
2
e
2x
dx
=
1
2
xe
2x

1
4
e
2x
+ C.
2.
_
xe
3x
dx. Do similar steps:
x e
3x

+

1


_
1
3
e
3x
to get
_
xe
3x
dx =
1
3
xe
3x

1
3
_
e
3x
dx
= xe
3x

1
9
e
3x
+ C.
3.
_
x
2
e
x
dx. We apply the above steps twice as the table indicates:
x
2
e
x

+

2x e
x

2
+
_
e
x
.
_
x
2
e
x
dx = x
2
e
x
2xe
x
+ 2
_
e
x
dx
= x
2
e
x
2xe
x
+ 2e
x
+ C.
4.
_
x
2
e
2x
dx.
x
2
e
2x

+

2x
1
2
e
2x

2
+
_
1
4
e
2x
.
_
x
2
e
2x
dx =
1
2
x
2
e
2x

1
2
xe
2x
+
1
2
_
e
2x
dx
=
1
2
x
2
e
2x

1
2
xe
2x

1
4
e
2x
+ C.
5.
_
x sin 3xdx
11
When the integrand is a product of a polynomial and a trigonometric
function we let the polynomial = u and the trig. function = dv,
provided that the argument of the trig. function is linear.
Thus:
x sin 3x

+

1
_

1
3
cos 3x
_
x sin 3xdx =
1
3
x cos 3x +
1
3
_
cos 3xdx
=
1
3
x cos 3x +
1
9
sin 3x + C.
6.
_
x cos 2xdx. Similar steps:
x cos 3x

+

1
_

1
2
sin 2x
_
x cos 2xdx =
1
2
x sin 2x
1
2
_
sin 2xdx
=
1
2
x sin 2x +
1
4
cos 2x + C.
7.
_
x
2
cos xdx. We apply integration by parts twice to get:
x
2
cos x

+

2x sin x

2
_
+
cos x
_
x
2
cos xdx = x
2
sin x + 2x cos x 2
_
cos xdx
= x
2
sin x + 2x cos x 2 sin x + C.
8.
_
x
2
sin xdx. Similar steps:
x
2
sin x

+

2x cos x

2
_
+
sin x
_
x
2
sin xdx = x
2
cos x + 2x sin x 2
_
sin xdx
= x
2
cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x + C.
9.
_
x ln xdx.
12
When the integrand is a product of a polynomial and a logarithmic function we let
the polynomial = dv and the logarithm = u as follows:
ln x x

+

1
x

_

1
2
x
2
_
x ln xdx =
1
2
x
2
ln x
1
2
_
xdx
=
1
2
x
2
ln x
1
4
x
2
+ C.
10.
_

x ln xdx.
ln x

x

+

1
x

_

2
3
x
3/2
_

x ln xdx =
2
3
x
3/2
ln x
2
3
_

xdx
=
2
3
x
3/2
ln x
4
9
x
3/2
+ C.
11.
_
(ln x)
2
dx
(ln x)
2
1

+

2 ln x
x

_

x
_
(ln x)
2
dx = x(ln x)
2
2
_
ln xdx
= x(ln x)
2
2(x ln x x) + C.
We used the fact ln xdx = x ln x x + C. This can be done using
integration by parts.
12.
_
ln x

x
dx
ln x x
1/2

+

1
x

_

2x
1/2
_
ln x

x
dx = 2

x ln x 2
_
x
1/2
dx
= 2

x ln x 4

x + C.
13
13.
_
ln(3x2)dx
ln(3x 2) 1

+

3
3x2

_

x
_
ln(3x 2)dx = x ln(3x 2)
_
3x
3x 2
dx
= x ln(3x 2)
_
3x 2 + 2
3x 2
dx
= x ln(3x 2)
_
dx
_
2
3x 2
dx
= x ln(3x 2) x
2
3
ln(3x 2) + C.
14.
_
ln(x
2
+4)dx
ln(x
2
+ 4) 1

+

2x
x
2
+4

_

x
_
ln(x
2
+ 4)dx = x ln(x
2
+ 4)
_
2x
2
x
2
+ 4
dx
= x ln(x
2
+ 4) 2
_ _
1
4
x
2
+ 4
_
dx
= x ln(x
2
+ 4) 2
_
x arctan(
1
2
x)
_
+ C.
15.
_
arcsin xdx
arcsin x 1

+

1x
2

_
x
_
arcsin xdx = x arcsin x
_
x

1 x
2
dx
= x arcsin x +

1 x
2
+ C,
where we have used a substitution in the last integral.
16.
_
arccos(2x)dx.
arccos(2x) 1

+

14x
2

_

x
_
arccos(2x)dx = x arccos(2x) +
_
2x

1 4x
2
dx
= x arccos(2x)
1
2

1 4x
2
+ C
17.
_
arctan(3x)dx
arctan(3x) 1

+

3
9x
2
+1

_

x
14
_
arctan(3x)dx = x arctan(3x)
_
3x
9x
2
+ 1
dx
= x arctan(3x)
1
6
ln(9x
2
+ 1) + C.
18.
_
x arctan xdx
arctan x x

+

1
x
2
+1

_

x
2
2
_
x arctan xdx =
1
2
x
2
arctan x
1
2
_
x
2
x
2
+ 1
dx
=
1
2
x
2
arctan x
1
2
_ _
1
1
x
2
+ 1
_
dx
=
1
2
x
2
arctan x
1
2
(x arctan x) + C.
19.
_
e
x
sin xdx
sin x e
x

+

cos x e
x

sin x
_
+
e
x
_
e
x
sin xdx = e
x
sin x e
x
cos x
_
e
x
sin xdx.
Thus, we have
_
e
x
sin xdx on both sides. Collect it in one side:
2
_
e
x
sin xdx = e
x
(sin x cos x) + C

_
e
x
sin xdx =
1
2
e
x
(sin x cos x) + C.
20.
_
e
3x
cos(2x)dx
cos(2x) e
3x

+

2 sin x
1
3
e
3x

4 cos(2x)
_
+
1
9
e
3x
_
e
3x
cos(2x)dx =
1
3
e
3x
cos(2x) +
2
9
e
3x
sin(2x)
4
9
_
e
3x
cos(2x)dx.
Similar idea to the above:
13
9
_
e
3x
cos(2x)dx = e
3x
_
1
3
cos(2x) +
2
9
sin(2x)
_
+ C

_
e
3x
cos(2x)dx =
9
13
e
3x
_
1
3
cos(2x) +
2
9
sin(2x)
_
+ C
15
21.
_
e
ax
sin(bx)dx
sin(bx) e
ax

+

b cos(bx)
1
a
e
ax

b
2
sin x
_
+
1
a
2
e
ax
_
e
ax
sin(bx)dx =
1
a
e
ax
sin(bx)
b
a
2
e
ax
cos(bx)
b
2
a
2
_
e
ax
sin(bx)dx;
hence,
_
1 +
b
2
a
2
__
e
ax
sin(bx)dx = e
ax
_
1
a
sin(bx)
b
a
2
cos(bx)
_
+ C

_
e
ax
sin(bx)dx =
a
2
a
2
+ b
2
e
ax
_
1
a
sin(bx)
b
a
2
cos(bx)
_
+ C.
22.
_
e
3
sin(5)d. Apply the above ideas!
23.
_
sin(ln x)dx.
Whenever the argument of a trig. function is not linear
we start by substituting this argument.
Thus
ln x = t dx = xdt dx = e
t
dt
_
sin(ln x) =
_
sin(t) e
t
dt =
_
e
t
sin tdt
=
1
2
e
t
(sin t cos t) + C
=
1
2
e
ln x
(sin(ln x) cos(ln x)) + C
=
1
2
x (sin(ln x) cos(ln x)) + C.
24.
_
cos(ln x)dx. Similar to the above!
25.
_
x sec
2
xdx
x sec
2
x

+

1
_

tan x
16
_
x sec
2
xdx = x tan x
_
tan xdx
= x tan x ln |secx| + C.
Reminder: Recall that
_
tan xdx =
_
sin x
cos x
dx
may be done by doing the substitution cos x = t.
26.
_
x tan
2
xdx
x tan
2
x

+

1
_

tan x x
_
x tan
2
xdx = x(tan x x)
_
(tan x x) dx
= x(tan x x)
_
ln | sec x|
x
2
2
_
+ C.
27.
_
x
3
e
x
2
dx
Whenever the exponent of e is not linear, we substitute it!
Thus,
x
2
= t dx =
dt
2x
makes
_
x
3
e
x
2
dx =
_
x
3
e
t
dt
2x
=
1
2
_
te
t
dt =
1
2
e
t
(t 1) + C
=
1
2
e
x
2
(x
2
1) + C.
Note: We used integration by parts to do
_
te
t
dt. The details are left to
the student.
28.
_
xe
x
(x+1)
2
dx.
xe
x
(x + 1)
2

+

(x + 1)e
x

(x + 1)
1
_
xe
x
(x + 1)
2
dx =
xe
x
x + 1
+
_
e
x
dx
=
xe
x
x + 1
+ e
x
+ C =
e
x
x + 1
+ C.
29.
_
2
0
xe
2x
dx. We do
_
xe
2x
dx by parts and then we plug the limits:
17
x e
2x

+

1
_

1
2
e
2x
_
xe
2x
dx =
1
2
xe
2x

1
2
_
e
2x
dx
=
1
2
xe
2x

1
4
e
2x
+ C.
Therefore,
_
2
0
xe
2x
dx = e
2x
_
1
2
x
1
4
__
2
0
=
3
4
e
4

1
4
=
1
4
(3e
4
+ 1).
30.
_
1
0
xe
5x
dx
x e
5x

+

1
_

1
5
e
5x
_
xe
5x
dx =
1
5
xe
5x

1
25
e
5x
+ C,
therefore,
_
1
0
xe
5x
dx = e
5x
_
1
5
x
1
25
__
1
0
=
6
25
e
5

1
25
=
1
25
(1 6e
5
).
31.
_
e
1
x
2
ln xdx
ln x x
2

+

1
x

_

x
3
3
_
x
2
ln xdx =
x
3
3
ln x
1
9
x
3
+ C,
therefore,
_
e
1
x
2
ln xdx =
_
1
3
ln x
1
9
_
x
3
_
e
1
=
2
9
e
3

1
9
=
1
9
(1 + 2e
3
).
32.
_
e

e
ln x
x
2
dx
ln x
1
x
2

+

1
x

_

1
x
_
ln x
x
2
dx =
1
x
ln x +
_
1
x
2
dx
=
1
x
ln x
1
x
+ C,
18
therefore,
_
e

e
ln x
x
2
dx =
1
x
(ln x + 1)
_
e

e
=
2
e
+
3
2

e
.
33.
_
1
1
ln(x+2)dx
ln(x + 2) 1

+

1
x+2

_

x + 2
_
ln(x + 2)dx = (x + 2) ln(x + 2) x + C,
therefore,
_
1
1
ln(x + 2)dx = (x + 2) ln(x + 2) x]
1
1
= 3 ln 3 1 1 = 3 ln 3 2.
34.
_

3/2
0
arcsin xdx. We have seen that
_
arcsin xdx = x arcsin x +

1 x
2
+ C.
For the details see problem 15. Thus,
_

3/2
0
arcsin xdx = x arcsin x +

1 x
2
_

3/2
0
=

3
2
arcsin(

3/2) +
_
1/4 (0 + 1)
=

3
6

1
2
.
35.
_
4
2
sec
1
(

)d
sec
1

1

+

1
2

1

_

_
sec
1

d = sec
1

1
2
_
1

1
d
= sec
1

1 + C.
Therefore,
_
4
2
sec
1
(

)d = sec
1

1
_
4
2
= 2 sec
1
2

3 2 sec
1

2 + 1
=
2
3

3
2
4
+ 1
=

6
+ 1

3.
19
36.
_
2
1
x sec
1
xdx
37.
_

0
x sin 2xdx
38.
_

0
(x + x cos x)dx
39.
_
3
1

x tan
1

xdx
tan
1

x

x

+

1
2

x(x
2
+1)

_

1
2

x
_

x tan
1

xdx =
tan
1

x
2

x

1
4
_
1
x(x
2
+ 1)
dx
=
tan
1

x
2

x

1
4
_
1 + x
2
x
2
x(x
2
+ 1)
dx
=
tan
1

x
2

x

1
4
_ _
1
x

x
x
2
+ 1
_
dx
=
tan
1

x
2

x

1
4
_
ln |x|
1
2
ln(x
2
+ 1)
_
+ C.
Hence,
_
3
1

x tan
1

xdx =
tan
1

x
2

x

1
4
_
ln |x|
1
2
ln(x
2
+ 1)
__
3
1
=
_
tan
1

3
2

1
4
_
ln 3
1
2
ln 10
_
_

_
tan
1
1
2

1
4

1
2
ln 2
_
= ......
40.
_
2
0
ln(x
2
+ 1)dx.
41. (a)
_
e

x
dx
Let

x = t x = t
2
dx = 2tdt.
Hence,
_
e

x
dx =
_
e
t
2tdt = 2
_
te
t
dt
= 2(te
t
e
t
) + C
= 2e

x
(

x 1) + C.
(b)
_
cos

xdx
20

x = t x = t
2
dx = 2tdt.
_
cos

xdx = 2
_
t cos tdt
= 2(t sin t + cos t) + C
= 2(

x sin

x + cos

x) + C
58. In each part, use integration by parts or other methods to derive the
reduction formula:
(a)
_
sec
n
xdx =
sec
n2
x tan x
n 1
+
n 2
n 1
_
sec
n1
xdx.
sec
n2
x sec
2
x

+

(n 2) sec
n2
x tan x
_

tan x
_
sec
n
xdx = sec
n2
x tan x (n 2)
_
sec
n2
x tan
2
xdx
= sec
n2
x tan x (n 2)
_
sec
n2
x(sec
2
x 1)dx
= sec
n2
x tan x (n 2)
_
sec
n
xdx + (n 2)
_
sec
n2
xdx,
hence
_
sec
n
xdx + (n 2)
_
sec
n
xdx = sec
n2
x tan x + (n 2)
_
sec
n2
xdx
(n 1)
_
sec
n
xdx = sec
n2
x tan x + (n 2)
_
sec
n2
xdx

_
sec
n
xdx =
sec
n2
x tan x
n 1
+
n 2
n 1
_
sec
n2
xdx.
(b)
_
tan
n
xdx =
tan
n1
x
n 1

_
tan
n2
xdx.
21
_
tan
n
xdx =
_
tan
n2
x tan
2
xdx =
_
tan
n2
x(sec
2
x 1)dx
=
_
tan
n2
x sec
2
xdx
_
tan
n2
xdx
=
tan
n1
x
n 1

_
tan
n2
xdx,
where we have used the substitution tan x = t to do the integral
_
tan
n2
x sec
2
xdx.
(c)
_
x
n
e
x
dx = x
n
e
x
n
_
x
n1
e
x
dx.
Integrate by parts:
x
n
e
x

+

nx
n1

e
x
_
x
n
e
x
dx = x
n
e
x
n
_
x
n1
e
x
dx.
1.3 Trigonometric Integrals
1.
_
cos
3
x sin xdx. Since the derivative of cos x is sin x which is a part of
the integrand we do the substitution:
cos x = t sin xdx = dt dx =
dt
sin x
.
Thus,
_
cos
3
x sin xdx =
_
t
3
sin x
dt
sin x
=
_
t
3
dt =
t
4
4
+ C
=
cos
4
x
4
+ C.
2.
_
sin
5
3x cos 3xdx.
22
sin 3x = t 3 cos 3xdx = dt dx =
dt
3 cos 3x
.
Hence
_
sin
5
3x cos 3xdx =
_
t
5
cos 3x
dt
3 cos 3x
dx =
1
3
_
t
5
dt
=
1
18
t
18
+ C =
1
18
sin
6
3x + C.
3.
_
sin
2
5xdx.
To do the integral
_
sin
even
xdx we use the identity sin
2
x =
1
2
(1 cos 2x).
Thus,
_
sin
2
5xdx =
1
2
_
(1 cos 10x)dx
=
1
2
_
x
sin 10x
10
_
+ C.
4.
_
cos
2
3xdx.
To do
_
cos
even
xdx we use the identity cos
2
x =
1
2
(1 + cos 2x).
Thus,
_
cos
2
3xdx =
1
2
_
(1 + cos 6x)dx
=
1
2
_
x +
sin 6x
6
_
+ C.
5.
_
sin
3
axdx.
To do
_
sin
odd
xdx we let cos x = t dx =
dt
sin x
and then we use the identity
sin
2
x = 1 cos
2
x = 1 t
2
.
23
Let cos ax = t dx =
dt
a sin ax
(a = 0),
_
sin
3
axdx =
_
sin
3
ax
dt
a sin ax
=
1
a
_
sin
2
axdt =
1
a
_
(1 cos
2
ax)dt
=
1
a
_
(1 t
2
)dt =
1
a
(t t
3
/3) + C
=
1
a
_
cos ax
cos
3
ax
3
_
+ C.
6.
_
cos
3
atdt. Let sin at = x dt =
dx
a cos at
, hence
_
cos
3
atdt =
_
cos
3
at
dx
a cos at
=
1
a
_
cos
2
atdx
=
1
a
_
(1 sin
2
at)dx =
1
a
_
(1 x
2
)dx
=
1
a
(x x
3
/3) + C =
1
a
_
sin at
sin
3
at
3
_
+ C.
7.
_
sin ax cos axdx. Let sin ax = t a cos axdx = dt dx =
1
a cos ax
dt,
hence
_
sin ax cos axdx =
_
t cos ax
1
a cos ax
dt
=
1
a
_
tdt =
1
2a
t
2
+ C
=
1
2a
sin
2
ax + C.
8.
_
sin
3
x cos
3
xdx.
To do
_
sin
odd
x cos
odd
xdx we let the trig. function whose power is bigger equal t.
Thus, let sin x = t cos xdx = dt dx =
dt
cos x
, hence
_
sin
3
x cos
3
xdx =
_
t
3
cos
3
x
dt
cos x
=
_
t
3
cos
2
xdt
=
_
t
3
(1 t
2
)dt =
_
(t
3
t
5
)dt
=
_
t
4
4

t
6
6
_
+ C
=
_
sin
4
x
4

sin
6
x
6
_
+ C.
24
9.
_
sin
2
t cos
3
tdt.
To do
_
sin
even
x cos
odd
xdx we let sin x = t,
then we use cos
2
x = 1 sin
2
x = 1 t
2
.
Thus,
_
sin
2
x cos
3
xdx =
_
t
2
cos
3
x
dt
cos x
=
_
t
2
cos
2
xdt
=
_
t
2
(1 sin
2
x)dt =
_
t
2
(1 t
2
)dt
= t
3
/3 t
5
/5 + C =
sin
3
x
3

sin
5
x
5
+ C.
10.
_
sin
3
x cos
2
xdx
To do
_
sin
odd
x cos
even
xdx we let cos x = t dx =
1
sin x
dt
then we use sin
2
x = 1 cos
2
x = 1 t
2
.
Thus
_
sin
3
x cos
2
xdx =
_
sin
3
xt
2
dt
sin x
=
_
sin
2
xt
2
dt
=
_
(1 t
2
)t
2
dt =
_
t
3
3

t
5
5
_
+ C
=
_
cos
3
x
3

cos
5
x
5
_
+ C.
11.
_
sin
2
x cos
2
xdx.
To do
_
sin
even
x cos
even
xdx, we use the identities
sin
2
x =
1
2
(1 cos 2x), cos
2
x =
1
2
(1 + cos 2x).
Thus,
_
sin
2
x cos
2
xdx =
_
1
2
(1 cos 2x)
1
2
(1 + cos 2x)dx
=
1
4
_
(1 cos
2
2x)dx =
1
4
_
sin
2
2xdx
=
1
4
_
1
2
(1 cos 4x)dx
=
1
8
_
x
sin 4x
4
_
+ C.
25
12.
_
sin
2
x cos
4
xdx. Apply the above remark,
_
sin
2
x cos
4
xdx =
_
1
2
(1 cos 2x)
_
1
2
(1 + cos 2x)
_
2
dx
=
1
8
_
(1 cos 2x)(1 + cos 2x)(1 + cos 2x)dx
=
1
8
_
(1 cos
2
2x)(1 + cos 2x)dx
=
1
8
_
sin
2
2x(1 + cos 2x)dx
=
1
8
_
(sin
2
2x + sin
2
2x cos 2x)dx.
Now, for
_
sin
2
2xdx =
1
2
_
(1 cos 4x)dx =
1
2
_
x
sin 4x
4
_
+ C.
For
_
sin
2
2x cos 2xdx we let sin 2x = t to get
_
sin
2
2x cos 2xdx =
1
6
sin
3
2x + C.
Thus
_
sin
2
x cos
4
xdx =
1
8
_
1
2
_
x
sin 4x
4
_
+
1
6
sin
3
2x
_
+ C.
13.
_
sin 2x cos 3xdx.
To do integrals of the form
_
sin ax cos bxdx we use the identity
sin ax cos bx =
1
2
[sin(a + b)x + sin(a b)x] .
Thus
_
sin 2x cos 3xdx =
1
2
_
[sin 5x + sin(x)] dx
=
1
2
_
cos 5x
5
+ cos x
_
+ C.
14.
_
sin 3x cos 2xdx. We do similar steps:
_
sin 3x cos 2xdx =
1
2
[sin 5x + sin x] dx
=
1
2
_
cos 5x
5
cos x
_
+ C.
26
15.
_
sin x cos(x/2)dx. Apply the above identity:
_
sin x cos(x/2)dx =
1
2
_
[sin(3x/2) + sin(x/2)] dx
=
1
2
_

cos(3x/2)
3/2

cos(x/2)
1/2
_
+ C.
16.
_
cos
1/3
x sin xdx. Do the substitution:
cos x = t dx =
dt
sin x
Thus
_
cos
1/3
x sin xdx =
_
t
1/3
sin x
dt
sin x
=
3
4
t
4/3
+ C =
3
4
cos
4/3
x + C.
17.
_
/2
0
cos
3
xdx.
To do
_
cos
odd
xdx we let sin x = t dx =
dt
cos x
.
Therefore,
_
cos
3
xdx =
_
cos
3
x
dt
cos x
=
_
cos
2
xdt =
_
(1 t
2
)dt
= t
t
3
3
+ C = sin x
sin
3
x
3
+ C.
Hence,
_
/2
0
cos
3
xdx = sin x
sin
3
x
3
_
/2
0
=
2
3
0 =
2
3
.
27
18.
_
/2
0
sin
2
x
2
cos
2
x
2
dx =
_
/2
0
1
2
(1 cos x)
1
2
(1 + cos x)dx
=
1
4
_
/2
0
(1 cos
2
x)dx
=
1
4
_
/2
0
sin
2
xdx
=
1
4
1
2
_
(1 cos 2x)dx
=
1
8
_
x
sin 2x
2
__
/2
0
=

16
.
19.
_
/3
0
sin
4
3x cos
3
3xdx. We do the substitution
sin 3x = t dx =
dt
3 cos x
.
_
sin
4
3x cos
3
3xdx =
_
t
4
cos
3
3x
dt
3 cos 3x
=
1
3
_
t
4
cos
2
3xdx
=
1
3
_
t
4
(1 t
2
)dt =
1
3
_
t
5
5

t
7
7
_
+ C
=
1
3
_
sin
5
3x
5

sin
7
3x
7
_
+ C.
Therefore,
_
/3
0
sin
4
3x cos
3
3xdx =
1
3
_
sin
5
3x
5

sin
7
3x
7
__
/3
0
= 0.
20.
_

cos
2
5xdx.
_
cos
2
5xdx =
1
2
_
(1 + cos 10x)dx
=
1
2
_
x +
sin 10x
10
_
+ C.
Hence
_

cos
2
5xdx =
1
2
_
x +
sin 10x
10
__

= .
28
21.
_
/6
0
sin 4x cos 2xdx.
_
sin 4x cos 2xdx =
1
2
_
[sin 6x + sin 2x] dx
=
1
2
_
cos 6x
6

sin 2x
2
_
+ C.
Thus
_
/6
0
sin 4x cos 2xdx =
1
2
_
cos 6x
6

sin 2x
2
_
/6
0
=
1
2
_
1
6

3
4
_

1
2
[
1
6
0]
=
1
6

3
4
.
22.
_
2
0
sin
2
kxdx.
_
sin
2
kxdx =
1
2
_
(1 cos 2kx)dx
=
1
2
_
x
sin 2kx
2k
_
+ C.
Hence,
_
2
0
sin
2
kxdx =
1
2
_
x
sin 2kx
2k
__
2
0
= .
23.
_
sec
2
(2x 1)dx. Doing the substitution 2x 1 = t yields
_
sec
2
(2x
1)dx =
1
2
tan(2x 1) + C.
24.
_
tan 5xdx =
_
sin 5x
cos 5x
dx. doing the substitution cos 5x = t yields
1
5
_
tan 5xdx = ln | sec 5x| + C.
25.
_
e
x
tan(e
x
)dx. Do the substitution e
x
= t to get
_
e
x
tan(e
x
)dx =
_
tan tdt = ln | sec t| + C = ln | sec(e
x
)| + C.
29
26.
_
cot 3xdx =
_
cos 3x
sin 3x
dx. Do the substitution cos 3x = t to get
_
cot 3xdx =
_
cos 3x
t
dt
3 cos 3x
=
1
3
ln |t| + C =
1
3
ln | sin 3x| + C.
27.
_
sec 4xdx. We multiply with and divide by sec 4x + tan 4x to get
_
sec 4xdx =
_
sec 4x(sec 4x + tan 4x)
sec 4x + tan 4x
dx
=
_
sec
2
4x + sec 4x tan 4x
tan 4x + sec 4x
dx
=
1
4
ln | sec 4x + tan 4x| + C,
where we have used the substitution sec 4x + tan 4x = t in the last
integral.
28.
_
sec

x
dx. Do the substitution

x = t x = t
2
dx = 2tdt.
Therefore
_
sec

x
dx = 2
_
sec tdt = 2
_
sect(sec t + tan t)
sec t + tan t
dt
= 2 ln | sec t + tan t| + C = 2 ln | sec

x + tan

x| + C.
29.
_
tan
2
x sec
2
xdx. Do the substitution:
tan x = t sec
2
xdx = dt dx =
dt
sec
2
x
.
Hence
_
tan
2
x sec
2
xdx =
_
t
2
sec
2
x
dt
sec
2
x
=
_
t
2
dt
=
t
3
3
+ C =
tan
3
x
3
+ C.
30.
_
tan
5
x sec
4
xdx.
30
To do integrals of the form
_
tan
odd
x sec
even
xdx, do one of the substitutions
tan x = t or sec x = t.
Let us do tan x = t sec
2
xdx = dt dx =
dt
sec
2
x
. Hence
_
tan
5
x sec
4
xdx =
_
t
5
sec
4
x
dt
sec
2
x
=
_
t
5
sec
2
xdt
=
_
t
5
(tan
2
x + 1)dt =
_
t
5
(t
2
+ 1)dt
=
t
8
8
+
t
6
6
+ C
=
tan
8
x
8
+
tan
6
x
6
+ C.
31.
_
tan 4x sec
4
4xdx. Similar to the above. Lets do
sec 4x = t dx =
dt
4 sec 4x tan 4x
=
dt
4t tan 4x
.
Hence,
_
tan 4x sec
4
4xdx =
1
4
_
tan 4xt
4
dt
t tan 4x
=
1
4
_
t
3
dt
=
1
4
t
4
4
+ C =
sec
4
4x
16
+ C.
32.
_
tan
4
x sec
4
xdx.
To do
_
tan
even
x sec
even
xdx we let tan x = t, then we
use the identity sec
2
x = tan
2
x + 1.
Thus,
_
tan
4
x sec
4
xdx =
_
t
4
sec
4
x
dt
sec
2
x
=
_
t
4
sec
2
xdt
=
_
t
4
(tan
2
x + 1)dt =
_
t
4
(t
2
+ 1)dt
=
t
7
7
+
t
5
5
+ C =
tan
7
x
7
+
tan
5
x
5
+ C.
33.
_
sec
5
x tan
3
xdx.
31
To do integrals of the form
_
tan
odd
x sec
odd
xdx we use the substitution
sec x = t then we use the identity tan
2
x = sec
2
x 1.
Whence
_
sec
5
x tan
3
xdx =
_
t
5
tan
3
x
dt
sec x tan x
=
_
t
5
tan
3
x
dt
t tan x
=
_
t
4
tan
2
xdt =
_
t
4
(sec
2
x 1)dt
=
_
t
4
(t
2
1)dt =
t
7
7

t
5
5
+ C
=
sec
7
x
7

sec
5
x
5
+ C.
34. tan
5
x sec xdx. Same as above: sec x = t secx tan xdx = dt dx =
dt
ttan x
. Hence
_
tan
5
x sec xdx =
_
tan
5
xt
dt
t tan x
=
_
tan
4
xdt
=
_
(tan
2
x)
2
dt =
_
(sec
2
x 1)
2
dt =
_
(t
2
1)
2
dt
=
_
(t
4
2t
2
+ 1)dt =
t
5
5

2t
3
3
+ t + C
=
sec
5
x
5

2 sec
3
x
3
+ sec x + C.
35.
_
tan
4
x sec xdx.
For integrals of the form
_
tan
even
x sec
odd
xdx we replace each tan
2
x with sec
2
x 1
in order to get an integral involving only powers of sec x.
Thus
_
tan
4
x sec xdx =
_
(tan
2
x)
2
sec xdx =
_
(sec
2
x 1)
2
sec xdx
=
_
(sec
4
x 2 sec
2
x + 1) sec xdx
=
_
(sec
5
x 2 sec
3
x + sec x)dx. (1.3.1)
32
Each of these three integrals has the form
_
sec
odd
xdx. For
_
sec xdx see
example 27 above. Thus
_
sec xdx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C.
Now,
To do integrals of the form
_
sec
odd>1
xdx we use integration by parts.
sec
2
x = dv and the rest is u.
Thus, for
_
sec
3
xdx we use sec
2
x = dv, sec x = u:
sec x sec
2
x

+

sec x tan x
_

tan x
Therefore
_
sec
3
xdx = sec x tan x
_
sec x tan
2
xdx
= sec x tan x
_
sec x(sec
2
x 1)dx
= sec x tan x
_
sec
3
xdx +
_
sec xdx
thus, the term
_
sec
3
x appears on both sides. Collect it to get
2
_
sec
3
xdx = sec x tan x +
_
sec xdx

_
sec
3
xdx =
1
2
(sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x|) + C.
It remains to do
_
sec
5
xdx. This may be done in a similar way:
sec
3
x sec
2
x

+

3 sec
3
xtanx
_

tanx
_
sec
5
xdx = sec
3
xtanx 3
_
sec
3
xtan
2
xdx
= sec
3
xtanx 3
_
sec
3
x(sec
2
x 1)dx
where we have used the idea for doing integrals of the form
_
sec
odd
x tan
even
xdx
in the last line. Thus
_
sec
5
xdx = sec
3
x tan x 3
_
sec
5
xdx + 3
_
sec
3
xdx.
33
We have
_
sec
5
xdx on both sides, collect it. Also we have
_
sec
3
xdx
which has been done above:
4
_
sec
5
xdx = sec
3
x tan x +
3
2
(sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x|) + C

_
sec
5
xdx =
1
4
_
sec
3
x tan x +
3
2
(sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x|)
_
+ C.
Thus, collecting the terms needed to do 1.3.1 we see that:
_
tan
4
x sec xdx =
1
4
_
sec
3
x tan x +
3
2
(sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x|)
_
(sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x|) + ln | sec x + tan x| + C.
36.
_
tan
2
x sec
3
xdx. Since the power of tan is even and that of sec is odd
we may apply the remark above to get
_
tan
2
x sec
3
xdx =
_
(sec
2
x 1) sec
3
xdx
=
_
sec
5
xdx
_
sec
3
xdx
=
1
4
_
sec
3
x tan x +
3
2
(sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x|)
_

1
2
(sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x|) + C,
where we have used the formulae of
_
sec
5
xdx and
_
sec
3
xdx made in
the above example.
37.
_
tan t sec
3
tdt. Since both powers are odd we let sec t = x sec t tan tdt =
dx dt =
dx
xtant
. Thus
_
tan t sec
3
tdt =
_
tan tx
3
dx
x tan t
=
_
x
2
dx =
x
3
3
+ C =
sec
3
t
3
+ C.
38. tan x sec
5
xdx. Same as above:
_
tan x sec
5
xdx =
_
tan xt
5
dt
t tan x
=
_
t
4
dt =
t
5
5
+ C =
sec
5
x
5
+ C.
34
39.
_
sec
4
xdx.
To do integrals of the form
_
sec
even
xdx we let tan x = t.
tan x = t dx =
dt
sec
2
x
and sec
2
x = t
2
+ 1. Therefore
_
sec
4
xdx =
_
sec
4
x
dt
sec
2
x
=
_
sec
2
xdt
=
_
(t
2
+ 1)dt =
t
3
3
+ t + C
=
tan
3
x
3
+ tan x + C.
40.
_
sec
5
xdx. This has been done in example 35.
41.
_
tan
3
4xdx.
For integrals of the form
_
tan
any power>1
xdx we separate a tan
2
xdx
and replace it by sec
2
x 1. We repeat this until the problem is solved!
_
tan
3
4xdx =
_
tan 4x(tan
2
4x)dx =
_
tan 4x(sec
2
4x 1)dx
=
_
tan 4x sec
2
4xdx
_
tan 4xdx
=
1
4
tan
2
4x
1
4
ln | sec 4x| + C
where we have used the substitutions tan 4x = t and cos 4x = t, respec-
tively, to do the last two integrals.
42.
_
tan
4
xdx. Same idea as above:
_
tan
4
xdx =
_
tan
2
x tan
2
xdx =
_
tan
2
x(sec
2
x 1)dx
=
_
tan
2
x sec
2
xdx
_
tan
2
xdx
=
_
tan
2
x sec
2
xdx
_
(sec
2
x 1)dx
=
1
3
tan
3
x (tan x x) + C.
35
43.
_
tan x sec
4
xdx. Do the substitution
tan x = t sec
2
xdx = dt dx =
dt
sec
2
x
.
Hence
_

tan x sec
4
xdx =
_

t sec
4
x
dt
sec
2
x
=
_

t sec
2
xdt =
_

t(tan
2
x + 1)dt
=
_

t(t
2
+ 1)dt =
2
7
t
7/2
+
2
3
t
3/2
+ C
=
2
7
tan
7/2
x +
2
3
tan
3/2
x + C.
44.
_
tan x sec
3/2
xdx. Do the substitution
sec x = t sec x tan xdx = dt
dt
t tan x
hence
_
tan x sec
3/2
xdx =
_
tan xt
3/2
dt
t tan x
=
_

tdt =
2
3
t
3/2
+ C =
2
3
sec
3/2
x + C.
45.
_
/8
0
tan
2
2xdx =
_
/8
0
(sec
2
2x 1)dx
=
1
2
tan 2x x
_
/8
0
=
1
2


8
.
46.
_
/6
0
sec
3
2x tan 2xdx =
1
6
sec
3
2x
_
/6
0
=
7
6
.
36
47.
_
/2
0
tan
5 x
2
dx.
_
tan
5
xdx =
_
tan
3
x(sec
2
x 1)dx
=
_
tan
3
x sec
2
xdx
_
tan
3
xdx
=
1
4
tan
4
x
_
tan x(sec
2
x 1)dx
=
1
4
tan
4
x
1
2
tan
2
x + ln | sec x| + C.
Hence
_
tan
5
x
2
dx =
1
2
_
1
4
tan
4
x
2

1
2
tan
2
x
2
+ ln | sec
x
2
_
+ C,
which gives
_
/2
0
tan
5
x
2
dx =
1
2
_
1
4
tan
4
x
2

1
2
tan
2
x
2
+ ln | sec
x
2
|
_
/2
0
=
1
2
(
1
4
+ ln

2).
48.
_
1/4
0
sec x tan xdx =
1

sec x
_
1/4
0
=
1

(1

2).
49.
_
cot
3
x csc
3
xdx. Do the substitution
csc x = t csc x cot xdx = dt dx =
dt
t cot x
.
Hence
_
csc
3
x cot
3
xdx =
_
t
3
cot
3
x
dt
t cot x
=
_
t
2
cot
2
xdt
=
_
t
2
(t
2
1)dt =
_
t
5
5

t
3
3
_
+ C
=
_
csc
5
x
5

csc
3
x
3
_
+ C.
37
50.
_
cot
2
3x sec 3xdx =
_
cos
2
3x
sin
2
3x
1
cos 3x
dx
=
_
cos 3x
sin
2
3x
dx =
_
cot 3x csc 3xdx
=
1
3
csc 3x + C.
51.
_
cot
3
xdx =
_
cot x cot
2
xdx =
_
cot x(csc
2
x 1)dx
=
_
cot x csc
2
xdx
_
cot xdx
=
cot
2
x
2
ln | sin x| + C.
52.
_
csc
4
xdx. Lett
cot x = t csc
2
xdx = dt dx =
dt
csc
2
x
.
Hence
_
csc
4
xdx =
_
csc
4
x
dt
csc
2
x
=
_
csc
2
xdt
=
_
(t
2
+ 1)dt =
_
t
3
3
+ t
_
+ C
=
_
cot
3
x
3
+ cot x
_
+ C.
53. Let m and n be distinct integers, show that
(a)
_
2
0
sin mxcos nxdx = 0. Use the identity
sin a cos b =
1
2
[sin(a b) + sin(a + b)].
38
_
2
0
sin mxcos nxdx =
1
2
_
2
0
[sin(mn)x + sin(m + n)x] dx
=
1
2
_

cos(mn)x
mn

cos(m + n)x
m + n
_
2
0
=
1
2
_

1
mn

1
m + n
_

1
2
_

cos(mn)2
mn

cos(m + n)2
m + n
_
=
1
2
_

1
mn

1
m + n
_

1
2
_

1
mn

1
m + n
_
= 0.
(b)
_
cos mx cos nxdx = 0. Use the identity
cos a cos b =
1
2
[cos(a b) + cos(a + b)]
and apply similar ideas as above.
(c)
_
sin mxsin nxdx = 0. Use the identity
sin a sin b =
1
2
[cos(a b) cos(a + b)]
and apply similar ideas as above.
54. Solve
_
sin nxcos mxdx when n = m = 0. Lets denote m and n both by
a so that we have
_
sin nxcos mxdx =
_
sin ax cos axdx
=
1
2a
sin
2
ax + C,
where we have used the substitution sin ax = t to do the last integral.
39
1.4 Trigonometric substitution
The idea of this section is to compare some algebraic quantities with one of
the following trigonometric identities:
1 sin
2
t = cos
2
t,
1 + tan
2
t = sec
2
t,
sec
2
t 1 = tan
2
t.
We shall use the symbol to say that two quantities look like each other. For
instance, 1 x
2
1 sin
2
t, 2 3x
2
1 sin
2
t, x
2
+ 3 tan
2
t + 1 and
x
2
3 sec
2
t 1.
The examples illustrate how to choose the suitable substitution once a similar
term has been found.
The following remark should be emphasized before proceeding:
We know that

cos
2
t = | cos t|. In the sequel, we shall always write

cos
2
t = cos t.
The reason for this is that when we do a substitution like x = sin t we intend to have
a well dened inverse sin
1
t of sin t. In order to have this, t should be in [

2
,

2
] where
cos t is always positive!
1.
_
4 x
2
dx. We observe that
4 x
2
1 sin
2
t 4 x
2
4 4 sin
2
t x
2
4 sin
2
t x 2 sin t.
Thus, do the substitution x = 2 sin t dx = 2 cos tdt.
Therefore,
_

4 x
2
dx =
_
_
4 4 sin
2
t 2 cos tdt
= 4
_

cos
2
t cos tdt = 4
_
cos
2
tdt
= 4
_
1
2
(1 + cos 2t)dt
= 2
_
t +
1
2
sin 2t
_
+ C.
40
In order to nd this nal answer in terms of x we observe that
x = 2 sin t
x
2
= sin t t = sin
1
x
2
and that
sin 2t = 2 sin t cos t sin 2t = 2
x
2
_
1 sin
2
t = x
_
1
x
2
4
.
Thus,
_

4 x
2
dx = 2
_
sin
1
x
2
+
1
2
x
_
1
x
2
4
_
+ C.
2.
_
1 4x
2
dx. We observe that
1 4x
2
1 sin
2
t 4x
2
sin
2
t x
2

1
4
sin
2
t x
1
2
sin t.
Thus, do the substitution x =
1
2
sin t dx =
1
2
cos tdt.
Therefore,
_

1 4x
2
dx =
_
_
1 4
1
4
sin
2
t
1
2
cos tdt
=
1
2
_
cos
2
tdt =
1
4
_
(1 + cos 2t)dt
=
1
4
_
t +
1
2
sin 2t
_
+ C.
In order to write this nal answer in terms of x, we observe that
x =
1
2
sin t t = sin
1
2x
and
sin 2t = 2 sin t cos t = 2 2x
_
1 sin
2
t = 4x

1 4x
2
.
Thus
_

1 4x
2
dx =
1
4
_
sin
1
2x + 2x

1 4x
2
_
+ C.
3.
_
x
2

16x
2
dx.
41
16 x
2
1 sin
2
t 16 x
2
16 16 sin
2
t x 4 sin t.
Do the substitution x = 4 sin t dx = 4 cos tdt to get
_
x
2

16 x
2
dx =
_
16 sin
2
t
_
16 16 sin
2
t
4 cos tdt
= 16
_
sin
2
tdt = 8
_
(1 cos 2t)dt
= 8
_
t
1
2
sin 2t
_
+ C
= 8
_
sin
1
x
4
sin t cos t
_
+ C
= 8
_
sin
1
x
4

x
4
_
1
x
2
16
_
+ C.
4.
_
dx
x
2

9x
2
.
9 x
2
1 sin
2
t 9 x
2
9 9 sin
2
t x
2
9 sin
2
t.
Thus do the substitution x = 3 sin t dx = 3 cos tdt.
Hence
_
dx
x
2

9 x
2
=
_
3 cos tdt
9 sin
2
t
_
9 9 sin
2
t
=
1
9
_
1
sin
2
t
dt =
1
9
_
csc
2
tdt
=
1
9
cot t + C =
1
9
cos t
sin t
+ C
=
1
9
_
1 x
2
/9
x/3
+ C.
5.
_
dx
(x
2
+4)
2
.
x
2
+ 4 tan
2
t + 1 x
2
+ 4 4 tan
2
t + 4 x
2
4 tan
2
t.
Thus, do the substitution x = 2 tan t dx = 2 sec
2
tdt.
42
Whence
_
dx
(x
2
+ 4)
2
=
_
2 sec
2
tdt
(4 tan
2
t + 4)
2
=
1
8
_
sec
2
t
(tan
2
t + 1)
2
=
1
8
_
1
sec
2
t
dt
=
1
8
_
cos
2
tdt =
1
16
(t +
1
2
sin 2t) + C
=
1
16
_
tan
1
x
2
+
2x
x
2
+ 4
_
+ C.
6.
_
x
2

5+x
2
dx.
5 + x
2
1 + tan
2
t 5 + x
2
5 + 5 tan
2
t x 5 tan
2
t.
Do the substitution x =

5 tan t dx =

5 sec
2
tdt to get
_
x
2

5 + x
2
dx =
_
5 tan
2
t

5 + 5 tan
2
t

5 sec
2
tdt
= 5
_
tan
2
t sec
2
t

1 + tan
2
t
dt
= 5
_
tan
2
t sec tdt
= 5
_
(sec
2
t 1) sec tdt
= 5
_
(sec
3
sec t)dt
= 5
_
1
2
(sec t tan t ln | sec t + tan t|) ln | sec t + tan t|
_
+ C
=
5
2
sec t tan t
7
2
ln | sec t + tan t| + C
=
5
2
_
1 +
x
2
5
x

7
2
ln

_
1 +
x
2
5
+
x

+ C.
7.
_

x
2
9
x
dx. Do the substitution x = 3 sec t dx = 3 sec t tan tdt. Hence
_

x
2
9
x
dx =
_
3 tan t
3 sec t
3 sec t tan tdt
= 3
_
tan
2
tdt = 3
_
(sec
2
t 1)dt
= 3(tan t t) + C
= 3
_
_
x
2
9
1 sec
1
x
3
_
+ C.
43
8.
_
dx
x
2

x
2
16
. let x = 4 sec t dx = 4 sec t tan tdt. Hence
_
dx
x
2

x
2
16
=
_
4 sec t tan t
16 sec
2
t

16 sec
2
t 16
=
1
16
_
1
sec t
dt =
1
16
_
cos t + C
=
1
16
sin t + C =
1
16
_
1
16
x
2
+ C.
9.
_
3x
3

1x
2
dx. We may use the substitution 1 x
2
= t dx =
dt
2x
to get
_
3x
3

1 x
2
dx =
_
3x
3

t
dt
2x
=
3
2
_
x
2

t
dt
=
3
2
_
1 t

t
dt =
3
2
_
1

t
_
dt
=
3
2
_
2

t
2
3
t
3/2
_
+ C
=
3
2
_
2

1 x
2

2
3
_
(1 x
2
)
3
_
+ C.
10.
_
x
3

5 x
2
dx. Do 5 x
2
= t dx =
dt
2x
, hence
_
x
3

5 x
2
dx =
_
x
3

t
dt
2x
=
1
2
_
x
2

tdt
=
1
2
_
x
2

tdt =
1
2
_
(5 t)

tdt
=
1
2
_
(5t
1/2
t
3/2
)dt
=
1
2
_
10
3
t
3/2

2
5
t
5/2
_
+ C
=
1
2
_
10
3
_
(5 x
2
)
3

2
5
_
(5 x
2
)
5
_
+ C.
11.
_
dx
x
2

9x
2
4
. Let
x =
2
3
sec t dx =
2
3
sec t tan tdt.
44
Hence
_
dx
x
2

9x
2
4
=
_
2/3 sec t tan tdt
4/9 sec
2
t

4 sec
2
t 4
=
3
4
_
1
sec t
dt =
3
4
_
sec tdt
=
3
4
ln | sec t + tan t| + C
=
3
4
ln

3x
2
+
_
9x
2
4
1

+ C.
12.
_

1+t
2
t
dt. Let
t = tan dt = sec
2
d.
Thus
_

1 + t
2
t
dt =
_
sec
tan
sec
2
d
=
_
1/ cos
sin / cos
1
cos
2

d =
_
1
sin cos
2

d
=
_
sin
2
+ cos
2

sin cos
2

d =
_ _
sin
cos
2

+
1
sin
_
+ C
=
1
cos
+ ln | csc cot | + C
=

1 + t
2
+ ln

_
1 + 1/t
2
1/t

+ C.
13.
_
1
(1x
2
)
3/2
dx. Let
x = sin t dx = cos tdt.
Whence
_
1
(1 x
2
)
3/2
dx =
_
1
cos
3
t
cos tdt =
_
sec
2
tdt
= tan t + C
=
x

1 x
2
+ C.
14.
_
dx
x
2

x
2
+25
. Let
x = 5 tan t dx = 5 sec
2
tdt.
45
Hence
_
dx
x
2

x
2
+ 25
=
_
5 sec
2
tdt
25 tan
2
t

25 + 25 tan
2
t
=
1
25
_
sec t
tan
2
t
dt =
1
25
_
cos t
sin
2
t
dt
=
1
25
_
csc t cot tdt =
1
25
csc t + C
=
1
25
_
1 +
x
2
25
+ C.
15.
_
dx

x
2
9
. Let
x = 3 sec t dx = 3 sec t tan tdt.
Hence
_
dx

x
2
9
=
_
3 sec t tan t
3 tan t
dt =
_
sec tdt
= ln | sec t + tan t| + C
= ln

x
3
+
_
x
2
9
1

+ C.
16.
_
dx
1+2x
2
+x
4
. By letting x = tan t we see that
_
dx
1 + 2x
2
+ x
4
=
_
dx
(x
2
+ 1)
2
=
_
sec
2
t
sec
4
t
dt
=
_
cos
2
tdt =
1
2
_
(1 + cos 2t)dt
=
1
2
_
t +
sin 2t
2
_
+ C
=
1
2
_
tan
1
x +
x
x
2
+ 1
_
+ C.
17.
_
dx
(4x
2
9)
3/2
. Let
x =
3 sec t
2
dx =
3
2
sec t tan tdt.
_
dx
(4x
2
9)
3/2
=
_
3/2 sec t tan tdt
27 tan
3
t
=
1
18
_
sec t
tan
2
t
dt =
1
18
_
cot t csc tdt
=
1
18
csc t + C =
1
18
2x

4x
2
9
+ C.
46
18.
_
3x
3

25x
2
dx. Do the substitution
25 x
2
= t dx =
dt
2x
and x
2
= 25 t.
We leave the details to the student.
19.
_
e
x

1 e
2x
dx. Use the substitution
e
x
= sin t dx =
cos tdt
e
x
to get
_
e
x

1 e
2x
dx =
_
e
x
_
1 sin
2
t
cos tdt
e
x
=
_
cos
2
tdt =
1
2
_
(1 + cos 2t)dt
=
1
2
_
t +
sin 2t
2
_
+ C
=
1
2
_
sin
1
e
x
+ e
x

1 e
2x
_
+ C.
20.
_
cos

2sin
2

d. Do the substitution
sin =

2 sin t d =

2 cos tdt
cos
to get
_
cos
_
2 sin
2

d =
_
cos
_
2 2 sin
2
t

2 cos t
cos
dt
=
_
dt = t + C
= sin
1
sin

2
+ C.
21.
_
1
0
5x
3

1 x
2
dx. Do the substitution
1 x
2
= t dx =
dt
2x
47
to get
_
5x
3

1 x
2
dx =
_
5x
3

t
dt
2x
=
5
2
_
(1 t)

tdt
=
5
2
_
2
3
t
3/2

2
5
t
5/2
_
+ C
=
5
2
_
2
3
_
(1 x
2
)
3

2
5
_
(1 x
2
)
5
_
+ C.
Hence
_
1
0
5x
3

1 x
2
dx =
5
2
_
2
3
_
(1 x
2
)
3

2
5
_
(1 x
2
)
5
__
1
0
=
2
3
.
22.
_
1/2
0
dx
(1x
2
)
2
. Let
x = sin t dx = cos tdt,
hence
_
dx
(1 x
2
)
2
=
_
cos tdt
cos
4
t
=
_
sec
3
tdt
=
1
2
[sec t tan t ln | sec t + tan t|] + C.
Therefore
_
1/2
0
dx
(1 x
2
)
2
=
1
2
_
x
1 x
2
ln
1 + x

1 x
2
_
1/2
0
=
1
3
+
1
4
ln 3.
23.
_
2

2
dx
x
2

x
2
1
. Let
x = sec t dx = sec t tan tdt.
Thus
_
dx
x
2

x
2
1
=
_
sec t tan tdt
sec
2
t tan t
=
_
cos tdt = sin t + C
=
_
1 1/x
2
+ C.
48
By plugging the limits

2 and 2 we get
_
2

2
dx
x
2

x
2
1
=
1
2
(

2).
24.
_
2

2x
2
4
x
dx. Let x =

2 sec t dx =

2 sec t tan tdt. Therefore

_

2x
2
4
x
dx =
_
2 tan t

2 sec t

2 sec t tan tdt

= 2
_
tan
2
tdt = 2
_
(sec
2
t 1)dt
= 2(tan t t) + C
= 2
_
_
x
2
/2 1 sec
1
(x/

2)
_
+ C.
Thus
_
2

2x
2
4
x
dx = 2
_
_
x
2
/2 1 sec
1
(x/

2)
_
2

2
= 2(1 /4).
33.
_
dx
x
2
4x+5
dx. We complete the square for x
2
4x + 5 in order to use
trigonometric substitution.
x
2
4x + 5 = x
2
4x + 4 4 + 5 = (x 2)
2
+ 1.
Therefore
_
dx
x
2
4x + 5
=
_
dx
(x 2)
2
+ 1
(let x 2 = tan t)
=
_
sec
2
tdt
sec
2
t
= t + C
= arctan(x 2) + C.
34.
_
dx

2xx
2
. We complete the square for 2x x
2
to get
_
dx

2x x
2
=
_
dx
_
1 (x 1)
2
(let x 1 = sin t)
=
_
cos tdt
cos t
dt = t + C
= arcsin(x 1) + C.
49
35.
_
dx

3+2xx
2
.
_
dx

3 + 2x x
2
=
_
dx
_
4 (x 1)
2
(let x 1 = 2 sin t)
=
_
2 cos tdt

4 cos
2
t
= t + C
= arcsin
_
x 1
2
_
+ C.
36.
_
dx
16x
2
+16x+5
.
_
dx
16x
2
+ 16x + 5
=
_
dx
16(x + 1/2)
2
+ 1
(let x + 1/2 = tan t/4)
=
1
4
_
sec
2
tdt
sec
2
t
=
1
4
t + C
=
1
4
arctan [4(x + 1/2)] + C.
1.5 Partial fractions
For questions 1-8, write out the form of the partial fraction decomposition.
1.
3x 1
(x 3)(x + 4)
=
A
x 3
+
B
x + 4
.
2.
5
x(x
2
4)
=
5
x(x 2)(x + 2)
=
A
x
+
B
x 2
+
C
x + 2
.
3.
2x 3
x
3
x
2
=
2x 3
x
2
(x 1)
=
A
x
+
B
x
2
+
C
x 1
.
50
4.
x
2
(x + 2)
3
=
A
x + 2
+
B
(x + 2)
2
+
C
(x + 2)
2
.
5.
2x 3
x
3
(x
2
+ 2)
=
A
x
+
B
x
2
+
C
x
3
+
Dx + E
x
2
+ 2
.
6.
3x
(x 1)(x
2
+ 6)
=
A
x 1
+
Bx + C
x
2
+ 6
.
7.
4x
3
x
(x
2
+ 5)
2
=
Ax + B
(x
2
+ 5)
+
Cx + D
(x
2
+ 5)
2
.
8.
1 3x
4
(x 2)(x
2
+ 1)
2
=
A
x 2
+
Bx + C
x
2
+ 1
+
Dx + E
(x
2
+ 1)
2
.
51
Evaluate the following integrals:
9.
_
dx
x
2
3x4
. We begin by writing the partial fraction decomposition for
1/(x
2
3x 4).
1
x
2
3x 4
=
1
(x 4)(x + 1)
=
A
x 4
+
B
x + 1
1 = A(x + 1) + B(x 4).
In order to nd A and B we plug two values for x:
x = 4 1 = 5A A =
1
5
, x = 1 1 = 5B B =
1
5
.
Therefore
_
dx
x
2
3x 4
=
_ _
1/5
x 4

1/5
x + 1
_
dx
=
1
5
ln |x 4|
1
5
ln |x + 1| + C
=
1
5
ln

x 4
x + 1

+ C.
10.
_
dx
x
2
6x7
. We do as above:
1
x
2
6x 7
=
1
(x 7)(x + 1)
=
A
x 7
+
B
x + 1
1 = A(x + 1) + B(x 7).
x = 1 1 = 8B B =
1
8
; x = 7 1 = 8A A =
1
8
.
Hence
_
dx
x
2
6x 7
=
_ _
1/8
x 7

1/8
x + 1
_
dx
=
1
8
ln |x 7|
1
8
ln |x + 1| + C
=
1
8
ln

x 7
x + 1

+ C.
11.
_
11x+17
2x
2
+7x4
dx. Applying same ideas as above, we get
_
11x + 17
2x
2
+ 7x 4
dx =
_ _
3
x + 4
+
5
2x 1
_
dx
= 3 ln |x + 4| +
5
2
ln |2x 1| + C.
52
12.
_
5x5
3x
2
8x3
dx.
_
5x 5
3x
2
8x 3
dx =
_ _
1
x 3
+
2
3x + 1
_
dx
= ln |x 3| +
2
3
ln |3x + 1| + C.
13.
_
2x
2
9x9
x
3
9x
dx. We observe that
2x
2
9x 9
x
3
9x
=
2x
2
9x 9
x(x 3)(x + 3)
=
A
x
+
B
x 3
+
C
x + 3
which means
2x
2
9x 9 = A(x 3)(x + 3) + Bx(x + 3) + Cx(x 3).
To nd the values of A, B and C we plug
x = 0 9 = 9A A = 1.
x = 3 18 = 18B B = 1.
x = 3 36 = 18C C = 2.
Therefore
_
2x
2
9x 9
x
3
9x
dx =
_ _
1
x

1
x 3
+
2
x + 3
_
dx
= ln |x| ln |x 3| + 2 ln |x + 3| + C.
14.
_
dx
x(x
2
1)
.
1
x(x
2
1)
=
A
x
+
B
x 1
+
C
x + 1
1 = A(x
2
1) + Bx(x + 1) + Cx(x 1)
= A = 1(x = 0); B =
1
2
(x = 1); C =
1
2
(x = 1).
_
dx
x(x
2
1)
=
_ _
1
x
+
1
2(x 1)
+
1
2(x + 1)
_
dx
= ln |x| +
1
2
ln |x 1| +
1
2
ln |x + 1| + C.
53
15.
_
x
2
8
x+3
dx. Since the degree of the numerator is larger than the degree of
the denominator, we use long division to get
_
x
2
8
x + 3
=
_ _
x 3 +
1
x + 3
_
dx
=
x
2
2
3x + ln |x + 3| + C.
16.
_
x
2
+1
x1
dx. Use long division as above to get
_
x
2
+ 1
x 1
dx =
_ _
x + 1 +
2
x 1
_
dx
=
x
2
2
+ x + 2 ln |x 1| + C.
17.
_
3x
2
10
x
2
4x+4
dx. Use long division:
_
3x
2
10
x
2
4x + 4
dx =
_ _
3 +
12x 22
x
2
4x + 4
_
dx.
Now use partial fractions to simplify:
12x 22
x
2
4x + 4
=
12x 22
(x 2)
2
=
A
x 2
+
B
(x 2)
2
12x 22 = A(x 2) + B
B = 2(x = 2) 10 = A + B(x = 1) A = 12.
Hence
_
3x
2
10
x
2
4x + 4
dx =
_ _
3 +
12
x 2
+
2
(x 2)
2
_
dx
= 3x + 12 ln |x 2|
2
x 2
+ C.
18.
_
x
2
x
2
3x+2
dx. Since the degree of the top is the same as the degree of the
bottom we use long division:
x
2
x
2
3x + 2
= 1 +
3x 2
x
2
3x + 2
= 1 +
A
x 2
+
B
x 1
.
54
We nd A and B:
3x 2
x
2
3x + 2
=
A
x 2
+
B
x 1
3x 2 = A(x 1) + B(x 2)
B = 1(x = 1), A = 4(x = 2).
Therefore
_
x
2
x
2
3x + 2
dx =
_ _
1 +
4
x 2

1
x 1
_
dx
= x + 4 ln |x 2| ln |x 1| + C.
19.
_
x
5
+x
2
+2
x
3
x
dx. Long division gives:
x
5
+ x
2
+ 2
x
3
x
= x
2
+ 1 +
x
2
+ x + 2
x
3
x
and
x
2
+ x + 2
x
3
x
=
A
x
+
B
x 1
+
C
x + 1
x
2
+ x + 2 = A(x
2
1) + Bx(x + 1) + Cx(x 1)
(x = 0 A = 2), (x = 1 B = 2), (x = 1 C = 1).
Hence
_
x
5
+ x
2
+ 2
x
3
x
dx =
_ _
x
2
+ 1 +
2
x
+
2
x 1
+
1
x + 1
_
dx
=
x
3
3
+ x 2 ln |x| + 2 ln |x 1| + ln |x + 1| + C.
20.
_
x
5
4x
3
+1
x
3
4x
dx. Imitate the above solution to get
_
x
5
4x
3
+ 1
x
3
4x
dx =
_ _
x
2
+
1
x
3
4x
_
dx
=
_ _
x
2
+
A
x
+
B
x 2
+
C
x + 2
_
dx
=
x
3
3
+ Aln |x| + B ln |x 2| + C ln |x + 2| + D,
55
where A, B and C may be found by:
1
x
3
4x
=
A
x
+
B
x 2
+
C
x + 2
1 = A(x
2
4) + Bx(x + 2) + Cx(x 2)
(x = 0 A =
1
4
), (x = 2 B =
1
8
), (x = 2 C =
1
8
).
21.
_
2x
2
+3
x(x1)
2
dx.
_
2x
2
+ 3
x(x 1)
2
dx =
_ _
A
x
+
B
x 1
+
C
(x 1)
2
_
dx
= Aln |x| + B ln |x 1|
C
x 1
+ D,
where A, B and C may be found by
2x
2
+ 3 = A(x 1)
2
+ Bx(x 1) + Cx
(x = 0 A = 3), (x = 1 C = 5)
(x = 1 5 = 2A + 2B C B = 2).
22.
_
3x
2
x+1
x
3
x
2
dx.
_
3x
2
x + 1
x
3
x
2
dx =
_ _
A
x
+
B
x
2
+
C
x 1
_
dx
= Aln |x|
B
x
+ C ln |x 1| + D,
and we may nd the constants A, B and C as following:
3x
2
x + 1 = Ax(x 1) + B(x 1) + Cx
2
(x = 0 B = 1), (x = 1 C = 3),
(x = 1 5 = 2A 2B + C A = 0).
23.
_
2x
2
10x+4
(x+1)(x3)
2
dx.
_
2x
2
10x + 4
(x + 1)(x 3)
2
dx =
_ _
A
x + 1
+
B
x 3
+
C
(x 3)
2
_
dx
= Aln |x + 1| + B ln |x 3|
C
x 3
+ D,
56
where A, B and C may be found by:
2x
2
10x + 4 = A(x 3)
2
+ B(x + 1)(x 3) + C(x + 1)
(x = 3 C = 2); (x = 1 A = 1); (x = 0 B = 1).
24.
_
2x
2
2x1
x
3
x
2
dx.
_
2x
2
2x 1
x
3
x
2
dx =
_ _
A
x
+
B
x
2
+
C
x 1
_
dx
= Aln |x|
B
x
+ C ln |x 1| + D,
where A, B and C may be found by:
2x
2
2x 1 = Ax(x 1) + B(x 1) + Cx
2
(x = 0 B = 1); (x = 1 C = 1); (x = 2 A = 3).
25.
_
x
2
(x+1)
3
dx.
_
x
2
(x + 1)
3
dx =
_ _
A
x + 1
+
B
(x + 1)
2
+
C
(x + 1)
3
_
dx
= Aln |x + 1|
B
x + 1

C
2(x + 1)
2
+ D.
A, B and C may be found as usual:
x
2
= A(x + 1)
2
+ B(x + 1) + C
(x = 1 C = 1); (x = 0 A + B + C = 0); (x = 1 1 = 4A + 2B + C).
Solving the above equations gives A = 1, B = 2, C = 1.
57
1.6 Improper integrals
1. In each part, determine whether the integral is improper, and if so, ex-
plain why.
(a)
_
5
1
dx
x3
. The integral is improper since 1/(x 3), the integrand, has
an innite discontinuity at x = 3 which is a point of [1, 5].
(b)
_
5
1
dx
x+3
is not an improper integral. The integrand is continuous on
the interval of integration.
(c)
_
1
0
ln xdx is an improper integral because ln x has an innite dis-
continuity at 0, namely, lim
x0
+ ln x = .
(d)
_

1
e
x
dx is an improper integral because is a limit of the inte-
gral.
(e)
_

dx
3

x1
is an improper integral because and are limits of
the integral.
(f)
_
/4
0
tan xdx is not an improper integral because tan x is continuous
on [0, /4].
2. In each part, determine the value of p for which the integral is improper:
(a)
_
1
0
1
x
p
dx. We do the integral: For p < 1,
_
1
0
1
x
p
dx = lim
b0
+
_
1
b
x
p
dx
= lim
b0
+
x
1p
1 p
_
1
b
= lim
b0
+
_
1
1 p

b
1p
1 p
_
=
1
1 p
.
Thus, if p < 1 the integral is not improper.
58
For p > 1 the above limit is innite, thus the integral is improper.
Also, if p = 1 the integral will be improper because lim
b0
+ ln b =
.
Consequently, the values of p which make the above integral im-
proper are {p 1}.
(b)
_
2
1
dx
xp
. This integral will be improper if xp = 0 for some p [1, 2].
Hence, p [1, 2].
(c)
_
1
0
e
px
dx. Since e
px
is continuous on [0, 1] for all p, this integral
is always proper (not improper.)
Evaluate the integrals that converge:
3.
_

0
e
2x
dx, we evaluate:
_
e
2x
dx =
1
2
e
2x
+ C,
hence
lim
b
_
b
0
e
2x
dx = lim
b

1
2
e
2x
_
b
0
= lim
b
_
1
2

1
2
e
2b
_
=
1
2
.
Therefore, the integral converges and is equal to 1/2.
4.
_

1
dx
1+x
2
. We have
lim
b
_
b
1
dx
x
2
+ 1
= lim
b
tan
1
x

b
1
= lim
b
_
tan
1
b tan
1
(1)
_
=

2


4
=
3
4
.
5.
_

3
2
x
2
1
dx. Do the integral by partial fractions to get
_
2
x
2
1
dx = ln

x 1
x + 1

+ C.
59
Hence,
lim
b
_
b
3
2
x
2
1
dx = lim
b
ln

x 1
x + 1

_
b
3
= lim
b
ln

b 1
b + 1

ln
1
2
= ln 1 + ln 2 = ln 2.
Observe that LHopitals rule has been used to evaluate the above limit.
6.
_

0
xe
x
2
dx. Do the indenite integral by substitution to get:
_
xe
x
2
dx =
1
2
e
x
2
+ C.
Hence
lim
b
_
b
0
xe
x
2
dx = lim
b

1
2
e
x
2
_
b
0
= lim
b
_
1
2

1
2
e
b
2
_
=
1
2
.
7.
_

e
1
xln
3
x
dx. Do the indenite integral by substitution: ln x = t to get
_
1
x ln
3
x
dx =
1
2 ln
2
x
+ C.
Hence,
lim
b
_
b
e
1
x ln
3
x
dx = lim
b
1
2 ln
2
x
_
b
e
= lim
b
_
1
2

1
2 ln
2
b
_
=
1
2
.
8.
_

2
dx
x

ln x
. Let ln x = t to get
_
dx
x

ln x
= 2

ln x + C.
Hence
lim
b
_
b
2
1
x

ln x
dx = lim
b
2

ln x
_
b
2
(1.6.1)
= lim
b
_
2

ln b 2

ln 2
_
= . (1.6.2)
Thus the integral diverges to .
60
9.
_
0

dx
(2x1)
3
.
lim
b
_
0
b
dx
(2x 1)
3
= lim
b

1
4(2x 1)
2
_
0
b
= lim
b
_
1
4(2b 1)
2

1
4
_
=
1
4
.
10.
_
3

dx
x
2
+9
.
lim
b
_
3
b
dx
x
2
+ 9
= lim
b
1
3
tan
1
_
1
3
x
__
3
b
=
1
3
lim
b
_
tan
1
1 tan
1
b
3
_
=
1
3
_

4


2
_
=

4
.
11.
_
0

e
3x
dx.
lim
b
_
0
b
e
3x
dx = lim
b
e
3x
3
_
0
b
= lim
b
_
1
3

e
3b
3
_
=
1
3
.
12.
_
0

e
x
32e
x
dx. Observe rst that the only problem is . That is, 3
2e
x
= 0 gives a solution that does not lie in (, 0].
lim
b
_
0
b
e
x
3 2e
x
dx
61