Differential Equations

2nd-Stage-Chem.Dep. (2020-2021)
Lecturer: Sarteep A. Jabbar
Lecture 3

Homogeneous Differential Equations

A first order D. E. in the form 𝑦𝑦́ = 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥 , 𝑦𝑦 ) is homogeneous if it doesn’t
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦
depend on 𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 separately, but only the ratio 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 , it means 𝑦𝑦́ = 𝐹𝐹 �𝑦𝑦𝑥𝑥 � or
𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦
𝑦𝑦́ = 𝐹𝐹 � �.
𝑥𝑥

To find a general solution for a first order homogeneous D. F., we use

𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
replacement � 𝑣𝑣 = � 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑣𝑣 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑣 to get a separable
𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
equation for the variables 𝑥𝑥 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑣𝑣 , then we solve it by separable method.

Examples
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3𝑦𝑦 2 +𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
1) Solve = where 𝑦𝑦(1) = −0.5
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 2

2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
2) Solve 𝑦𝑦́ =
𝑦𝑦 2 −𝑥𝑥 2

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦
3) Solve =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥+√𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
Solution of (1) :
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3𝑦𝑦 2 +𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 3𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
= +
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
= 3( )2 + ( )
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥

𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Let 𝑣𝑣 = ⇒ 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑣
𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑣𝑣 = 3𝑣𝑣 2 + 𝑣𝑣
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 = 3𝑣𝑣 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
=3
𝑣𝑣 2 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
∫ 𝑣𝑣2 = 3 ∫ 𝑥𝑥
−1
= 3 ln( 𝑥𝑥) + 𝐶𝐶
𝑣𝑣
1
= −3 ln( 𝑥𝑥) + 𝑘𝑘
𝑣𝑣
𝑥𝑥
= −3 ln( 𝑥𝑥) + 𝑘𝑘
𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 =
−3 ln( 𝑥𝑥)+𝑘𝑘

1
𝑦𝑦(1) = −0.5 ⇒ −0.5 = ⇒ 𝑘𝑘 = −2
−3(0)+𝑘𝑘

𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 =
−3 ln( 𝑥𝑥)−2
Solution of (2) : H. W.

Solution of (3) :
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦
=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥+√𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥+√𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
=
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
= +√
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
= +�
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦

𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑣𝑣 = ⇒ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 ⇒ = 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑣𝑣
𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦 + 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑣𝑣 + √𝑣𝑣
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦 = √𝑣𝑣
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
=
√𝑣𝑣 𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
∫ =∫
√𝑣𝑣 𝑦𝑦

2√𝑣𝑣 = ln(𝑦𝑦) + 𝑘𝑘

𝑥𝑥
2� = ln(𝑦𝑦) + 𝑘𝑘
𝑦𝑦