MAHENDRA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

19CH14602 - MASS TRANSFER -II

III YEAR VI SEM (CHEMICAL)

QUESTION BANK

UNIT-I: ABSORPTION

PART-A
1. To increase the absorption factor, (where, G = gas flow rate, S = solvent flow rate)
a) increase both 'G' and 'S'
b) decrease both 'G' and 'S'
c) increase 'S' and decrease 'G'
d) increase 'G' and decrease 'S'
2. In a packed absorption tower, if the equilibrium and operating lines are both straight lines, then the ratio,
HETP/HTUOG __________ the absorption factor.
a) increases with increase in
b) is one at unity value of
c) both (a) and (b)
d) neither (a) nor (b)
3. In case of an absorber, the operating
a) line always lies above the equilibrium curve.
b) line always lies below the equilibrium curve
c) line can be either above or below the equilibrium curve
d) velocity is more than the loading velocity
4. Absorption factor is defined as (where, S1 = slope of the operating line S2 = slope of the equilibrium curve)
a) S2/S1
b) S1 - S2
c) S1 x S2
d) S1/S2
5. Physical absorption is
a) an irreversible phenomenon.
b) a reversible phenomenon.
c) accompanied by evolution of heat.
d) both (b) and (c)
6. Absorption accompanied with chemical reaction is exemplified by the absorption of
a) ammonia in water.
b) benzol present in coke oven gas by wash oil.
c) SO2 in alkaline solution.
d) all (a), (b) and (c).
7. With increase in temperature, the solubility of gases in liquids, at fixed pressure
a) Increases
b) decreases
c) remains same
d) either (a) or (b), depends on the system
8. In an absorber, HETP does not vary with the
a) flow rate of liquid
b) flow rate of gas
c) type and size of packing
d) none of these
9. In the desorption of highly soluble gas from the liquid, the main resistance will be in the __________ phase.
a) Gas
b) Liquid
c) both (a) & (b)
d) neither (a) nor (b)
10. In case of absorption, both the operating and equilibrium lines will be straight for
a) isothermal operation.
b) dilute solutions.
c) dilute solutions and isothermal operation.
d) none of these.
PART-B

1. Define NTU and HTU.

2. Define Absorption and give examples.
3. Define NTU and HTU.
4. How to calculate Height of the absorption tower?
 5. What is Henry’s equation and Henry’s law?
6. List out factors should be considered while selecting solvent for absorption.
7. Define flooding and loading in the absorber.
8. What is HETP?
9. Define entrainment.
10. Name four packing materials used in absorbers.
11. What is stripping factor and give its importance.
12. Write down the Kresmer equation and give its significance.
13. Define an ideal or theoretical tray.
14. Define the limiting gas liquid ratio.
15. Define the term selectivity.
16. Define distribution coefficient.

PART-C

1. Derive the relevant equations used for the determination of height of an absorption column from basic principles.
2. Explain briefly about choice of solvent in absorption operation?
3. Derive Kresmer equation to find number of stages required for dilute gas and liquids
4. Derive the formula which shows that the overall mass transfer coefficient is equal to sum of the individual mass
transfer coefficient and give their units.
5. (i) Distinguish a plate column from a packed tower. (ii) Discuss the mechanism of absorption with chemical
reaction. (iii) Briefly explain the procedure for the design of adiabatic absorption.
6. Explain with a neat sketch the construction and working of a packed tower.
7. i. Discuss the effect of temperature on gas solubility in absorption.
ii. What are the essential characteristics’ of packing?
iii. Write down the packing materials
8. 5000 Kg/ hr of SO2 – air mixture containing 5% by volume is to be scrubbed with 2,00,000 Kg/hr of water in a
packed tower. The exit concentration of SO 2 is reduced to 0.15%. The tower operates at 1 atm. The equilibrium
relation is given by Y = 30 X, where Y = moles of SO 2 / Moles of air and X = moles of SO 2 / moles of water. If the
packed height of the tower is 420 cm. Estimate NTU and HTU.
9. A mixture containing 10 mole% solute and rest inert is fed to a packed tower in which 90% of solute is absorbed.
Solute free water for absorption contains 5 % solute when it leaves the tower at the bottom. If the equilibrium
relation is Ye = 0.05 Xe and HTU is 0.5 m. What is the height of the packing?
10. CS2 is to be absorbed from a CS2 – N2 mixture having CS2 partial pressure equal to 50 mmHg at 24ºC and 1 atm.
The gas is to be blown in to a packed tower operated counter currently at the rate of 200m 3/hr and the vapour
content of the exit gas is to be reduced to 0.5 volume %. The absorption oil has an average molecular weight of
180 and specific gravity 0.81 at 24 ºC. The oil enters the tower essentially stripped of all CS 2 and solution oil and
CS2 at 24ºC is 346 mmHg. (i) Determine the minimum liquid rate in Kg/hr
(ii) For a liquid rate of 1.5 times the minimum, calculate the number of theoretical trays.
11. A soluble gas is absorbed in water using a packed tower. The equilibrium relationship may be taken as Y e = 0.06
Xe are ratios of moles of solute to moles of inert component. The terminal conditions are:
X 0 0.08
Y 0.001 0.009
If the individual heights of transfer units based on liquid and gas phases respectively
Hx = 0.24 m and Hy = 0.36 m what is the height of packed section?
12. The air ammonia mixture containing 5 % ammonia by volume is absorbed in water using a packed tower at 20ºC
and 1 atm to recover 98 % ammonia. Gas flow rate is 1200 Kg/ hr m 2. Calculate (i) minimum mass flow rate of
liquid (ii) NTU using 1.25 times the minimum liquid flow rate (iii) Height of packed tower using K Ga = 128 K
mole / hr m2atm . The equilibrium relation is y = 1.154 x, where x,y are expressed in mole fraction units.
13. A plant manufacturing dry ice burns coke in air to produce flue gases containing 15 % CO 2, 6% O2 and 79 %
N2.The gas is sent to a sieve plate tower at 1.2 atm and298 K to be scrubbed with methanol amine solution. This
solution has 0.058 moles of CO 2 per mole of solution. The gas leaving the scrubber contains 2% CO 2.Assuming
isothermal
operation determine: (i) minimum gas liquid ratio (ii) No of theoretical plates when (L/G) = 1.2 (L smin/Gs)
The equilibrium data is as follows:
Moles of CO2/ Moles of solution 0.058 0.06 0.062 0.064 0.066 0.068 0.07
Pg of CO2 at 25 ºC in mmHg 5.6 18.8 29 56 98.7 155 232
14. An air ammonia mixture containing 20. Moles% NH 3 is being treated with water in a packed tower to recover
NH3. The incoming gas rate is 100 Kg/hr m2. The temperature is 35ºC and the total pressure is 1 atm. Using 1.5
times the minimum water flow rate, 95 % of NH 3 is absorbed. If all the operating conditions remains unchanged.
How much taller should the tower be to absorb 99 % of NH3?Henry’s law is valid and ye = 0.74 x.Variations in gas
flow rate may be neglected.
15. It’s desired to absorb 95 %acetone from feed mixture of acetone and air containing 2 mole% of acetone using a
liquid flow rate of 20 % more than the minimum. Gas flow rate is 450 Kg/ hr. The gas mixture enters at 25ºC and 1
atm. Which is the operating condition? The equilibrium relation is y* = 2.5 x. Find (i) Flow rate of water (ii) No of
theoretical plates, when the operation is carried out counter currently.
16. Experiments have be conducted on the absorption of CO 2 – air mixture with 2.5 N caustic soda using a 250 mm
diameter tower packed to a height of 3 m with 19 mm rasching rings. In one experiment at 1 atm the following
results were obtained: Gas rate = 0.34 Kg/ m 2 sec, Liquid rate = 3.94 Kg / m 2 sec. The CO2 in the inlet gas is 315
ppm and in the exit gas 31 ppm. Estimate the value of overall gas transfer coefficient (K oG)
17. A packed tower is designed to recover 98 % of CO 2 from a gas mixture containing 10% CO 2and rest air using
water. A relation y = 14 x can be used for equilibrium condition, where, y = Kg of CO 2/ Kg of dry air, x= Kg of
 Co2 / Kg of water. The water to gas is kept 30 % more than is minimum value. Calculate the height of tower if,
HTU = 1 m.

UNIT-II: DISTILLATION

PART- A
1. Fenske equation determines the
a) maximum number of ideal plates.
b) height of the distillation column.
c) minimum number of theoretical plates.
d) optimum reflux ratio.
e) Total reflux in a distillation operation requires minimum
2. Total reflux in a distillation operation requires minimum
a) reboiler load
b) number of plates
c) condenser load
d) all (a), (b) and (c)
3. Overall efficiency of the distillation column is
a) the ratio of number of ideal plates to actual plates.
b) the ratio of number of actual plates to ideal plates.
c) same as the Murphree efficiency.
d) always more than the point efficiency.
e) With increase in pressure, the relative volatility for a binary system
4. With increase in pressure, the relative volatility for a binary system
a) increases.
b) decreases.
c) remains same.
d) either (a) or (b), depends on the system.
5. Reboiler is considered as one theoretical plate, because
a) of the assumption that vapour and liquid leaving the reboiler are in equilibrium.
b) vapour is recycled to the column.
c) reboiler itself contains one plate.
d) none of these.
6. Steam distillation is not recommended to be used, if the
a) azeotropic mixture is to be separated and the final product is miscible with water.
b) liquids decompose, if distilled directly at atmospheric pressure.
c) material can not be distilled by indirect heating even under low pressure, because of the high boiling temperature.
d) material to be distilled is thermally unstable or has the tendency to react with other components associated with it,
at the boiling temperature.
7. For a fixed number of ideal stages in a distillation column, as the reflux ratio is increased, the difference in
composition between the top and bottom product streams
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) remains unaffected
d) passes through a maximum
8. Minimum reflux ratio in a distillation column results in
a) optimum number of trays.
b) minimum reboiler size.
c) maximum condenser size.
d) minimum number of trays.
9. Rayleigh's equation applies to __________ distillation.
a) Continuous
b) Steam
c) Differential
d) flash
10. An azeotropic mixture is a __________ mixture.
a) Binary
b) Ternary
c) constant boiling point
d) none of these
PART-B

1. Define Distillation.
2. State and explain Raoult’s law.
3. Define Relative Volatility.
4. What is flash vaporization?
5. State Rayleigh’s equation.
6. Explain significance of q-line.
7. Draw T-x-y and x-y for low boiling azeotrope.
8. How does reflux ratio depends on separation efficiency?
9. Define overall efficiency and point efficiency.
10. What is meant by minimum reflux ratio and optimum reflux ration?
11. What are the characteristics of azeotropes?
12. Write Fenske equation and give its significance.
13. Give two advantages of extraction over distillation.
14. List out the various types of distillation?
15. Show boing point and dew point on a suitable diagram.
16. Define distillation coefficient.
17. Give various operating conditions of feed.
18. Prove that y= αx/1+ (α-1)x for a binary ideal mixture in distillation.
19. The vapor pressure of A and B are250 mmHg and 500 mmHg. The total pressure is 800 mmHg. Estimate the
relative volatility.
20. Vapor pressure of A and B are 800 mmHg and 400 mmHg respectively. If the liquid phase composition is 50 mole
%, estimate the equilibrium vapor phase composition.
21. Define overall Efficiency, murphree efficiency, define local efficiency.

PART - C

1. What are the types of distillation? Explain them in detail along with a neat diagram wherever necessary?
2. Explain the characteristics of azeotropes and briefly discuss how azeotropic mixtures are distilled.
3. Define relative volatility. Show that the relative volatility is the ratio of vapour pressure of the more volatile to the
less volatile component.
4. Derive an expression to determine the minimum number of plates at total reflux condition for the distillation of a
binary mixture.
5. i) Discuss the principles of multicomponent distillation.
ii) Discuss Ponchon-Savarit method of design of distillation column. What are its merits and demerits?
6. A Continuous fractionation column is to be designed to separate mixture containing 15.67 %CS 2 and bottom
product of 97.3% CCl4( all in weight %) . Reflux ratio is twice the minimum used.
Using the data find the number of plates required. The feed enters at 290 K. The heat capacity of feed is 1.7 KJ/
KgK and the boiling point is 336K. The average latent heat of CS2 and CCl4 is 25900KJ/KmolK.
The VLE data are
X(%) 0 2.96 6.15 11.06 14.35 25.93 53.2 66.3 86.4 1.0
Y(%) 0 8.23 15.55 26.6 33.2 49.5 74.7 82.9 93.2 1.0
7. A continuous fractionating column is to be designed to separate 13620 Kg / hr of mixture of 40 % benzene and 60
% toluene in to over head product containing 97 % benzene and bottom product containing 98 % toluene are by
weight. Reflux ratio 3.5:1 of product is to be used. The molar latent heat of benzene and toluene are 7360 and 7960
cal/mole .Calculate the over head and bottom product. Determine the number of ideal theoretical plates and
position of the feed plate if feed is liquid at its boiling point. Feed is 1.36 atmgauge is used for heating, how much
steam is required Kg /hr for each of the above cross λ = 522 k cal /kg. Cooling water enters the condenser at 26.7
ºC and leaves at 65.5 ºC. How much cooling water is required?
x 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
y 0 0.2 0.38 0.51 0.63 0.71 0.78 0.85 0.91 0.96 1.0
8. It is desired to separate a feed mixture containing 50 % heptane and 50 % ethyl benzene, such that 75 % of the feed
is distilled out. Estimate the composition of the residue and distillate when the distillation process is, (1)
equilibrium distillation, (2) Differential distillation. The equilibrium data’s are given below:
x 0 0.08 0.185 0.251 0.335 0.489 0.651 0.79 0.914 1.0
y 0 0.233 0.428 0.514 0.608 0.729 0.814 0.91 0.963 1.0
0
9. A mixture of benzene and toluene containing 40 (mole % )benzene is to be separated to give a product of 90 %
benzene at the top and the bottom product with 10 % benzene. The feed enters the column at its boiling point and
vapor leaving the column is simply condensed and provide product and reflux. It’s proposed to operate the unit
with a reflux ratio of twice the minimum. Find the feed plate and number of theoretical plates. The vapour pressure
of pure benzene and toluene are 1460 584 mmHg. Total pressure is 760 mmHg.
10. A liquid feed consisting of 1200 g moles of mixture containing 30 % naphthalene and 70 % dipropylene glycol is
differentially distilled at 100 mmHg pressure and final distillate contains 55 % of naphthane. The VLE data are:

x 8.4 11.6 2.8 50.6 68.7 80.6 88

y 22.3 41.1 62.9 74.8 80.2 84.4 88
(i) Determine the amount of distillate
(ii) Determine the concentration of naphthalene in residue and distillate.
11. A solution of 25 mole% acetic acid in water was distilled at atm pressure in differential distillation until 60% of the
liquid was distilled. Compute the compositions of the distillate and residue. Equilibrium data’s,
x 0.07 0.15 0.27 0.56 0.62 0.72 0.82 0.9 1.0
y 0.05 0.11 0.2 0.38 0.49 0.6 0.78 0.84 1.0
Where x and y are mole fractions of acetic acid in liquid and vapor respectively.

12. The feed to a distillation unit is 10000 kg/hr of a solution of alcohol and water containing 30 % alcohol. The feed
enters at the boiling point. The distillate contains 5 % alcohol. All are in wt %. Total condenser is used and the tray
efficiency is 55 %. Calculate (1) The number of theoretical plates when 1.5 times the minimum is used. (2) The
minimum reflux ratio. The equilibrium data are given below:
x 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0
 y 0.375 0.525 0.655 0.72 0.75 0.775 0.790 0.82 0.86 1.0
13. A fractionating column separates a liquid mixture containing 50 mole % of A and 50 mole % B into an overhead
product of 95 mole % A and a bottom product of 96 mole % B. A reflux ratio of twice the minimum will be used
and the feed enters at its boiling point. Determine the number of theoretical stages required and the location of feed
point.
x 0.03 0.06 0.11 0.14 0.26 0.39 0.53 0.66 0.76 0.86 1.0
y 0.08 0.16 0.27 0.33 0.50 0.63 0.71 0.83 0.88 0.93 1.0
x,y- mole fractions of A in liquid and vapour phase respectively.
14. i) Discuss the various methods of obtaining equilibrium data.
ii) Discuss the types of T-X-Y diagrams for a binary mixture.
15. i) Discuss the principles of multicomponent distillation.
ii) Discuss Ponchon-Savarit method of design of distillation column. What are its merits and demerits?

UNIT-III: LIQUID -LIQUID EXTRACTION

PART- A
1. In triangular co-ordinates, the ternary composition point falls __________ of the triangle.
a) in the corners
b) inside
c) on the sides
d) none of these.
2. Fractional solvent extraction
a) employs only one solvent
b) employs two solvents
c) results in low interfacial tension
d) none of these
3. Which of the following equipments is not used in liquid-liquid extraction?
a) Pachuka tank
b) Agitated vessels
c) Centrifugal extractors
d) Packed towers
4. The commonly used solvent in supercritical extraction is
a) methyl ethyl ketone.
b) water.
c) carbon tetrachloride.
d) carbon dioxide.
5. Extraction of pencillin employs a __________ extraction coloumn.
a) Centrifugal
b) Packed
c) Plate
d) None of these.
6. Which of the following is the correct ternary diagram for liquid-liquid extraction system comprising of two pairs
partly soluble (e.g., chlorobenzene-water-methyl ethyl ketone system)?
a) b) c) d) none of these

7. The solvent used in liquid-liquid extraction should have __________ less than one.
a) Selectivity
b) distribution co-efficient
c) both (a) and (b)
d) Neither (a) nor (b).
8. Selectivity of the solvent used in solvent extraction should be
a) 1
b) > 1
c) < 1
d) 0
9. In case of liquid-liquid binary diffusion, diffusivity of one constituent into another is not dependent on the
a) temperature and pressure
b) concentration
c) nature of the constituents
d) none of these
10. Perforated plate towers are unique for solvent extraction because, they provide
a) higher contact area.
b) better contact of the phase.
c) repeated coalescence & redispersion of the drop phase.
d) none of these.
 PART-B

1. What is meant by Extraction and give schematic representation?

2. Define selectivity.
3. State the applications of liquid extraction.
4. Write the properties of good solvent.
5. Define Extract and Raffinate.
6. Define double solvent with example.
7. Define Plait point.
8. What are the factors to be selected while choosing a solvent for extraction.
9. Write about distribution coefficient.
10. What are Equilateral-triangular co-ordinates?
11. Define stage efficiency.
12. Sketch the multi stage cross current extraction.
13. Give some application of Extraction Process.
14. What is solutropic system?
15. Give the classification of ternary systems.
16. Give two advantages of extraction over distillation.
17. Explain the effect of temperature on liquid-liquid equilibrium.
18. Differentiate leaching and extraction.

PART- C

1. Explain how the number of stages can be determined for immiscible solvents in cross current Extraction.
2. a) What are the various factors to be considered for selection of a solvent in Extraction?
b) Describe any 3 types of liquid- liquid Extractors with sketches.
3. Explain the factors should be considered in the choice of solvent for extraction.
4. Nicotine in water solution containing 1% Nicotine is to be extracted with kerosene at 20ºC H 2O and kerosene are
essentially insoluble.
i) Determine the percentage Extraction of Nicotine if 100 Kg of feed solution is extracted once with 150 Kg of
solvent.
ii) What is the percentage extraction of 3 cross current stages if 50 Kg is used every time?
X’ 0 0.001011 0.00246 0.00502 0.00998
Y’ 0 0.000807 0.001961 0..00456 0.00913
5. A solution containing 20 mass% of acetone-water is to be extracted using Monochlorobenzene (MCB)containing
0.5% acetone by weight by counter current extraction process.MCB and water are immiscible in the operation range.
The equilibrium data is as follows,
Amt of acetone per 0.0258 0.0739 0.1696 0.267
Kg of H2O
Kg of acetone per 0.0288 0.0704 0.1560 0.237
Kg of MCB
i) Compute minimum solvent ratio to obtain a raffinate containing 1% acetone.
ii) What are the suitable extractors for this operation?
6. A counter current Extraction battery is used to extract sludge for the reaction
Na2CO3 + CaO +H2O ---------- CaCO3 + 2NaOH
The quantity of solution retained by the calcium carbonate sludge varies with concentration as follows:
Solution 0.082 0.801 0.930 1.2 1.610
%NaOH 0 5 10 15 20
The products from the reaction chamber enters the first unit with no excess reactant but contains 6.5 Kg of water per
Kg of calcium carbonate. It is desired to produce a 10% solution of NaOH and 98% of NaOH is to be recovered.
Estimate
i) The number of stages
ii) Required and wash water to be used per Kg of calcium carbonate
7. Explain briefly the different types of contactors used in liquid- liquid extraction.
8. 25% of (wt%) dioxane in water is to be continuously extracted with pure benzene in each stage in a counter current
extraction system. The feed rate is 100 kg/hr and if the extraction is carried out with 1.5 times the minimum solvent
required. Estimate the number of stages needs for 95% recovery of dioxane.Equilibrium data’s are
Wt% dioxane in water 5.1 18.9 25.2
Wt% dioaxane in benzene 5.2 22.5 32
9. 4% of acetaldehyde solution in toluene is to be extracted with water in 4-satge cross-current unit. If 30 Kg of water
are used per stage for 100 Kg of feed. Find the amount of acetaldehyde extracted and the final concentration. The
equilibrium relation is given by y = 2.2 x, where y-Kg of acetaldehyde/Kg of water and X- Kg acetaldehyde/Kg
toluene.
10 Discuss effect of temperature on liquid-liquid equilibrium diagram.
.
11 Explain centrifugal extraction with a neat sketch.
.
12 Explain with neat sketch the working of mixer settlers.
.
 13 Explain the working principles of rotating disc contactors with a neat diagram.
.
14 Write a note on pulsed extraction column.
.
15 100 Kg/hr of a solution of C and A containing 20% of C by wt% is to be counter currently extracted with 400 Kg/hr
. of solvent B. A and B are mutually insoluble. Equilibrium relationship of component C between A and B are as
follows:
X=wt of C/Wt of A 0.05 0.2 0.3 0.45 0.5 0.54
Y= wt of C / Wt of B 0.25 0.4 0.5 0.65 0.7 0.74
How many theoretical stages will be required to reduce the concentration of C in A to 5 % by weight?
16 An aqueous solution containing 15% acetone by weight is to extracted using monochlorobenzene- in 3 stages cross
. current unit. If 40 Kg of monochlorobenzene are used per stage per 100 Kg of feed. Find the amount of acetone
extracted and the final concentration of acetone in water. Monochlorobenzene and water considered as immiscible
with in the operating range. The equilibrium data are as follows:
Kg acetone/Kg water 0.026 0.074 0.16 0.21
Kg acetone/Kg monochlorobenzene 0.029 0.07 0.156 0.24

UNIT-IV: SOLID-LIQUID EXTRACTION (LEACHING)

PART- A
1. Leaching rate is independent of the
a) Agitation
b) Temperature
c) particle size
d) none of these
2. Degree of freedom for leaching and solvent extraction process is
a) 1
b) 3
c) 0
d) 2
3. Extraction of coffee from its seed is done by
a) liquid-liquid extraction.
b) leaching.
c) extractive distillation.
d) steam distillation.
4. Which of the following operations does not involve leaching ?
a) Dissolving gold from ores.
b) Dissolving pharmaceutical products from bark or roots.
c) Dissolving sugar from the cells of the beet.
d) Removing nicotine from its water solution by kerosene.
5. Tea percolation employs
a) liquid-liquid extraction
b) leaching
c) absorption
d) none of these
6. Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to leaching.
a) Fine solids can not be leached in a Pachuka tank.
b) Door classifier can be used for leaching of coarse solids.
c) Vegetable seeds can be leached in either of Bollman extractor, Rotocel or Kennedy extractor.
d) Very high temperature is not needed for the leaching of sugar beet.
7. For a ternery mixture, in which equilateral triangular co-ordinate is used in leaching and extraction, a __________ of
the equilateral triangular co-ordinates.
a) binary mixture is represented by the apex
b) binary mixture is represented by any point inside
c) ternery mixture is represented by the sides
d) pure component is represented by the apex.
8. Leaching of coffee from coffee beans is done by
a) hot water
b) hexane
c) lime water
d) dilute H2SO4 (hot)
9. Leaching of coarse solid lumps is also termed as
a) Decoction
b) Dissolution
c) Percolation
d) agitation and settling
10. With increase in temperature, the rate of extraction in leaching (solid-liquid extraction system)
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) remains unaffected
d) increases Linearly
PART- B
 1. Differentiate leaching and decoction.
2. Mention the applications of leaching operations.
3. Define Heap leaching.
4. Name two continuous equipments used for leaching of solids.
5. Differentiate Solid-liquid and liquid-liquid Extraction with example.
6. Define Elution.
7. Differentiate Elutriation and Decoction.
8. Explain the process of chemisorption.
9. What are the factors which affect a leaching operation?
10. What are the principles of leaching?
11. What is the factor on which the stage efficiency of leaching process depends?
12. Define stage efficiency in leaching operation.
13. What type of equipment is used for leaching flaky solids?
14. Define leaching.
15. With the graph show 2-stage leaching operation.
16. Give any two advantages of extraction over distillation.
17. Give the significance of ‘N’ in leaching operation.
18. Explain percolation method of leaching.
19. Define multistage cross current leaching.

PART-C

1. Describe the Bollmann Extractor used in leaching operation.

2. Discuss about the Equipments used for leaching operation with neat diagrams
3. Discuss the procedure to determine the number of stages in multistage counter current leaching operations.
4. (i) Explain the factors to be considered in the choice of solvent for leaching.
(ii) Discuss heap leaching.
(iii) Discuss counter current shanks system.
5. Seeds containing 25wt% oil are to be extracted in a counter current plant and 95 % of the oil is recovered in a
solution containing 50% by wt of oil. If the seeds are contacted with fresh solvent and 1 Kg of solution is
removed in the under flow in association with every 2 Kg of insoluble matter. Find out the theoretical stages
required?
6. Crushed oil seeds containing 55% oil wt% is to be extracted at the rate of 4000 Kg/hr using 100 Kg/min of n-
heptane containing 5 % oil (wt%) as the solvent. A counter current two stage extraction is employed. The oil
seeds will retain 1 Kg of solution per Kg of oil free cake, estimate the % recovery of oil obtained under the
above condition.
7. Explain the construction and operation of rotocell extractor with a neat schematic arrangement.
8. Explain: Insitu- leaching and heap leaching.
9. Explain single stage leaching.
10. Roasted copper ore containing copper as CuSO4 is to be extracted in a counter current extractor. The feed charge
to be treated per hour comprises 10 tones of inert solid. 1.2 tones of CuSO4 and 0.5 tones of water. The strong
solution produced is to consist of 90 % water and 10 % CuSO4 by weight. The recovery of CUSO4 is to be 98 %
of that of the ore. Pure water is to be used as solvent. After each stage one tone of inert solid retains 2 tones of
water and CuSo4 dissolved in the water. How many stages are required? Equilibrium data as follows:
x 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
y* 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
N 0.5 0.495 0.49 0.485 0.48 0.475
11. Using hexane as solvent soya bean flakes containing 20 % oil is leached.100 Kg solvent is used for 100 Kg
flakes. The value of N for slurry under flow is constant mat N = 1.5. Calculate the over flow compositions if
solvent is fresh.
12. Discuss the effect of temperature on leaching.
13. Explain in detail the types of leaching with working principle of one equipment with a neat diagram.
14. 1000 Kg of soya bean are to be leached in cross current fashion using hexane as a solvent to remove oil. The
flake entering contains 15 % oil and 90 % oil is to be leached. How many stages as needed, 1 Kg of solvent is
added per Kg of cake equilibrium data are as follows:
Wt% oil in solution 0 20 30
Kg solution retained/ Kg of insoluble solids 1.72 1.515 1.4
15. One of the steps in a production of caustic soda by the lime soda process gives a slurry containing 9 Kg of water
and 0.8 Kg of sodium hydroxide per Kg of calcium carbonate particles. The slurry is washed counter currently
with water in 4 stages. The discharge from each stage contains 3 Kg water per Kg of calcium carbonate.
Calculate the amount of wash water needed when the discharged calcium carbonate after drying contains a
maximum of 0.0075 Kg of sodium hydroxide per Kg of calcium carbonate.
16. 100 Kg/hr of fresh fish liver containing 25 % oil has to be extracted with ethy ether in a continuous counter
current leaching unit 95 % of the oil has to be extracted with the strong solution should contain 0.7 mass
fraction of oil. Determine (i) The quantity and composition of the discharged solids. (ii) Kg of oil free ether
required per hour. (iii) No of stages required. Where, y = Kg of oil/ Kg of solution, x = Kg of oil free liver / Kg
of solution. Equilibrium data as follows;
y 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
x 4.13 3.5 2.95 2.47 2.1 1.67 1.3
 UNIT-V:ADSORPTION AND ION EXCHANGE

PART- A
1. Chemisorption compared to physical absorption has
a) Lower adsorption rate.
b) Lower capacity of the solvent for the solute gas.
c) Increased utilization of stagnant zones of the liquid phase.
d) None of these.
2. Rate of adsorption increases as the
e) Temperature increases.
f) Temperature decreases.
g) Pressure decreases.
h) Size of adsorbent increases.
3. Reverse osmosis is also called
a) Dialysis
b) Electrodilysis
c) Diffusion
d) ultrafiltration.
4. __________ is the separation technique used for desalination of sea water.
a) Thermal diffusion
b) Reverse osmosis
c) Adsorption
d) absorption
5. Langmuir equation is associated with
a) Leaching
b) Adsorption
c) steam distillation
d) multicomponent absorption.
6. Adsorption is an unit operation which generally involves __________ systems.
a) liquid-solid
b) gas-solid
c) fluid-solid
d) solid-solid
7. Removal of __________ exemplifies an adsorption unit operation.
a) uranium from its ore
b) water from petrol
c) ammonia from coke oven gas
d) mustard oil from mustard seed
8. When adsorption hysteresis is observed, the desorption equilibrium pressure is __________ that obtained by
adsorption.
a) always lower than
b) always higher than
c) same as
d) dependent on the system; can be either lower or higher than
9. Ion exchange process is similar to
a) Absorption
b) Adsorption
c) Extraction
d) leaching
10. Separation of __________ employs gaseous diffusion process.
e) N2 and O2 from air
f) isotopes of uranium
g) isotopes of helium
h) SO2 and air
PART- B

1. What are the different adsorption isotherms?

2. Define ‘s’ shape curve in adsorption?
3. Define chemical adsorption and explain it.
4. Explain the application of adsorbent-activated carbon.
5. What is elution curve?
6. Give Industrial application of ion -exchange process.
7. Write the principle of Ion exchange and state few applications.
8. Write Freundlich Equation and where it is found useful?
9. Name few industrial adsorbents.
10. Define Reverse Osmosis.
11. What is Electro dialysis?
12. What is thermal diffusion?
13. Define Sweep diffusion.
14. What are the different types of membrane separations?
15. Write notes on Gas Chromatography.
16. Define Zone refining
17. What are the applications of membrane separation techniques in Effluent treatment.
18. Name few Polymer membranes.
19. What do you mean by foam separation process.
20. What is adsorption hysteresis?
21. Write frendlich equation.
22. Give the limitations of Langmuir and frendlich isotherms.

PART-C

1. Explain the following

i) Ion exchange process and ion exchange resins
ii) Break through curve.
2. Explain: i) Industrial adsorbents.
ii) Adsorption Isotherms.
3. Write brief notes on
i) Ion exchange treatment in water purification.
ii) Membrane separation for gaseous components separation.
4. Explain the principle of Chromatography? What are its major applications?
5. Explain the various types of equipments commercially used for adsorption with the help of neat sketch.
6. Explain the effect of temperature on chemisorption.
7. Explain about Adsorption Isotherm and adsorption hysterisis.
8. Explain a) Reverse osmosis
b) Electro dialysis.
c) Thermal diffusion.
d) Membrane separation process.
9. Experiments on decolonization of oil yield the following equilibrium relationship y = 0.5 x 0.5, where y = g of
color removed / g of adsorbent and x = color in the oil. 100 Kg oil containing 1 part of color to 3 parts of oil is
agitated with 25 Kg of the adsorbent. Calculate the % of color removed If, (i) all 25 Kg adsorbent is used in one
step.
ii) 12.5 Kg adsorbent is used initially, followed by 12.5 Kg of adsorbent.
10. i) Write notes on dialysis.
ii) Write short note on ultrafiltration.
11. NO2 produced by a thermal process for fixation of N 2 is to be removed from a dilute mixture with air by
adsorption on silica gel in a continuous counter current absorber. The gas entering at the rate of 0.12 Kg/ sec
contains 1.3 % of NO2 by volume and 90 % of NO 2 is to be removed. Operation is isothermal at 25 ºC and 1 atm
pressure. The entering gel will be free of NO2.
Partial pressure of NO2, mmHg 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Kg NO2/100 Kg gel 0 0.4 0.9 1.65 2.6 3.65 4.85
(i) Calculate the minimum weight of gel required per hour.
(ii) For twice the minimum gel rate calculate the no of stages required.
12. 500 Kg / min of dry air at 20 ºC carrying 5 Kg of water vapor per minute is to be dehumidified with silica gel to
0.001 Kg water per Kg dry air. The operation is to be conducted isothermally and counter currently with 25
Kg/min of silica gel. How many theoretical stages are required and what will be the moisture content of silica gel
leaving the bottom stage. Silica gel enters free from moisture. The equilibrium data at 20 ºC is given below:
Kg water/ Kg dry silica gel 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Kg water/ Kg dry air 0 0.0018 0.0036 0.005 0.0062
13. Discuss the demineralization process by ion exchange operation with neat flow diagram.
14. What are the major factors that considered for selection of ion exchange resins?
15. (i) BET isotherm
(ii) Explain about the theories of adsorption
(iii) Discuss about the nature and characteristics of adsorbent used in industry. List at least four industrial
absorbents.
(iv) What is adsorption hysteresis?
16. A solution of washed raw cane sugar is colored by the presence of impurities. It is be decolored by treatment
with an adsorptive carbon. The data for equilibrium solution has a color concentration of 9.6 measured on an
arbitrary scale and it’s desired to reduce the color to 0.96. Calculate necessary dosage of fresh carbon per 2000
Kg solution (i) For a single stage (ii) For a 3- stage counter current operation
Kg carbon/ Kg solution 0 0.001 0.004 0.008 0.02 0.04
Equilibrium color 9.6 8.6 6.3 4.3 1.7 0.7