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CHAPTER 14:
Kinetic theory of gases
(3 Hours)
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
Learning Outcome:
14.1 Ideal gas equations (1 hour)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
T1
1
0 V
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
14.1.2 Charles’s law The related equations to the Charles’ law are
b. V
a V
.
273.15 0 T( C) 0 T(K)
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
14.1.3 Gay-lussac’s The related equations to the Gay-
lussac’s law are
(pressure) law
P
states : “The pressure constant
of a fixed mass of gas T
OR
at constant
volume is directly P1 P2
proportional to its T1 T2
absolute where
temperature.” T1 : initial absolute temperatu re
OR
T2 : final absolute temperatu re
P1 : initial pressure
P T If V constant P2 : final pressure
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
Graphs of the Gay-lussac’s (pressure) law
a. P b. P
273.15 0 T( C) 0 T(K)
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
14.1.4 Equation of state for an ideal gas
• An ideal gas is defined as a perfect gas which obeys the
three gas laws (Boyle’s, Charles’s and Gay-Lussac’s)
exactly.
• Consider an ideal gas in a container changes its pressure P,
volume V and temperature T as shown in Figure 14.1.
P1 P2 P2
2nd stage
V1 1st stage V' V2
T1 T1 T2
Figure 14.1
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
– In 1st stage, temperature is
kept at T1 , – Equating eqs. (1) and (2), thus
Using Boyle’s law :
PV nRT
– where n : the number of mole gas
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
m
n – If the Boltzmann constant, k
is defined as
M
where R 23 1
m : mass of a gas k 1.38 10 JK
M : molar mass of a gas NA
OR
then the equation of state
N becomes
n
NA
PV NkT
where
N : number of molecules
N A : Avogadro' s constant
6.02 1023 mol 1
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
Example 1 : Solution :
VA 3VB ; mA m; T0A 300 K;T0B 500 K
The volume of vessel A is three
times of the volume vessel B. The Since the vessels A and B are
vessels are filled with an ideal gas connected by a narrow tube thus the
pressure for both vessels is same,
and are at a steady state. The finally i.e.
temperature of vessel A and vessel PA PB P
B are at 300 K and 500 K
The system is in the steady state, thus
respectively as shown in Figure
14.2. T0A TA 300 K;T0B TB 500 K
By applying the equation of state for an
A B ideal gas,
(300 K) (500 K)
m
Figure 14.2 PV nRT and n
m M
If the mass of the gas in the vessel PV RT
A is m, obtain the mass of the gas M
in the vessel B in terms of m.
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
Vessel B :
Therefore,
VA 3VB ; mA m; T0A 300 K;T0B 500 K
Vessel A :
mA m
PVB 100 R (1)
PAVA RTA M
M
mB
PVB 500 R (2)
M
m
P 3VB R 300 By equating the eqs. (1) and (2) hence
M
m mB
100 R 500 R
M M
m
mB
5
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
Example 2 :
connecting tap
B A
Figure 14.3
Refer to Figure 14.3. Initially A contains 3.00 m3 of an ideal gas at
a temperature of 250 K and a pressure of 5.00 104 Pa, while B
contains 7.20 m3 of the same gas at 400 K and 2.00 104 Pa.
Calculate the pressure after the connecting tap has been opened
and the system reached equilibrium, assuming that A is kept at
250 K and B is kept at 400 K.
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
Solution : V0A V1A 3.00 m3 ; T0A T1A 250 K;
P0A 5.00 104 Pa;V0B V1B 7.20 m3 ;
T0B T1B 400 K; P0B 2.00 104 Pa
After the connecting tap has been opened and the system reached
equilibrium, thus
P1A P1B P
By using the equation of state for ideal gas, P0V0 P1V1
T0 T1
P0AV0A P0BV0B V1A V1B
P
T0A T0B T1A T1B
5.00 104 3.00 2.00 104 7.20 3.00 7.20
P
250 400 250 400
4
P 3.20 10 Pa
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
Exercise 14.1 :
Given R = 8.31 J mol 1 K 1 and NA = 6.0 1023 mol 1
Figure Wa
Wall B ll A
14.5 Wa
ll B
Wall A Wa
ll A
Wa
Figure 14.4 ll B
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
Therefore the change in the If Fx1 is the magnitude of the
linear momentum of the average force exerted by a
molecule is given by molecule on the wall in the time
t, thus by applying Newton’s
Px mvx mvx second law of motion gives
Px 2mvx Px 2mvx m 2
Fx1 Fx1 vx
The molecule has to travel a t 2d d
distance 2d (from A to B and vx
back to A) before its next
collision with wall A. The time For N molecules of the ideal gas,
taken for this movement is
m 2 m 2 m 2
2d Fx vx1 vx 2 ....... vxN
d d d
t
vx Fx
m 2 2
vx1 vx 2 ....... vxN
2
d
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
where vx1 is the x Thus, the x component for the
component of velocity of total force exerted on the wall of
molecule 1, vx2 is the x the cubical container is
component of velocity of
molecule 2 and so on. m 2
Fx N vx
• The mean (average ) value d
of the square of the velocity
in the x direction for N • The magnitude of the velocity
molecules is v is given by
2 2 2 2 2 2
vx1 vx 2 ....... vxN 2
vx
2
v vx vy vz
N
2 2 2
v x1 vx 2 ....... vxN then
2 2 2
2 v2 vx vy vz
N vx
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
• Since the velocities of the molecules in the ideal gas are
completely random, there is no preference to one direction
or another. Hence 2 2 2
v x v y v z
2 2
v 3 vx
2 v2
vx
3
• The total force exerted on the wall in all direction, F is given by
F
m
N vx
2 m v2
F N
d d 3
N m v2
F
3 d
where v 2 : mean square velocity of the molecule
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
14.2.3 Pressure of an ideal gas
• From the definition of pressure,
F N m v2
P where A d2 and F
A 3 d
1 Nm v 2
P 3
and d3 V
3 d
1 Nm 2
P v (14.1)
3 V
1 2
PV Nm v (14.2)
3
where Nm : mass of an ideal gas in the container
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
• Since the density of the 14.2.4 Root mean square
gas, is given by
velocity ( vrms)
Nm • is defined as vrms v2
V
hence the equation • From the equation of state in terms
(15.1) can be written as of Boltzmann constant, k :
1 2
PV NkT (14.4)
P v (14.3)
3 • By equating the eqs. (15.4) and
(14.2), thus
where
P : pressure by the gas 1
NkT Nm v 2
: density of the gas 3
v 2 : mean square velocity 2 3kT
v
of the gas molecules m
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
• Therefore • Since 1
P v2
3
3kT 3RT
vrms OR vrms
m M
2 3P
thus v
where
therefore the equation of root
vrms : root mean square velocity (speed) mean square velocity of the
gas molecules also can be
m : mass of a molecule gas written as
M : molar mass of a gas 3P
vrms
T : absolute temperatu re
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
Example 3 : Solution :
a. The mean speed of the
Eight gas molecules chosen molecules is given by
at random are found to have
speeds of 1,1,2,2,2,3,4 and N 8
5 m s 1. Determine N
a. the mean speed of the vi
i 1
molecules, v
b. the mean square speed of N
the molecules, 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 5
v
c. the root mean square 8
speed of the molecules.
1
v 2.5 m s
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
Solution :
N 8
b. The mean square speed of c. The root mean square speed
the molecules is given by of the molecules is
N
2
vi
v 2 i 1 vrms v2
N
v 2 1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
vrms 8
8
1
v 2
8m s 2 2
vrms 2.83 m s
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
Example 4 : (Given R = 8.31 J mol 1 K 1, k = 1.38
10 23 J K 1, molar mass of oxygen, M = 32
A cylinder of volume 0.08 m3 g mol 1, NA = 6.02 1023 mol 1)
contains oxygen gas at a
Solution :
temperature of 280 K and
pressure of 90 kPa. V 0.08 m3 ; T 280 K;
Determine
P 90 103 Pa
a. the mass of oxygen in the
cylinder, a. By using the equation of
b. the number of oxygen state, thus
molecules in the cylinder, m
c. the root mean square
PV nRT and n
M
speed of the oxygen
m
molecules in the cylinder. PV RT
M
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
Solution : V 0.08 m3 ; T 280 K; P 90 103 Pa
a.
3 m
90 10 0.08 8.31 280
0.032
m 9.90 10 2 kg
b. The number of oxygen molecules in the cylinder is
m N m
n N NA
M NA M
9.90 10 2 23
N 6.02 10
0.032
24
N 1.86 10 molecules
c. The root mean square speed of the oxygen molecules is
1 Nm 2
P v
3 V
2 N 1
P m v2 (14.5)
3 V 2
This equation shows that N
increases
V
P increases ( ) When
1
m v2 increases
2
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
14.3.1 Translational kinetic energy of molecule
1
m v2 increases
2
2 1
PV N m v2 and PV NkT
3 2
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
2 1 2 3 3 R
NkT N m v K tr kT T
3 2 2 2 NA
1 2 3 where
m v kT
2 2 K tr : average translati onal
kinetic energy of a
and
molecule
1 T : absolute temperatu re
m v2 K tr k : Boltzmann constant
2 R : molar gas constant
N A : Avogadro constant
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
E NKtr
• For N molecules of
3
an ideal gas in the E N kT
cubical container, 2
the total average 3
(mean) translational E NkT
2
kinetic energy, E is
given by OR
3
E nRT
2
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
14.3.2 Principle of equipartition of energy
• States : “the mean (average) kinetic energy of every degrees
of freedom of a molecule is
1
kT .
Therefore 2
f Mean (average) kinetic
K kT energy per molecule
2
OR
y
Polyatomic gas (e.g. H2O, CO2, NH3)
• The number of degrees of freedom is
Translational kinetic energy 3 vy
Rotational kinetic energy 3
O
6
x
H vx
vz H
z Figure 14.8
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
• Table 14.1 shows the degrees of freedom for various molecules.
f CP
U NkT
2 CV
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
14.3.4 Internal energy of gas Thus for N molecules,
and relate the internal
energy to the number U N K
of degree of freedom.
f R
• is defined as the sum of total U NkT and k
2 NA
kinetic energy and total
potential energy of the gas OR
molecules.
f
• But in ideal gas, the U nRT
intermolecular forces are 2
assumed to be negligible thus
the potential energy of the where U : internal energy
molecules can be neglected.
of the gas
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
Table 14.2 shows the properties for 1 mole of an ideal gas.
Table 14.2
Degrees of freedom, f 3 5 6
Average kinetic energy per 3 5 6
molecule, <K> kT kT kT 3kT
2 2 2
3 5 6
Internal energy, U RT RT RT 3RT
2 2 2
Physics DF025 Chapter 14
Exercise 14.3 :
THE END…
Next Chapter…
CHAPTER 15 :
Thermodynamics