Specialized Scientific Programs (SSP)

Lecture (2)

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1. The gas laws
2. The ideal gas equation

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 The gas laws are equations express the relationships between
Temperature, pressure, volume, and amount of gas.

 Experiments reveal that four variables are needed to define the

physical condition (or state) of a gas:
 Temperature (T)
 Pressure (P)
 Volume (V)
 Amount of gas (i.e., usually in moles “n”) previous lecture notes

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 The Pressure-Volume (P-V) relationships: Boyle’s Law

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 The Pressure-Volume (P-V) relationships: Boyle’s Law
 The volume of a fixed quantity of gas maintained at constant
temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure.

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𝑉𝛼
𝑃
1
𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ×
𝑃
𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

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 The Temperature-Volume (T-V) relationships: Charle’s Law
 Volume increases as temperature increases and decreases as
temperature decreases.
𝑉
𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 × 𝑇 ⇒ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑇

Note: This constant depends on (1) pressure and (2) amount of

gas.

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 The Temperature-Volume (T-V) relationships: Charle’s Law
Known as absolute zero

Charles’s law states:

−273 ℃ = 0.0 𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛

The volume of a fixed

amount of gas
maintained at constant
pressure is directly
proportional to its
absolute
temperature.

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 The Quantity-Volume relationships: Avogardo’s Law
 Avogadro’s hypothesis: Equal volumes of gases at the same
temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules.

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 The Quantity-Volume relationships: Avogardo’s Law
 Avogadro’s law follows from Avogadro’s hypothesis: The volume
of a gas maintained at constant temperature and pressure is
directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas.
𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 × 𝑛

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 In the previous section, three historically important gas laws, that
describe the relationships between four variables, were examined.

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 𝑛𝑇
𝑉𝛼
𝑃
𝑛𝑇
𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑃
Note:
This constant is defined as the universal ideal gas constant (R).
𝑛𝑇
𝑉=𝑅 ⇒ 𝑃𝑉=𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑃

Ideal gas equation

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  The value and the units of
the gas constant depend on
the units of P, V, T, and n.
Notes:
- Temperature must always be expressed as
an absolute temperature (i.e., kelvin or
Rankine).
- The quantity of gas (n) is normally
expressed in moles.
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 Standard conditions of temperature and pressure (STP):

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Relating the ideal gas equation and gas laws:
 The gas laws discussed earlier are special cases of the ideal gas
equation.

When n and T are kept constants Boyle’s law

 This relation can be used to determine how the volume of a gas
changes when its pressure changes.

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Relating the ideal gas equation and gas laws:
 Because the product PV is a constant (when a gas is held at
constant n and T) then we have that:

𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
Where 𝑃1 and 𝑉1 are initial values while 𝑃2 and 𝑉2 are final values.

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Relating the ideal gas equation and gas laws:
 We are often faced with the situation in which P, V, and T all change
for a fixed number of moles of gas. Because n is constant in this
situation, the ideal-gas equation gives:

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