WTW 124: Selected Answers to Chapter 2 (2.1 & 2.

2)

Exercise 2.1

1 (a) hx, yi = h0, 0i

√ √
1 (b) hx, yi = h−2, −2i or hx, yi = h0, − 2i or hx, yi = h0, 2i or hx, yi = h1, 1i

1 (c) hx, y, zi = h4, 3, 2i

1 (d) z = 1, x2 + y 2 = 3

1 (e) No solution

1 (f) hx1 , x2 , x3 , x4 i = h1, 1, 1, 1i

1 (g) hx, yi = h−2, −4i or hx, yi = h−2, 4i or hx, yi = h2, −4i or hx, yi = h2, 4i

1 (h) hx, yi = h0, 0i or hx, yi = h 41 , − 21 i

1 (i) hx, y, zi = h 11 9
5 , − 5 , −2i

1 (j) hx1 , x2 , x3 , x4 i = h1, 2, 2, 1i

1 (k) hx, y, zi = h3, 4, 1i

2 (a) Two lines in the plane intersect at a single point h0, 0i.

2 (c) Three planes intersect in a single point h4, 3, 2i.

2 (e) Three planes with no common point.

2 (h) A line intersecting a parabola in two points, h0, 0i and h 41 , − 12 i.

2 (i) Three planes intersect in a single point h 11 9

5 , − 5 , −2i.

2 (k) Three planes intersect in a single point h3, 4, 1i.

3. y − x3 + x = 0 and 3x − y = 0. The solutions are hx, yi = h0, 0i or hx, yi = h−2, −6i or

hx, yi = h2, 6i.

Exercise 2.2
   
    11 53
0 1 3 4
1. B − C = , B + 2C = , Ax̄ =  −9 , AB x̄ =  −11 ,
2 3 2 3
32 138
 
3 3  
3 5
ABC = −1 −1 , BCB =
  .
6 10
8 8
A + C is undefined, since A and C have different sizes.
BA is undefined, since B has size 2 × 2 and A has size 3 × 2.
   
1 2 3 2
2. A = and B =
2 0 1 0

1
3 (a) We have

(r + s)A = [(r + s)aij ] [Definition of scalar multiplication]

= [raij + saij ] [Distributive law in R]

= [raij ] + s[sa ij] [Definition of matrix addition]

= rA + sA [Definition of scalar multiplication]

  
1 1 2 0
4 (a) AB = and BA =
1 1 2 0
     
2 0 3 0 6 0
4 (b) If A = and B = then AB = BA =
0 0 0 0 0 0

6 AB, so (A + B)2 = A2 + AB + BA + B 2 .
4 (c) No. In general AB =
 
−1 −1
4 (d) A =
1 1
 
1 1 1
4 (e) B =  −1 −1 1 
0 0 0

5 (c) Use the appropriate properties of matrix addition, matrix multiplication and scalar multi-
plication.
       
2 1 4 3 1 6 4 1 8 n 1 2n
6. A = ,A = ,A = ,A =
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

7 (a) p = 5, q = −2, r = −2 and s = 1; AP = I

7 (b) There are no such values for p, q, r and s.

7 (c) a = 0, b = 21 , c = 0, d = − 12
1
, e = 0, f = 14 , g = 31 , h = 0 and i = 0; ST = I

7 (d) If AB = I then BA = I = AB.

   
3 −2 8 9
8 (a)  −2 2 1  x̄ =  3 
1 2 −3 8
   
1 −1 1 −1 0
 1 1 1 1 
 x̄ =  6 
 
8 (b) 
 1 2 4 8   21 
1 3 9 27 52

5x + 2y = 9
9 (a) .
0 = 5
The system has no solution. Two parallel lines in the plane.
7x + 2y + z = 0
9 (b) 2y + 3z = 1 .
4z = −12
hx, y, zi = h−1, 5, −3i. Three planes intersect in a single point.

2
 2x + 3z = 11
9 (c) 0 = 0 .
2z = 6
hx, y, zi = h1, t, 3i, t ∈ R. Two planes intersect in a line.

x + 2y + 3z = 7
9 (d) 4x + 5y + 6z = 8 . The system has no solution. Three planes without a common point.
0 = 9

(10) Let C = AB − BA. Calculate c11 + c22 .

(11) Apply the definitions of the transpose and matrix multiplication.