WTW 124: Selected Answers to Chapter 1 (1.1 to 1.

4)

EXERCISE 1.1

1 (a) h12, −11, 8i

1 (b) h−15, 36, 1i

1 (c) Not defined. Why?

1 (d) h4, −124, −66i

1 (e) Not defined. Why?

1 (f) h−20, 7, −2, 0i

1 (g) h−6, 138, −42i

1 (h) h−2, 36, 24i

1 (i) Not defined. Why?

1 (j) h−4, 13, −12i

2 (a) No solution.

2 (b) No solution.

2 (c) hα, βi = h1, 3i or hα, βi = h−2, 4.5i.

3. p and q are linear combinations, but r is not.

4. Use your definitions carefully. Motivate each step, as in the proof of Theorem 1.1.9 (10).

5. Assume x, y and z are vectors in Rn such that x + z = y + z. Thus by associativity and using
the additive inverse of z we obtain

(x + z) + (−z) = (y + z) + (−z)
x + (z + −z) = y + (z + −z)
x+0 = y+0
x = y

EXERCISE 1.2
√
1 (a) 329

1 (b) −72

1 (c) Undefined, since z and x are vectors of different dimensions.

1 (d) 19

1 (e) 8

1 (f) 1

1
 √
1 (g) 1188 − 48 66.

1 (h) 6

1 (i) Undefined, since (2x̄) · ȳ is a number, and v̄ is a vector with three components.
√
1 (j) 1876

2. Use the definition of the dot product, and the fact that multiplication in R is commutative.

3. Start with x̄ · (αȳ + β z̄). Use the definitions of scalar multiplication, vector addition and the
dot product to show that x̄ · (αȳ + β z̄) = α(x̄ · ȳ) + β(x̄ · z̄). Work step by step, carefully
motivating each step.
p √
4. Use the fact that, for x̄ = hx1 , x2 , x3 i, kx̄k = x21 + x22 + x23 . Remember, |α| = α2 .

5. Expand kx̄ + ȳk2 = (x̄ + ȳ) · (x̄ + ȳ) using the properties of the dot product. Now apply the
Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality.

6 (a) Assume that x̄ = αȳ. Use Theorem 1.2.3 (3), the definition of the norm and Theorem 1.2.10
(2).

|x · y| = |(αy) · y|
= |α||y · y| (Theorem 1.2.3)
= |α|kykkyk (definition of a norm)
= kαykkyk (Theorem 1.2.10)
= kxkkyk (definition of x)

6 (b) Show that kx − αyk = 0. Now explain why x̄ = αȳ.

7 (a) Using Definition 1.2.5 we get

ku − vk2 + ku + v|2 = (u − v).(u − v) + (u + v).(u + v) (definition of a norm)

..
.
= 2u.u + 2v.v
= 2kuk2 + 2kvk2 (definition of a norm)

7 (b) Give it a go!

EXERCISE 1.3
√
1 (a) 14; strictly less.

1 (b) 9; equal.
√
1 (c) 21; strictly less.
√
2 (a) ± 5

2 (b) No real c exists.

3. Apply Theorem 1.2.10 (3) with the right choice for x̄ and ȳ.

2
 4. Simplifying (1−x)2 +(2−y)2 +(1−z)2 = (−1−x)2 +(0−y)2 +(−1−z)2 gives 4x+4y +4z = 4
or x + y + z = 1.

EXERCISE 1.4

1 (a) a is not on L. b is on L, but not between p̄ and q̄.

1 (b) a is on L, but not between p̄ and q̄. b is not on L.

1 (c) a is on L, but not between p̄ and q̄. b is not on L.

1 (d) a is not on L. b is not on L.

1 (e) a is on L, but not between p̄ and q̄. b is not on L

2. a and b are between p̄ and q̄; c is not. [You can use Theorem 1.4.2!]

3 (a) Yes at h−1, 6, −5i.

3 (b) Yes at h3, 2, 3i.

3 (c) No intersection.

3 (d) Yes at h3, 2, −3i.

3 (e) No intersection.

3 (f) Yes at h5, 2, −3i.

4 (a) Yes at h3, 0, 0i and h5/3, −4/3, 4/3i.

√ √
4 (b) Yes at h 57±3
25
11
,4 − 78±4 11
25 , 1i
√
4 (c) Yes at one point h3, 2, 2 2i
√
4 (d) Yes at h2, 3, 0i and h1, 0, 2i.

5 (a) α = 2

5 (b) α ∈ (−∞, −3) ∪ (−3, 3) ∪ (3, ∞)

5 (c) α = 2

5 (d) There is not value for α so that the lines intersect in a single point.

6 (a) A parallelogram (in fact, this one’s a square).

6 (b) A parallelogram.

6 (c) A parallelogram.

6 (d) A parallelogram.

6 (e) A line segment.

6 (f) A parallelogram.

7 (a) Yes.

7 (b) No.
√
8 (a) c = ± 2

3
 8 (b) There is no value of c for which the lines are parallel.

8 (c) c = 1

8 (d) There is no value of c for which the lines are parallel.

8 (e) All c ∈ R.

9 (a) Use the distributivity and commutativity of the dot product, and the definition of the norm.

9 (b) In the given equation, solve for r̄. Remember, α is a real number, so you can device by it.
Explain where you use the fact that α > 0.
1 1
9 (c) If α > 0, then α + 1 > α > 0. Therefore 0 < < . Multiplying with α > 0 we get
α+1 α
α α
0< < = 1.
α+1 α
10. Use definition of between and the properties of the norm.

11. Use Theorem 1.4.2 and Theorem 1.2.10 (2). Do the two cases separately.

12 (a) Write each equation in the form p̄ = . . .. Carefully explain why each step is justified.

12 (b) Then it won’t be lines anymore.

13. Use the fact that x̄ ∈ L1 and x̄ ∈ L2 , and that L1 = {q̄ + αt(ā − b̄) : t ∈ R}.