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Business Cycle
During Expansion
High growth: large investments, increase in
employment, income and expenditure
Inflation: Increase in investment forces more
money supply in the system, demand for factor
inputs increases, hence their prices increase
which increases cost of production. So wages
and prices of goods also increase.
Severe Competition: Firms resort to large
amount of non productive expenditure on
advertisements and publicity.
Effects of Business Cycles
During Recession
Excess inventory: Those firms which had
produced in abundance during expansion phase
face the problem of maintaining unsold items.
Unemployment : in order to reduce investment,
recession phase is marked by large scale
retrenchment.
Below capacity operations and liquidation of
firms.
Controlling Business Cycles
At Firm Level
Precautionary Measures: to be taken at
the time of expansion
Investments: deter from investing huge
amount of funds in fixed assets.
Inventory: should not create large inventory
of raw material or finished goods.
Products: diversify in different markets and
different products, so that risk is diversified.
Controlling Business Cycles
Curative Measures: to be taken at the
time of recession
Pricing: Flexibility should be the right
strategy, so that during recession prices may
be adjusted to increase demand without
eating away the margins.
Costing: control wastages and reduce costs
Controlling Business Cycles
At Government Level
Monetary Measures:
Rediscount rate:
Expansion: increase the rediscount rate to curb
money supply
Recession: reduce the rate to increase money
supply.
Reserve ratios:
Expansion: the ratios are increased so that banks
are left with less cash to be extended as credit
Recession: the ratios are decreased so that banks
can extend easy credit.
Controlling Business Cycles
Open market operations:
Expansion: sells securities and takes away
disposable income from people.
Recession: buys securities to give more in the
hands of people
Selective credit control:
Banks are advised to extend credit to certain
areas, while restrict to certain other areas.
Controlling Business Cycles
Fiscal Measures
Public expenditure
Expansion: Government reduces expenditure to
curtail demand
Recession: Government increases expenditure on
various activities like health, transport,
communication, etc., to increase income of
individuals; this in turn increases aggregate
demand.
Controlling Business Cycles
Public revenue
Expansion: An increase in taxes takes away
portion of people’s money income and thus brings
down aggregate demand.
Recession: It is desirable that governments
reduce taxes.
An appropriate combination of these measures is
adopted after thorough examination of the causes of
business cycles.