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Line Constants: 2.1 Overhead Transmission Line Parameters
Line Constants: 2.1 Overhead Transmission Line Parameters
LINE CONSTANTS
Transmission line parameters are used in the voltage drop calculations, load flow,
stability analysis, short circuit study, line loading calculations, transient analysis and
the performance evaluation of the lines under various loading conditions. The line
parameters are evaluated based on the installed line and tower configuration data.
The basic theory of line parameter calculations is involved and is explained well in
Reference [2]. The line constant calculation procedures suitable for computer-aided
analysis are discussed in this section.
Series impedance - The general method is well suited for the calculation of the
overhead line parameters as described in [1]. This procedure is explained using a
three-phase, 4 wire system shown in Figure 2.1. The voltage drop along any
conductor is proportional to the current. In steady state, the relation between the
voltage drop, impedance and the current is given by:
dV
[—] = [Z] [I] (2.1)
dx
dl
[—] = jco[C] [V] (2.2)
dx
2.8M ° 4k
2.8M
4M
•T 15. 9M
F I
C
18 4M
13. 4 M 1
r >r 1 1.
Figure 2.1 A Three-Phase, 4 Wire Overhead Transmission Line
where the self impedance (Zjj) and the mutual impedance (Z;k) are:
— + AXii) (2.3)
(2.4)
(2.5)
The earth affects the capacitance of the conductor since its presence alters the
electric field of the conductor. In charging a conductor above the earth, there is a
potential difference between the conductor and the earth. In order to calculate the
capacitance of the conductor to earth, a fictitious conductor is assumed below the
earth's surface at a distance equal to twice the distance of the conductor above the
ground. Now if the earth is removed, the midpoint provides an equi-potential
surface. The fictitious conductor has a charge equal in magnitude and opposite in
sign to that of the original conductor and is called the image conductor.
a— (2.6)
hj + hk . xik
Cos (p - - c Sin (p — - (2.9)
Dik Dik
The above procedure can be extended for multi circuit lines. Carson's equations
for the homogeneous earth are normally accurate enough for power system studies.
Shunt capacitance - The capacitance between the phase conductor and the
ground can be calculated knowing Maxwell's potential coefficients. Maxwell's
potential coefficients [P] and the voltage [V] are given by:
where Q is the charge per unit length of the conductor. The diagonal elements PJJ
and the off-diagonal elements are calculated using the following equations:
1 2 hi
Pii= - In—^ (2.11)
27tsO ri
— (2.12)
dik
V Zll Z12 I
(2.13)
Vc Z21 Z22
where V and Vg are system voltage and ground conductor voltages respectively.
Since Vg = 0, then:
dV
(2.14)
dx
(2.15)
dV i
=(Z11 -Zl2Z 2 2 Z2l)I (2.16)
dx
For the capacitance calculations, the same type of approach can be used. The
impedance components calculated using the above approach accounts for the
ground conductor effects.
Effective self and mutual impedance - If the self (Zjj) and mutual impedances
(Zik) of the individual conductors are known, then the effective self and mutual
impedance of the phases can be expressed as:
Zs Zm Zm
Zeq Zm Zs Zm (2.17)
Zm Zm Zs
(2.18)
(2.19)
(2.21)
s =• ' a2 (2.22)
where a = e1 * and a2 = e"j27t 3. Using the above transformation, equation 2.1 can
be transformed to provide the symmetrical component relation given by:
dV
~ (2.23)
Typical line parameters - The calculated line parameters can be verified with
the typical parameters available from the literature. Such parameters are available
from system analysts working on the line design and calculations. Some typical
parameters are listed in Table 2.1.
Data for parameter calculations - The required data for the calculation of the
line parameters include the conductor details and tower configuration as listed
below.
The necessary conductor data is usually available from the manufacturers and
typical values for the following types are presented in Tables A-l through A-8.
Table; Description
A-l High Strength (HS) steel conductor.
A-2 Extra High Strength (EHS) steel conductor.
A-3 Aluminum Conductor Alloy Reinforced (ACAR).
A-4 Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR).
A-5 Aluminum Weld Conductor (ALUMOWE).
A-6 All Aluminum Conductor (AAC).
A-7 All Aluminum Alloy Conductor (AAAC).
A-8 Copper Conductors.
The required tower configuration data has to be from the specific installation.
Typical tower configurations are available from various books and
manufacturer's catalog.
Example 2.1 - A typical two-pole high voltage dc circuit is shown in Figure 2.3.
The conductor and tower configurations are:
The input parameters for the calculation of the line constants using the
electromagnetic program are presented in List 2.1.
41 M
21 M
List 2.1 Input Data for Line Constants Program (Edited Version)
(Courtesy of H. W. Dommel, Output from Overhead Line Parameters Program)
2 1.14E-09 7.92E-09
1 4.281430E-1 2.13E-10
5.98E-11 3.78E-12
=C1
2 4.28E-11 9.15E-09 -2.13E-10
5.98E-11 1.31E-25 -3.78E-12
2 6.67E-02 8.51E-02
2.40E-01 7.11E-01
1 1.287834E-0 3.53E-04
1.21E-03 1.04E-02
=R1
2 1.33E-02 1.65E-02 -2.69E-05
6.85E-03 4.75E-01 1.05E-02
The horizontal and vertical position of the conductor is shown in Figure 2.1. The
calculated line parameters are:
The horizontal and vertical position of the conductor is shown in Figure 2.4.
3.85M
>k *
6
4.1M
_ A
| I
OO A k
5.3M
O'o B o'o-r-
4.4M A
o'o c 31 3M
36
-Jk°'°C I
26. 3M
I I
22 M
>f w w >f ^
Figure 2.4 Three-Phase Double Circuit, Tower Configuration for Example 2.3
A2
A1 A2
There are other configurations for laying the cables in the conduit or pipes. Each
configuration has advantages and disadvantages. However, the impedance
calculation procedure is the same. For discussions on the cable applications, see
Reference [4]. For a three-phase circuit with shielded cables, the symmetrical
component parameters can be calculated as follows.
5.24
Xnn = 0.0377 [4.681 + 0.610J loge (0.1 29<Jp~) + 0.6 10 log
1
GMRn Kn GMRC
1.55VP
V
= 0.0181 + j0.037?[ 4.68+ 0.6101oge{ } ] (2.33)
3 2
'GMR C GMD
Z2
Zj = [Zaa -Z ab -- — JOhms/lOOOfeet (2.34)
->£-> an
ZQ =[Z a a +2Z a b -- ] Ohms/1 000 feet (2.35)
Where
Example 2.4 - Calculate the positive and zero sequence impedance of three 115
kV cables laid horizontally with a spacing of 8 inches. The sheaths are solidly
grounded at both ends of the cable. The cable is a 750 kcmil compact round
aluminum conductor with a 0.10 inch thick lead sheath. The resistance of the
conductor is 23 (a-Ohm/feet and the resistance of the sheath is 142 u-Ohm/feet.
The resistivity of earth is 100 Ohm-m. The thickness of the insulation is 0.85
inch. The geometric mean radius of the conductor is 0.445 inch. Also, calculate
the positive and zero sequence impedances using the EMTP program. Compare
the results. Calculate the charging capacitance values.
Mutual impedance of the phase conductor (Zab) per equation (2.29) is:
Self impedance of the neutral conductor (Znn) per equation (2.32) is:
Mutual impedance of the ground conductor (Zmg) per equation (2.33) is:
1. Consider the double circuit line shown in Example 2.3 (also see Figure 2.4).
The line is to be operated at 138 kV with the same conductor positions.
Calculate the line parameters of the 138 kV in Ohms and in P.U. The phase
conductor is 550 kcmil from Table A-6. The neutral conductor is 3/8 HS
from Table A-l. Compare the calculated values with the typical values.
4. Compare the properties of the neutral conductor of the overhead system and
the sheath used in the underground cable system.
Calculate the self and mutual impedances in Ohms. Also, calculate the self
and mutual charging capacitance in microfarad.
REFERENCES