JAIN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

LOGIC GATES

PHYSICS PROJECT
LOGIC GATES
2019-2020

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mr Ramesh Babu GAUTHAM P
 INDEX

TOPIC PAGE

1. Acknowledgement 1

2. Introduction and Aim 2

3.Principle 3

4.Basic Gates (OR, AND, 4

NOT)
5.Applications 10

6.Bibliography 11
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude to our teacher Mr.

Ramesh Babu who gave us this golden opportunity to
do this wonderful project.

In all humbleness and gratefulness. I would like to

acknowledge all those who have helped me to put
these ideas, well above the level of simplicity and into
something concrete.

i would also like to thank my parents and friends who

helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the
limited time frame.
 Aim

To design an appropriate logic gate combination for

given truth table.
Introduction

A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some

logical relationship between the input and output
voltages. It is a digital circuit which either allows a
signal to pass through or stop it.

The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics.

They are used in digital electronics to change one
voltage level into another according to some logic
statement relating to them.

Truth Table in a logic gate may have one or more than

one inputs, but it has only one output. The relationship
between the possible values of input and output
voltages are expressed in the form of a table called
truth table. Truth table of a logic gate is a table that
shows all The inputs and outputs that are possible for
the logic.
 Principle

Any Boolean algebra operation can be associated with

inputs and outputs represent the statements of
Boolean algebra.
Although these circuits may be complex, they may all
be constructed from three basic devices.
The principle of operation is that the circuit operates
on just two voltage levels, called logic 0 and logic 1.
When either of these voltage levels is applied to the
inputs, the output of the gate responds by assuming a
1 or a 0 level, depending on the particular logic of
the gate.
We have three different types of logic gates. These are
the AND gate, the OR gate and the NOT.
NAND and NOR are called the Universal Gates.
 BASIC GATES
COMPONENETS:
2 Transistors, LED bulbs, switch, Connecting Wires, 9V
cell, PCB board, resistors (1000 ohm).

THEORY AND CONSTRUCTION:

The OR Gate: - It is a device that combines A and B to
give Y as the result. The OR gate has two or more inputs
and one output. In Boolean algebra, addition symbol (+),
is referred as the OR. The Boolean expression: A+B=Y.

On a PCB board, attach 2 transistors. The base of the

transistor should be attached to the resistors. The
emitter of the first transistor(T1) is connected to the
collector of the second transistor(T2). The emitter of
this transistor(T2) is attached to one end of the LED
through a wire running across the board. So if any one
of the switches is on, the current directly passes from
the emitter to the LED. If both are on, it passes through
both the transistors then goes to the LED.
The AND GATE: it is a device that combines A with B to
give Y as the result. The AND gate has two or more
inputs and one output. The logic gate of AND gate with
A and B input and Y output is shown below: In Boolean
algebra, multiplication sign (either x or.) is referred as
the AND.
The Boolean expression: A.B=Y, indicates Y equals A
AND B

On a PCB board, attach 2 transistors. The base of the

transistor should be attached to the resistors. The
emitter of the first transistor(T1) is connected to the
emitter of the second transistor(T2). The collector of
the first transistor(T1) is attached to the collector of
the second transistor(T2). A wire is then connected
from the transistors to the LED. Here transistors are
connected in series, so current can’t pass to the LED, if
only one of them is on.
The NOT Gate: - It is a device that inverts the inputs.
The NOT has one input and has one output. In Boolean
algebra, bar symbol is referred as the NOT.

On a PCB board a transistor is placed the base of which

is connected to the resistor. The emitter is grounded
and the collector is connected to the LED using wires.
Reverse bias takes place. When the switch is off, the
current goes to the LED, through the collector.
When it is on, it goes through the grounded emitter.
 APPLICATIONS

1. It is used in Burglar Alarms

2. It is used in Safety Thermostats

3. 2- way doorbells- If any one of the switches is On,

the doorbells turns on.(Or gate)

4. 2- way light switches-If any of the switches are on,

the light turns on.

5. Microprocessors- Basic and complex logic gates

are used to carry out tasks.
 Conclusion
Logic gates are used to develop many IC circuits or
microchips in today’s modern world. NAND gate and
NOR gate are known as universal gates because we can
construct all the three basic gates using NAND & NOR
gates. Without logic gates, electronic world would be
nearly incomplete!

Bibliography
1. NCERT Physics
2. Wikipedia
3. Allot Group