HISTO 12: LT#1 REVIEWER
- Determine what you want to know and from
INTRODUCTION: THE USE OF PRIMARY SOURCES
HISTORY
- The study of human past; a narration of
historical facts; to avoid committing the
same mistakes of the past
- Can be narrative, descriptive, or analytical
- Directly related to SOCIAL MEMORY
HISTORICISM
- Judging based off the ideas of the past;
treating of past as an ‘other’ as it is very
different from present.
- Theory that social and cultural phenomena
are determined by history
- The tendency to regard historical
development as the most basic aspect of
human existence.
PRIMARY SOURCES
- Direct or firsthand evidence about an event,
created during the specific time period.
Ex. Newspapers, Diaries, Letters, Speeches,
Photographs
SECONDARY SOURCES
- Produced some time after the event took
place; does not provide firsthand
experience; commentaries
Ex. Book reviews, Scholarly articles, Analysis
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
- Looks for authenticity of the source
o When it was written
o Where it was written
o Why did it survive
o Who was the real author
INTERNAL CRITICISM
- Credibility of the source
o Account
o Why was it written
o Literal meaning
o Consistency
o Was it translated
IDEA OF ESSENTIALISM
- Everything has its own essence and you
need to find the meaning of its essence; but
these essences could never be changed
META HISTORY
- History of everything, reduce the ideas and
concepts into its essence
DIALECTICS
- THESIS vs ANTITHESIS = SYNTHESIS
- For you to determine what are the biased
sources
INDUCTIVE
- Take all primary sources and use those to
write a history; select primary sources first
then secondary; broad topic
DEDUCTIVE
Chief; written as republic; government
there, select your sources (limited topic);
secondary sources first then primary sources
CRACKS IN PARCHMENT PAPER
- Evidence of other experiences through
others history
THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
CONSTITUTION OF THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
- Malolos Constitution, written in Malolos
Bulacan.
EMILIO AGUINALDO
- From Cavite as Gobernadorcillo of Kawit
- Surrounded himself with Illustrados
- His HEAD OF CABINET: Apolinario Mabini
o After MABINI, replaced by
PEDRO PATERNO
o Mabini wrote most of the
articles
DRAFTING A CONSTITUTION AFTER THE REVOLUTION
- Internal sovereignty; righting the
wrongdoings
- Separation of Church and State
o For the government to declare
religion is incorrect as they are
two separate entities.
SECULARISATION
- Transfer of leadership of the Church from
friars to secular or local priests
- REGULAR PRIEST
o Merely a member of regular
friar order
- FRIARS
o Supposed to be poor and their
mandate is to evangelise and
convert
AGLIPAYAN CHURCH
- Allowed G. AGLIPAY to create separate
church
- Independent Philippine church that does not
recognize the Pope or the Vatican as their
leader
- First Theologian of Aglipay is ISABELO DELOS
REYES (First to translate bible into Ilocano)
FRIAR LANDS
- Questioning number of friars in the
Philippines despite their mission to
evangelize being over.
- Land privately owned are now government
owned
CONSTRUCTION A NATIONAL LOAN
- Government can get money from the rich
through loans in exchange for collateral, this
being the friar lands.
POLITICAL SIDE OF THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
EXECUTIVE
- Applies the law; President is Commander in
attractive, exotic
without a king as president is merely head of
state: ceremonial
LEGISLATIVE
- Makes laws; Unicameral when passion law
only one version is required; Malolos
Constitution put more power in the
legislative branch
JUDICIAL
- Interprets the law; was NOT functioning
when the constitution was being written
MABINI
- Wanted strong executive branch to be ready
for war constantly
PATERNO
- Believed in a strong Legislative branch as it
will put him in power; democracy tied to the
idea of strong legislative branch
DEMOCRACY
- Political Parties not based off Ideologies but
PERSONALITY
PERSONALITY
- Patron-Client
- In order to climb the social ladder, you need
client support
NEW PHILIPPINE ASSEMBLY
- Executive was under the Americans and
Legislative was under the Filipinos; US as the
patrons = politicians as clients of the US.
FEDERALISTA
- Statehood under the US; protecting interest
of their class through statehood
NACIONALISTA
- Achieving independence through its
relationship with the US
- Protecting the interest of their class through
independence
- Chosen with two people as the face:
OSMENA (First Speaker of the house of
Representatives) and QUEZON (Senate
President)
UNDERSTANDING HISTORY THROUGH PHOTOGRAPHS
BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION
- Assimilation of a group by absorbing foreign
people into a new culture with the primary
stated reason being that it is an act of
benevolence.
DEAN WORCESTER
- Used pictures of Negritos not Tagalogs
- Term used is wild and divided
EXOCISTISM
- Philippines as a virgin land; dangerous,
WHITE MAN’S BURDEN
- To teach the non-white child civilization
- US as FATHER FIGURE
- PATERNALISTIC RELATIONSHIP
IGOROTS
- Trained to become Philippine Constabulary
- Transformed through MILIATRY DISCIPLINE
MORO COVERNMENT AND ITS PROBLEMS
MOROS
- Wild but civilized; were perceived as
children savages, but noble savages who had
strong traditions.
MINDANAO
- Perceived as the New West
WHITE SAVIOUR NARRATIVE/WHITE LOVE
- White guy saves all, and only whites have
the capacity to show love
THE JONES LAW
GOVERNOR GENERAL
- Executive Power
o Francis Berton Harrison
- Legislative Power
o Philippine Legislature or
Philippine Assembly
o Bicameral assembly composed
of Senates and the House of
Representatives
o Elected senators through
senatorial districts; each with
2 senators; PH has 12 districts.
REQUIREMENTS TO VOTE
- Man
- At least 21 years of age
- Property Rule (must have at least 500 pesos
worth of property)
PHILIPPINIZATION
- Legislative was only branch given to
Filipinos; made them feel as if they were in
charge
- Transfer of power from the US to the
Filipinos starting with Legislative Branch
STATE
- Monopoly of violence or franchise it; legally
uses it; Patron-Client Exchange
HARE-HAWES CUTTING ACT
- Bill for the freedom of the Philippines where
Roxas would be bida
- Put Quezon and Osmena against each other
TYDINGS MCDUFFIE LAW
- Same law as earlier but renamed.
QUEZON
 - Monopolised patronage
- Pork-Barrel Fund
- National Boss
o Quezon localized violence
QUEZON’S SPEECH SUGAR CENTRAL
Given by Quezon in 1938
FUNCTION OF COLONY
- To take resources, repackage, and sell it
back to them
EXPORT
- Concerns were sugar and abacca
SUGAR INDUSTRY
- US will no longer prioritise the PH when it
becomes independent
- Sugar industry is not that special
CENTRAL LUZON BEFORE THE REVOLUTION
- Lands owned by friars and these were
transformed from ESTANCIAS to HACIENDAS
where they produce agricultural products;
Haciendero  Inquillinos  Kasama
PARCELS
- Manner in which to divide land
PATRONAGE
- Kasama didn’t rebel because they were in
PERPETUAL DEBT
QUEZON’S SOLUTION
COST CUTTING SUGAR PRODUCTION
- Using of machinery to compete in the
market
PATRONAGE AS A TYPE OF FEUDALISM
- More land, more power
FEUDALISM TO CAPITALISM
- If you still don’t have profit, you sell more
than sugar
DIVERSIFICATION
- Diversify your company til you find the
product that will truly uplift you.
HACIENDEROS MIGRATE
- The Kasamas lose their patron; rose the
issue of the ABSENTEE OF THE LANDLORD
and slowly PATRONAGE DISSOLVES
KASAMA
- Loses their safety net and wanted the
government to restablish and legalise the
patron system but it didn’t happen because
Quezon was a patron of Hacienderos
- Revolution as a last resort
SAKDALISTA
- Forced the farmers to unionize
- Becomes MAKAPILI in WWII
MILENARIAN MOVEMENT
- People who believe that every thousand
years it is the end of the world, that their
leader is second coming of Jesus, that God
will be their patron
SOCIALIST PARTY
- Merged with the COMMUNIST OF THE
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS in 1934 and formed the
PKP (PARTIDA KOMUNISTA NG PILIPINA)
- Became HUKBONG MAGPAPALAYA NG
BAYAN; different from CCP
- Became the HUKBALAHP when the Japanese
arrived; it collapsed and revived into
HUKBONG MAHPAPALAYA NG BAYAN: NEW
PEOPLE’S ARMY
- Didn’t want communism just wanted
patronage
SPEECH OF CUADERNO
SOCIAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
- Equal manifestation of justice
TARIFFS ON PH GOODS
- US placed tarrifs which made it lose its
primary market
QUEZON & FREE TRADE
- Government should interfere with country’s
economy
INFASTRUCTURE FUNDING
- Through loans; public-private partnership
GOAL OF QUEZON
- Strengthen local industries
- Using sources/raw materials of own country
to create the product instead of importing
those products
- Transfer of local industry from Chinese and
Japanese to Filipinos
o Businesses purely Filipino
owned
SUGAR INDUSTRY MAJOR COMPONENTS
- Landowner  Tenants  Centrals 
Laborers
AGRARIAN REFORM
- Quezon’s understanding is distribution of
land contradictory to concept of social
justice; Need to give land to kasamas in the
New West
o Large migration of Christian
Farmers going to Mindanao
o Conflict between Moros and
Christians especially in voting
for leaders
- Conflict didn’t end, kasama wanted patrons,
but didn’t have money to do so so they
decided to sell their lands.
UCTB
- For the Abaca industry; became corrupt,
privatized.
LANDBANK
- For other industries, they were not earning, - From your records you will be given a label;
they did not have necessary profits to give Conformist or Deviant
loans for farmers.
HUK REBELLION MILITARY BASIS OF COLONIAL PUBLIC HEALTH
- Lasted 3 days and defeated. HYGIENCE USED BY AMERICANS
- Used by Americans as panopticon
SANITATION OFFICERS
DISCIPLINE AND POWER - Military officers trained to conduct medical
POWER practice
- The ability to impose one’s will on another
through SANITATION ZONES
o DOMINATION - Zones created to determine quarantine
o RESISTANCE spaces and avoid contamination; mobile
bodies are hard to gaze upon so through
PENAL LAW zones they are monitored
- That which discuss punishment
CONCEPT OF SPCEIALISATION IN EDUCATION
SOVEREIGN POWER - Notice the want to be everything
- During Spanish Colonisation, torture and
physical punishment; sympathy is with the MANILA NORMAL SCHOOL
person not the punisher; instilment of fear - Traiing teachers
- State decides death
- Those punished became symbols for MANILA BUSINESS SCHOOL
revolutions - Secretary and accountants
DISCIPLINARY POWER MANILA TECHNOLOGICAL SCHOOL
- PERVASIVE - Engineers
o Has the power to surveillance
- OBSCURE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
o You can see what Im doing, - To those who conformed well
and don’t know when one is
watching over you WHITE AMERICAN SOLDIER
- GAZE - Image of healthy, physically and
o Someone looks at you makes psychologicall, patriotic, educated =
you do what they want gentleman; image is gendered
- Creates profits; prisoners as a labour force.
YOU CANNOT SEE COLONIAL POWER TODAY BECAUSE
STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE FILIPINOS HAVE INTERNALISED COLONIAL POWER WHICH
- People’s ability to resist is taken away; SHOWS SUCCESS OF AMERICAN IN COLONISIN
domination is invisible/mundane therefore
removing power to resist
FILIPINO WOMAN
PROFIT PRODUCTIVE LABOUR
- Government creates profit based off the - Producing something a product or idea
body doing labour
REPRODUCTIVE LABOUR
FOUCAULT - Reproduction; domestic work; anything
- PANOPTICON is not only present in prison, involving care
but in other institutions
- SOCIETY IS A BIG PANOPTICON CIVIL DISABILITIES
- Cant own property; parental authority and
DEVIANTS VS CONFORMISTS custody denied
- Separate those who deviate and conform in
institutions PARAPHERYNAL LAW
- Amend role of women in society through
SCHEDULE this law that gave women right to own and
- Control over the body dispose properties without hteir husband
consent; do business and own and dispose
REWARD and inherit property
- Properly monetized; ex. Grades
WOMEN’S SUFFERAGE
RECORD - Because of their sudden ability to earn
- State records data; reduced to a number economic capital, they had rights to vote
and were able to bring capital into the
house hold
LABEL
CONCUBANAGE
- Housing and marrying
ADULTERY
- Merelt just another side relationship
WOMEN IN THE LABOUR FORCE
- Agriculture, factories, domestic work
PREGNANCY
- A sickness, thus leave for 60 days
WAGES
- Man receives wages of wife.
WESTERNIZATION OF WOMEN
- Change in culture; clothes, and mindset
- Convincing women should have the right to
vote because they can now make raitonal
decisions being westernised
CONSTANTINO MISEDUCATION OF THE FILIPINOS
ENGLISH
- Used a primary mode of instruction
LITERACY
- Philippines has one of the highest literacy
rates in Asia that time.
- Required if you want to run for presidency
UNFILIPINO FILIPINO
- Filipino that is unlike or does not embody
true culture
MAKE EDUCATION NATIONALIST
- Make them more aware of social issues
AMERICANISATION
- Teaching of American cultures
FILIPINISATION
- Adapt indigenous cultures; this idea WON
FILIPINISM
- Creating national symbols, but are creaed by
the Elites/Illustrados. They chose national
symbols that would mark the identity of the
Philippines, thus the importance of
Christianity; it is not inclusive
LECHON BABOY
- Most Filipino image but forgetting that not
all are able to eat it; Muslims
AGRICULTURAL SYMBOLS
- Limits the Philippine to that image despite
its transformation to service
NATIONALISM IS NOT THE OPPOSITE OF COLONIALISM
- NATIONALISM
o Relationship in history is the
narrative aspect of history
shaped our natonalism
o Different narratives
o English is attributed to
success.
HOMOGENOUS FILIPINO NATION
- Because of americans, when were
previously heterogenous. COLONIAL
NARRATIVES embedded into out
Nationalism.
COLONISED
- Separated themselves from non colonized
because elites didn’t want Filipinos to
participate in Politics.
SHOULD DESTORY THIS FORM OF NATIONALISM BECAUSE
IT IS EMBEDDED WITH COLONIAL IDEAS.
WORLD WAR II
JAPAN
- Asian Superpower
1800 – 1860s
- Americans forcefully opened Japan to the
world and a war occurred in Japan, were
loyalists of the Tokugo and Shogun fought
against the loyalists of..l
1868 – 1912 MEIJI PERIOD
- Japan experience WESTERNIZATION and
MODERNIZATION
- (IRE) – main ideology during the period
o Japan could only progress if
the military was strong
1894
- Japan beat China.
1905
- Defeated Russia; first time Asian power
defeated European; giving Asians a sense of
hope and pride.
- Asian Nationalists perceived Japan as a
though traditional, but modern.
REVOLUTION CAN ONLY BEGIN WITH FOREIGN BACKING
AND THAT SHOULD BE WITH JAPAN.
GENERAL LUNA ENGAGED IN WARFARE
- So much so that it could no longer be
ignored.
JAPAN AS AN ALLY
- Rumours that Japan will come to free the
Filipinos ; Japan was treated as a place
where Filipino Nationalists can go if they
don’t want to surrender to Americans
ARTEMIO RICARTE
- Never surrendered to US, went to Japan to
be a professor and vendor; aka Viper:
Madalas and poisonous
- Rumours: that Japanese will return with
Artemio as he brought them as allies.
ACQUIRED COLONIES
- Formosa
- Manchuria
- Korea: transformed into a colony after death
of present
1911
- US will recognize Japan sovereignty over
Korea and Japan will recognize PH as US
colony
- Joined the allies to further expand their
territory
- Influx of Japanese in Manila and Davao
1920
- Firmly established, textbooks in school
described Japanese as DANGEROUS and
BARBARIC
- Filipinos see the Japanese as competition in
labour
TASHO ERA in 1920s
- Japanese was hit by GREAT DEPRESSION and
they only had small territories that would
not be stable safety nets
SHOWA ERA
- Military became more powerful in response
to great depression; instilled in Japanese
youth
HIDEKI TOJO
- Prime minister during the time of Hirohito;
Conquered more land
- Japan to prosper is to conquer China
- Declared Manchuria an independent state
from China and called it MACHUKUO
1931
- MUKDEN INCIDENT
o Chinese Soldier shot a
Japanese soldier in Marco Polo
Bridge and this became a basis
for war
- INVADING CHINA
o Shanghai, Peking, Nanking
(where they commited
atrocities and the Chinese
surrendered)
COMFORT WOMEN
- To avoid rape of women there were areas of
comfort women
CONDEMNED JAPAN
- Japan left league of nations
EUROPEAN WAR = JAPAN COLONISE ASIAN SPHERES
- Japan argued to help Asia
GREATER EAST ASI CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE
- Asia for Asia
1941 – PEARL HARBOUR
- Attacking military and naval base of
Americans
SAKDALISTA
- Pro-Japanese
- Leade by BENIGNO RAMOS
o Primary critic of Quezon
QUEZON GAVE LEADERSHIP TO
- JORGE VARGAS
- JOSE P LAUREL
BENIGNO AQUINO SENIOR
RICARTE RETURNED TO THE PHILIPPINES
- Thought America was still an enemy
- With the help of BENIGNO AQUINO
KATIPUNEROS
- Collaborated with the Japanese, including
AGUINALDO
USAFE – UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES IN THE FAR EAST
- Primary Commander: GENERAL WINWRIGHT
- Plan in Defending the Philippines: WAR
PLAN ORANGE
PINCHER METHOD OF ATTACK
- Starting from North going South: Batanes 
Vigan
- South going North: Sulu  Zamboanga
CENTRAL LUZON IN THE 1930s
- Unrest between tenant farmers and
landlords
KPMP  PKP: PARTIDA KOMUNISTA NG PILIPINAS
- KMP largest peasant union, merged with the
socialist party becoming PKP.
- Alliance with Quezon Gov to resist alliance.
- Led by:
o CRISANTO EVANGELISTA
o VICENE LAVA
PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY
- Collaborated with the Japanese
- They started terrorizing the farmers and the
lands
HUKBALAHAP
- Peasants formed unions and militarise them.
- Main Commander: LUIS TARUC
- Don’t want americans to return bc power
may return to landlords.
USAFE GUERILLA
- Will only attack several time and remain idle
for the whole second world war awaiting
arrival of McArthur; representatives of the
Elites.
HUKBALAHAP GUERILLA
- Defeat Japanese before Americans returned
to the Philippines, enemy of both AM and
JP.
- Constantly harassed PH Constabulary.
- Were also farmers who harvested
TULISAFE (TULISAN USAFE)
- Magnanakaw na USAFE
INFORMANTS OF THE JAPANESE
- Wore the bayong and pointed out who were
the Guerillas

KALIBAPI: KAPINSANA NG PANGLILINGKOD SA BAGONG
PILIPINAS
- Only political party allowed to operate and
was led by BENIGNO AQUINO SENIOR
- Loyal to the Japanese
SECOND PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
- Under JOSE P LAUREL
POLICIES IMPLEMENTED BY LAUREL
- Given independence, but not real
independence as we were a puppet;
implemented policies to lessen the burden
of war.
BIBA (BIGASANG BAYAN)
- Shortage of rice, so it was rationed through
ration cards.
MICKEY MOUSE MONEY
- Printed lots of money that led to
HYPERINFLATION and value of peso
continuously dropped.
- Highest denomination was 100
GUERILLA MONEY
- Made of abaca, used in exchange of goods
amongst guerillas
BUY & SELL
- If you had no money; buy a product then sell
it for a higher price.
ENHANCED TAGALOG
- Japanese encouraged use of Tagalog; film
industry collapsed and many went to
theatre
KEMEPTAI
- Monitored all programs to ensure that they
conform with Japanese ideologies.
YOIN SYSTEM
- Workers working for the Japanese
government and Japanese military, not paid
in money but through ration cards
RETAINED INTERNAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
- Japanese work with pre-existing government
- Masses also collaborated with the Japanese
SAKDALISTA
- Led by BENIGNO RAMOS, major issue of
American teacher making racist remarks and
students walked out. Ramos supported
supposed resignment of teacher, but
Quezon government refused, so he establish
a paper called SAKDAL which became so
large it became a political party.
- GOAL: COMPLETE AND IMMEDIATE
INDEPENDENCE
REFUSAL OF SEAT IN CONGRESS TO SAKDALS
- They didn’t allow SAKDALs to seat in
Congress so they started a revolution
GANAP PARTY
- Established after Japanese came to PH; pro
Japanese ; helped when they returned with
ATEMIO RICARTE; however, RAMOS or
RICARTE were not given government
positions like they expected.
MAKAPILI (MAKABAYANG FILIPINO)
- Former members of GANAP and SAKDAL
- Voluntary national army to prevent return of
Americans
A FIGHT BETWEEN RAMOS< RICARTE<VARGA< LAUREL
LAUREL
- Wait for the return of the Americans
RICARTE – RAMOS
- Return of power to the lands
BATTLE OF MANILA
BATTLE OF MANILA
- 3 FEB 1945; bloodiest battles of the second
world war
GENERAL YAMASHITA
- Most prominent Japanese military officer
DISTRICTS OF MANILA
- MALATE (Business District)
- ERMITA
- PACO (District for Japanese)
- BINONDO (District for Chinese)
- TONDO (District for the Poor)
- STA. MESA
- STA. ANA
- SAMPALOC
ERMITA
- Where Japanese troops stormed through
the Manila Hotel/Bayview Hotel and raped
women and killed men.
AMERICANS BOMBED INFASTRUCTURES
- This was to flush out the Japanese from
populated area.
CANALS
- Main transporation system
DURING GALLEON TRADE
- Philippines known as the VENICE OF THE
EAST; Hotbed for culture
AFTER THE WAR INFASTRUCTURES
- Legislative Building  National Museum
- POST OFFICE only long standing building
JAPANESE RETREATED TO BAGUIO
- After bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
they feared Tokyo would be next so they
surrendered.
MANILA TRIAL COURTS
- Where criinals and war collaborators were
tried for their crimes.
YAMASHITA
- Found guilty for what his soldiers did
COLLABORATORS
- Manuel Roxas was one of them; this became
a problem for elections were coming up so
McArthur established an AMNESTY to avoid
trying of Elites/Collaborators.
- Roxas won and later replaced by Ipedio
Quirino
HUKBALAHAPs WERE FOUND GUILTY
- Deemed as an illegal organization, were
imprisoned
ELITES LOST THEIR LEGITIMACY
- From the eyes of peasants because they
collaborated
PESANTS BECAME MILITARISED
- Peasants are now able to fight the landlords
militarily because of the experience they
gained during the war.
NEW MIDDLE CLASS
- New middle class emerged because of the
Buy & Sell culture, that created rivals rich
enough to challenge the Elites. Difference in
social classes became important in urban
areas.
MIGRATION
- Massive urban areas Makati and San Juan
where American planners made
subdivisions; rich didn’t return to Ermita;
peasantry started to migrate to Manila after
learning of its reconstruction = sulm areas in
urban centres
TRAUMA
- First time filipinos experienced warfare
- Saw Americans as messianic figure as they
always return
NEOCOLONIALISM