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Amine loaded zeolites for carbon dioxide capture: Amine loading and
adsorption studies
Ravikrishna Chatti, Amit K. Bansiwal, Jayashri A. Thote, Vivek Kumar, Pravin Jadhav,
Satish K. Lokhande, Rajesh B. Biniwale, Nitin K. Labhsetwar, Sadhana S. Rayalu *
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Novel functionalised adsorbents have been synthesized by immobilization of various amines on synthetic
Received 3 June 2007 zeolite 13X. Various primary and secondary amines namely monoethanolamine (MEA), ethylenediamine
Received in revised form 17 December 2008 (ED) and isopropanol amine (IPA) have been immobilized on zeolite 13X. Quantitative estimations of the
Accepted 8 January 2009
amine loadings were undertaken using different analytical techniques namely titrimetric, total organic
Available online 18 January 2009
carbon and gas chromatography analysis. Fairly good correlation was obtained for amine loadings esti-
mated using the three techniques. Effect of various parameters like effect of solvent, shaking time, syn-
Keywords:
thesis temperature, and wetting of pellets prior to amine loadings was also studied. The results revealed
Zeolite
CO2 Capture
that maximum loading was achieved for methanol-mediated synthesis conducted using previously wet-
Amine immobilization ted pellets at room temperature and with 15 min of shaking time. Preliminary attempts have also been
Quantitative estimations made to determine the CO2 adsorption capacities of these newly developed materials. The adsorption
capacities obtained were 16.01 mg/g for unmodified zeolite 13X and 19.98, and 22.78 mg/g for zeolite
modified with monoethanol amine, and isopropanol amine.
Ó 2009 Published by Elsevier Inc.
* Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +91 712 2247828. The amines used in the synthesis of the adsorbents were analyt-
E-mail address: s_rayalu@neeri.res.in (S.S. Rayalu). ical grade monoethanolamine, ethylene diamine and isopropanol
amine, respectively. These amines were procured from E-Merck, 2.1.3. Immobilization of amines through reflux method
India and were used as such without any further purification. The synthesis of amine loaded zeolite 13X was also carried out
The solvent used was HPLC grade methanol and was procured from by refluxing the zeolite beads with respective amine solution at
Qualigens, India. Zeolite 13X in the form of pellets of approxi- 70 °C to study the effect of temperature on amine loadings. In a
mately 1.5 mm was procured from E-Merck, India. GC grade nitro- typical synthesis, 15 g of zeolite 13X beads were refluxed with
gen (99.995%) and ultra pure helium (99.999%) were obtained from 30 ml of alcoholic amine solution in a round bottom flask equipped
Chemito Technologies, Nashik, India for conducting the adsorption with a water condenser. After 2 h reflux, the amine solution was
studies. Carbon dioxide (99.99%) was procured from M/s. Sirin decanted and the beads were allowed to dry in air overnight.
Gases, Nagpur, India.
2.2. Characterization of the synthesized adsorbents
2.1. Synthesis of the adsorbents
The synthesized adsorbents were characterized to obtain a use-
The synthesis of amine-immobilized adsorbents was carried out ful comparison with the unmodified zeolite 13X, using different
using three different routes. These routes differ in the manner the characterization techniques. Powder X-ray diffraction studies were
amine was immobilized on the zeolite. Scheme 1 represents a carried out using a Phillips Analytical Xpert diffractometer with
schematic description of the different routes of synthesis under- monochromatic Cu Ka radiation (k = 1.54 Å). To assess the struc-
taken during the experiments. Details of the synthesis of the differ- tural integrity of the adsorbents after the incorporation of the
ent adsorbents are given below. different amines, the adsorbents were analyzed in a 2h range of
5°–60°.
2.1.1. Amine immobilization in aqueous media A Micromeritics BET surface area analyzer (Model No. ASAP
Aqueous solutions of monoethanolamine, ethylene diamine and 2020) equipped with TriStar 3000 V6.03-A software was utilized
isopropanol amine were added to appropriate amount of zeolite to determine the N2 BET surface area and pore volume of the syn-
13X in a solid–liquid ratio of 1:2 and the mixture was agitated thesized adsorbents. To avoid the possibility of degradation of the
on a rotary shaker for different periods of time (15 min, 2 h and incorporated amine, evacuation of the adsorbents was carried out
4 h). Three different amine concentrations were studied with ini- at 90 °C and then subjected to N2 adsorption at liquid nitrogen
tial concentration as 25, 50 and 80 wt%. Amine solution was sepa- temperature (196 °C). The BET surface area and pore volume
rated from the zeolite after shaking by decantation and the was determined by using the single point adsorption method.
samples were air dried overnight. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed using a Rigaku-
TAS-200 apparatus to study the thermal stability and dehydration
2.1.2. Amine immobilization in organic solvent characteristics of the synthesized adsorbents. About 20 mg of the
The immobilization of amines was also carried out through sample was kept in TG pan and was heated at a heating rate
alcoholic solutions of amine. The amine solutions with different 5 °C/min in an atmosphere of air. The samples were heated from
concentrations corresponding to 25, 50 and 80 wt% loadings were room temperature to 500 °C. The weight loss and the rate of weight
prepared in methanol. The zeolite was wetted with methanol prior loss (dTG = dW/dT) was recorded.
to agitation with amine solution by agitating zeolite 13X beads and The IR spectra of the synthesized materials were recorded using
methanol in solid liquid ratio of 1:2 for a period of 10 min in two a Perkin–Elmer spectrometer using the KBr pellet technique. The
stages. The wetted beads were then air-dried and then agitated samples were analyzed in the wavelength region 4000–400 cm1.
with alcoholic amine solution for a period of 15 min and 4 h on a
rotary shaker at ambient temperature, keeping the solid liquid 2.3. Determination of amine loadings
ratio at 1:2. The amine solution was decanted and stored for
analysis whereas the zeolite beads were allowed to dry in air The weight percent loadings of the different amines on the
overnight. 13X zeolite beads were calculated from the difference in amine con-
centrations before and after treating with zeolite. The concentra- USA), 1 ml sample loop and gas chromatograph (Chemito Technol-
tions of amines were determined using titrimetric analysis, gas ogies; Model GC 7610). In a typical evaluation protocol, 10 g dry
chromatography (GC) and total organic carbon estimation (TOC). adsorbent was pretreated in He gas flow (20 ml/min) at 140 °C
The amine concentrations in initial and final amine solutions for 6 h, cooled to adsorption temperature (75 °C) and contacted
were determined by titrimetric analysis using the procedure de- with 15 vol% CO2 gas in He balance at a total flow rate of 52 ml/
scribed by Seaman and Allen [17]. According to this procedure, min. The outlet was continuously monitored using GC–TCD fitted
mixture of amine solution and glacial acetic acid was titrated with Porapak-Q column and the adsorption breakthrough point
against a 0.1 N solution of perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid. was determined. Commercial zeolite 13X (E-Merck, India) and zeo-
From the difference of amine content in the initial amine solution lite 13X modified with MEA and IPA at 50 wt% initial amine con-
(i.e., before loading) and residual amine solution (obtained after centration were studied for CO2 adsorption.
loading) the amount of amine loaded on zeolite 13X was calculated
in terms of weight percent of amine incorporated in the zeolite 3. Results and discussion
matrix.
Gas chromatographic determinations of amines were carried 3.1. Characterization
out with GC with Flame Ionization Detector (FID) (Perkin–Elmer,
Model Autosystem). A chromosorb stainless steel column, 80– Characterization of the representative adsorbents namely bare
100 mesh provided by PCI services was used in the analysis. GC zeolite 13X and zeolite 13X contacted with MEA solution of con-
grade nitrogen was used as the carrier gas for the analysis. A cali- centration 50 wt% was studied. The effect of amine loading on
bration plot for each amine was plotted by injecting a known vol- the structural properties of zeolite matrix was investigated by
ume (1 ll) of different molar solutions of amine. After plotting the obtaining XRD patterns before and after amine incorporation. From
calibration plot between the peak area and the molarity of the dif- the x-ray diffractogram of monoethanolamine (MEA) incorporated
ferent amine solutions, the experimental solutions of each amine zeolite presented in Fig. 1 it can be observed that the structural
solution were injected and the estimation of the residual amine integrity of zeolite 13X is maintained even after the incorporation
content was done. of the amine.
Since amine is a source of organic carbon, TOC technique can be Reduction in the BET surface area and pore volume of the zeo-
used indirectly to estimate the amine content. The TOC of the ini- lite 13X after the incorporation of MEA was observed which indi-
tial and residual amine solutions were analyzed using a non-dis- cates that the amine molecules have occupied the pore volume
persive infrared (NDIR) TOC analyzer (Thermo Electron (Table 1). These results provide a correlation with the pore filing
Corporation, Model 1200). effect of MEA and also confirm that MEA was immobilized in the
zeolite pores. This trend is reported in literature [20].
2.4. CO2 adsorption studies It can be observed from the TG profile given in Fig. 2, that
unmodified 13X and MEA modified 13X zeolites show weight loss
CO2 adsorption was studied using breakthrough adsorption till 400 °C. It has been reported that, zeolites exhibit dehydration
curves method. The breakthrough curve (BTC) method was chosen till 350 °C [21]. However, this temperature is dependent on the
as the evaluation method due to its usefulness in comparing the
various adsorbents. In addition, this method offers a distinct
advantage to determine the dynamic adsorption capacity and to Table 1
evaluate in practical way, i.e., packed bed, flow system etc. which Surface area and pore volume analysis of adsorbents.
can be very useful to study a simulated flue gas stream as de- S. no. Adsorbents BET surface area (m2/g) Pore volume (cm3/g)
scribed in our previous studies [18,19]. The experimental set up
1. 13X zeolite matrix 386.4 0.2335
had mass flow controllers (Aalborg, USA), adsorption column
2. 50% MEA/13X zeolite 14.9 0.0441
(diameter = 1 cm; height = 30 cm), sample selector valve (Valco,
dTG
13X, TG
the synthesis was carried out using water and methanol as sol-
10 -0.0015 vents for the immobilization. For these experiments, the analysis
technique used was the titrimetric method as this method can be
easily set up in the laboratory. Water was selected as a solvent con-
5 -0.002
sidering the solubility of amines in water and it’s use as a universal
solvent and it’s non-hazardous nature. Methanol was chosen spe-
0 -0.0025 cifically as the solvent because of lower boiling point (64.7 °C) as
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 compared to water (100 °C), which may facilitate the proper drying
Temperature (ºC) of the sample after immobilization. This would ultimately lead to a
uniform loading of the amine on the zeolite matrix. Fig. 4 compares
Fig. 2. Representative TG profile of the adsorbents.
the estimated MEA loading using methanol and water solvents.
From the above observations, we can conclude that comparable
heating rate used in the experiment. As a higher heating rate was MEA loadings can be achieved by using methanol in lesser time
used in the present study, complete dehydration was observed at than water as solvent. It was also observed that the solvent immo-
comparatively higher temperature. Initial desorption of the pre-ad- bilized sorbents can be dried in a lesser time period as compared to
sorbed moisture and other volatiles (including methanol used for their aqueous counterparts which can be attributed to the high vol-
wetting of 13X) was observed in all the adsorbents. atility of methanol. Thus, from these observations, we can infer
It can be observed that in case of 13X, there is a presence of only
a single continuous weight loss ‘step’ from room temperature to 30
450 °C. This has stabilized with a total weight loss of about Water
18.73%. A major weight loss is observed at 130 °C, which may be 25 Methanol
MEA loading (wt%)
Fig. 3. FTIR spectra of 50% MEA modified 13X zeolite evaluated for CO2 adsorption.
88 R. Chatti et al. / Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 121 (2009) 84–89
that methanol is solvent of choice for the immobilization of MEA different techniques like GLC and TOC and was compared with
on the zeolite matrix. the simple titrimetric technique followed in the laboratory. Adsor-
bents were synthesized using three different concentrations of
3.3. Effect of contact time on the amine loadings each amine. The amine content was analyzed by all the techniques
mentioned above. The results have been discussed in the subse-
The contact time of zeolite and amine solution show a significant quent tables (Tables 2–4) representing each individual amine.
effect on amine loadings (Fig. 4). As evident from the results that Thus it can be observed that the agreement between the analyt-
the highest loading achieved in case of aqueous medium with con- ical techniques for estimating loadings of the different amines is
tact time of 4 h, whereas comparative loading was achieved with fairly good. However, the titrimetric method involves human error
15 min contact time using methanol as solvent. Thus, we can infer unlike the instrumental methods. Also, the procedure involves the
that when methanol is used as the solvent, lesser time is required to constant use of glacial acetic acid, which has harmful effects on the
immobilize a comparative content of amine on the zeolite. Since health of the analyst. Thus estimating the amine content by the
higher loadings were obtained using methanol, all further synthe- titrimetric method is not a good idea. In a similar manner, the li-
ses were carried out using methanol as the solvent of choice. quid TOC method of estimation is also quite reliable and can be
correlated with the estimated values obtained by the GLC tech-
3.4. Effect of wetting of the zeolite matrix by methanol nique. However, the GLC technique is the best method to analyze
the amine content in all the amines. This is because, apart from
Further, the effect of wetting of the zeolite 13X beads by the being an instrumental technique, the calibration plots for the dif-
choice solvent, prior to the immobilization procedure was also ferent amines show linearity with a R2 factor of about 0.99 which
studied. Two experiments were planned. The first set of experiment is fairly accurate.
was the immobilization of the amine onto the surface of the zeolite
beads directly without any pretreatment, i.e., without any wetting 3.7. CO2 adsorption capacities of the adsorbents
procedure. The second set of experiment was performed by the ini-
tial wetting procedure of the zeolite beads with the solvent in a so- The results of the CO2 adsorption studies using the break-
lid to liquid ratio of 1:2 in two stages. In both of the experiments, through method are presented in Table 5. We observe that the
the agitation period was optimized at 15 min and they were con- adsorption capacity of the amine loaded zeolite is increased by
ducted at room temperature. It was observed that without pretreat- approximately 20–30% in comparison with that of the bare zeolite
ment, there was not any significant loading. Whereas, for the pre- matrix at 75 °C. This may appear contrary to the expectation, that a
wetted zeolite, the loading was observed to be 18.69%. decrease in surface area and pore volume of the amine modified
A uniform dispersion of the amine molecules in the zeolite ma- adsorbent may reduce the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent.
trix may be attributed to this pre-treatment of zeolite beads in the However, this can be explained by the classification of the process
process of amine immobilization. The silanol and aluminol groups of adsorption, as physical adsorption or physisorption, and chemi-
present in the zeolite react with methanol to form Si–O–CH3 and cal adsorption or chemisorption. At ambient temperature, physi-
water. sorption is dominant over chemisorption. Surface area of the
adsorbent thus holds a vital key to the adsorption process at ambi-
Si—OH þ CH3 OH ! Si—O—CH3 þ H2 O ð1Þ
ent temperature. However, at elevated temperatures, (75 °C in the
The Si–O–CH3 group formed reacts with amine molecule to form a
highly reactive species as per the reaction (2). Table 2
Estimation of MEA on the zeolite matrix.
Si—O—CH3 þ HO—CH2 —CH2 —NH2
S. Targeted loading of MEA on Techniques to estimate achieved loading
! Si—O—CH2 —CH2 —CH2 —NH2 ð2Þ no. Zeolite - 13X (wt%)
Titrimetry GC-FID TOC (liquid)
(wt%) (wt%) (wt%)
Thus it can be inferred that the pretreatment of the zeolite 13X
1. 25 13.53 ± 0.2 14.66 ± 0.2 8.6 ± 0.2
beads has a profound influence on the amine immobilization. 2. 50 18.69 ± 0.2 24.03 ± 0.2 21.3 ± 0.2
3. 80 28.75 ± 0.2 36.92 ± 0.2 29.1 ± 0.2
3.5. Effect of temperature in amine immobilization
S. no. Adsorbent material Breakthrough adsorption capacity (mg/g) The enhancement in the adsorption capacity of the amine loaded
1. 13X matrix 16.01
zeolite materials can be attributed to this chemisorptive interaction
2. 13X/MEA 19.98 of CO2 with amine in the pores of the zeolite 13X. Thus, we observe
3. 13X/IPA 22.78 a hybrid mechanism of absorption and adsorption taking place in
these amine modified zeolite 13X sorbents. We may also describe
this process as a dry CO2 scrubbing system. IR peak corresponding
1
to carbamate species, which is possibly formed by reaction of CO2
0.9 with amine functional groups was observed. Further studies are in
0.8 progress to elucidate this mechanism.
0.7
C/C 0
0.6 13X-MEA-50
13X-IPA-50
0.5 4. Conclusions
0.4
0.3 Novel amine immobilized adsorbents have been synthesized
0.2 using 13X zeolite beads as the matrix. They have been analyzed
0.1
for estimation of the amine content on the zeolite using different
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 analytical approaches. The gas liquid chromatography method
Time (min) has been identified as the method of choice owing to its accuracy.
The amine immobilized adsorbents have also been evaluated for
Fig. 5. Breakthrough curves of CO2 on MEA modified zeolite 13X and IPA modified their respective CO2 adsorption capacities and it has been observed
zeolite 13X at 75 °C.
that there is an enhancement in the adsorption capacity of these
materials over that of the conventional zeolite 13X matrix, which
can be attributed to a hybrid absorption–adsorption mechanism.
Table 6
Equilibrium adsorption capacities of zeolite 13X and MEA modified zeolite 13X
(50 w%) at 75 °C and 1 bar gauge pressure. Acknowledgements
S. Adsorbent Equilibrium adsorption capacity (mg/g) using volumetric
no. material adsorption principle This work has been carried out under the National Thermal
Power Corporation (NTPC) sponsored project S-3-1392 and CSIR
1. 13X matrix 37.33
2. 13X/MEA 48.64
Network Project No. CORE-08 (1.1). The authors sincerely acknowl-
edge the valuable assistance provided by JNARDDC, Nagpur and
M/s. Blue Star India Ltd., Mumbai in various evaluation and charac-
terization studies conducted during the course of this work. One
present study), chemisorption is the dominant process due to
of the authors Ravikrishna Chatti would also take the opportunity
incorporation of the amine group in the zeolite. Thus, we observe
to sincerely acknowledge the Council of Scientific and Industrial
an increase in the adsorption capacity at higher temperature, due
Research (CSIR) India for granting the Senior Research Fellowship.
to increase in the chemisorption process. A representative break-
through curve of zeolite 13X/MEA and 13X/IPA is shown in Fig. 5.
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