Display Technologies PDF

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Project NO. 57
By
Mohammad Al Sayed
20130187
Mohamed Refaat Mohammed Abd ElKhalek
20130186 20130207
Mohamed Ibrahim Mohammed AlGendy

20130309 20130325
Omar Ibrahim
20130316
TO: DR. IHAB EL KHODARY
FROM: TEAM 57
SUBJECT: NEW DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES
DATE: JUNE 1, 2014
ATTACHED: NEW DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES REPORT
Attached to this is the formal report titled "New Display

Technology”.
This is the project you asked us to do about a new

technology of our choice. We chose display technology and
started working on 8/3/2014, and as you know we have been
submitting the other task on their due date. And the report
attached to this is our final draft.
Team members’ names and ID and the other information are

included in the first page of the report
Thank you,
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Summary x
Introduction xv
Chapter 1 2D Display 1
Section 1.1 Panel Displays…………………………………………………………………………………………….3
1.1.1 LCD……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….3
Definition and Mechanism………………………………………………………………………3
Illumination Technologies……………………………………………………………………….4
Matrix Types……………………………………………………………………………………………5
Other Types of LCDs……………………………………………………………………………….8
LCDs Advantages…………………………………………………………………………………….9
LCDs Disadvantages……………………………………………………………………………….9
1.1.2 LED……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..10
Definition and Mechanism………………………………………………………………….…10
Other Types of LEDs………………………………………………………………………………11
Advantages……………………………………………………………………………………………13
Disadvantages…………………………………………………………………………………...….14
Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………14
Table of Contents
1.1.3 PLASMA………………………………………………………………………………………………………15
Definition and Mechanism……………………………………………………………………..15
Types of Plasma Display………………………………………………………………………..16
Advantages of Plasma Displays…………………………………………………………….17
Disadvantages of Plasma Displays……………….………………………………………17
Applications of Plasma Displays…………………………………………………………..18
1.1.4 Electronic Paper……………………………………………………………………………………….19
Definition and Mechanism…………………………………………………………………….19
E-Paper Display Technologies……………………………………………………………...19
Advantages…………………………………………………………………………………………….21
Disadvantages……………………………………………………………………………………….21
Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………21
1.1.5 Head-Up Display……………………………………………………………………………………….22
Types……………………………………………………………………………………………………..22
Generations…………………………………………………………………………………………..22
Applications………………………………………………………………..…………………………24
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Table of Contents
Section 1.2 Projectors
1.2.1 LCD Projectors………………………………………………………………………………………….24
Advantages……………………………………………………………………………………………26
Disadvantages….……………………………………………………………………………………27
Applications………………………………………………………………..…………………………30
Other Types of LCD Projectors…………………………………………………………….32
1.2.2 LCoS Projectors………………………………………………………………………………………37
Advantages……………………………………………………………………………………………40
Disadvantages….……………………………………………………………………………………41
1.2.3 LED Projectors………………………………………………………………………………………..43
Advantages……………………………………………………………………………………………44
Disadvantages….……………………………………………………………………………………47
1.2.4 DLP Projectors………………………………………………………………………………………..48
Advantages……………………………………………………………………………………………49
Disadvantages….…………………………………………………………………………………..53
Table of Contents
1.2.5 Laser Video Projector…………………….………………………………………………………55

Advantages……………………………………………………………………………………………56
Disadvantages….…………………………………………………………………………………..56
Chapter 2 2D-3D Display 59

Section 2.1 3D Panel Displays……………………………………………………………………………………..61
2.1.1 Anaglyph 3D………………………….…………………………………………………………….……..61
Types……………………………………………………………………………………………………..62
Applications………………………………………………………………..…………………………65
2.1.2 Polarized 3D System………………………………………………………………………….……66
Types of Glasses…………………………………………………………………………………..66
Advantages………………………………………………………………..………………………….68
Disadvantages………………………………………………………………………………………68
2.1.3 Active Shutter 3D System………………………………………………………………………69
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Advantages………………………………………………………………..………………………….69
Table of Contents
Disadvantages……………………………………………………………………………………….70
Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………..70
2.1.3 2D PLUS Depth………………………………………………………………….……………………...71
Advantages………………………………………………………………..……………………………71
Disadvantages……………………………………………………………………………………….72
2.1.4 Auto Stereoscopy………………………………………………………………………….…………73
Section 2.2 Wearable Displays………………………………………………………………………………….76
2.2.1 Head Mounted Display………………………………………………………………………….…76
Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………77
Advantages………………………………………………………………..………………………….78
Disadvantages………………………………………………………………………………………79
2.2.2 Optical Head Mounted Display……………………………………………………………….80
Definition and Mechanism……………………………………………………………………80
Techniques……………………………………………………………………………………………80
Applications and Advantages……………………………………………………………….83
Disadvantages………………………………………………………………………………………84
Table of Contents
2.2.3 Helmet Mounted Display………………………………………………………………………..85

Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………..85
2.2.4 Virtual Retinal Display……………………………………………………………………………86
Advantages………………………………………………………………..………………………….87
Applications…………………………………………………………………………………………..87
Chapter 3 3D Displays 89
Section 3.1……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………91
3.1.1 Volumetric Display………………………………………………………………………….………...91
Applications……………………………………………………………………………………………91
Conclusion 93
Glossary 94
References 97
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Table of Illustrations
FIG 1.1 LCD Mechanism Diagram………………………………………………………………………………….3

FIG 1.2 Typical LCD Panel…………………………………………………………………………………………….3
FIG 1.3 Pixel Color Distribution in IPS LCD…………………………………………………………………6
FIG 1.4 Bi-Stable Display Device………………………………………………………………………………….8
FIG 1.5 Cholesteric LCD Device……………………………………………………………………………………8
FIG 1.6 Ferro LCD Device……………………………………………………………………………………………..8
FIG 1.7 Typical LED TV………………………………………………………………………………………………….10
FIG 1.8 Super HD AMOLED Display………………………………………………………………………………12
FIG 1.9 AMOLED Table………………………………………………………………………………………………….13
FIG 1.10 Flexible OLED Display…………………………………………………………………………………….13
FIG 1.11 Typical PLASMA TV………………………………………………………………………………………….15
FIG 1.12 E-Paper…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19
FIG 1.13 Flexible Plastic Display…………………………………………………………………………………20
FIG 1.14 LCD Projector……………………………………………………………………………………………….24
FIG 1.15 LCD Projector Cartoon…………………………………………………………………………………25
FIG 1.16 LCD Projector Mechanism Diagram…………………………………………………………….25
FIG 1.17 LCD Mechanism Diagram……………………………………………………………………………..25
FIG 1.18 3LCD Logo……………………………………………………………………………………………………..32

FIG 1.19 LCoS Projector……………………………………………………………………………………………..37
FIG 1.20 LCoS Projector Mechanism Diagram…………………………………………………………38
FIG 1.21 Three Panel Design Mechanism Diagram……………………………………………………39
FIG 1.22 One Panel Design Mechanism Diagram……………………………………………………..39
FIG 1.23 LED Projector Mechanism Diagram……………………………………………………………43
FIG 1.24 DLP Mechanism Diagram…………………………………………………………………………….48
FIG 1.25 DLP Rainbow Effect……………………………………………………………………………………..53
FIG 1.26 Laser Video Projector Mechanism Diagram………………………………………………55
FIG 2.1 Anaglyph 3D Glasses………………………………………………………………………………………61
FIG 2.2 Target Folders………………………………………………………………………………………………62
FIG 2.3 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….62
FIG 2.4 Interference Filter System Mechanism Diagram……………………………………….64
FIG 2.5 Linear Lens Mechanism Diagram…………………………………………………………………67
FIG 2.6 Circular Lens Mechanism Diagram……………………………………………………………..67
FIG 2.7 Active Shutter 3D Glasses…………………………………………………………………………..69
FIG 2.8 2D PLUS Depth Mechanism Diagram…………………………………………………………….71
FIG 2.9 Auto Stereoscopy Mechanism Diagram………………………………………………………73
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FIG 2.10 Lenticular Lens Mechanism Diagram…………………………………………………………74
FIG 2.11 Parallax Barrier VS Lenticular Lens……………………………………………………………74
FIG 2.12 Compressive Light Field Mechanism Diagram……………………………………………75
FIG 2.13 Head Mounted Display…………………………………………………………………………………76
FIG 2.14 Oculus Rift……………………………………………………………………………………………………77
FIG 2.15 Optical Head Mounted Display…………………………………………………………………….80
FIG 2.16 Helmet Mounted Display……………………………………………………………………………..85
FIG 2.17 Virtual Retinal Display…………………………………………………………………………………86
FIG 3.1 Volumetric Display………………………………………………………………………………………….91
Summary
This report was created to enable the user to make a

knowledgeable choice that will meet his needs in the most sufficient
way.
1. LCD
Liquid Crystal Display consists of two sheets of
polarizing material and in between them a liquid
crystal. It has two types of mattresses: passive and
active. The active type is much more varied and wide
spread. There is also a lot of bio friendly technologies.
2. LED
It is an electronic device that illuminates when
electricity passes through it and produce a very
efficient light source. The most common types are
AMOLED and OLED. The AMOLED are the leading
technologies in the flexible displays and both
technologies are mostly used in phones.
3. PLASMA
It common with large TV displays starting from 30
inches or larger and is made of ionized gas mixture
which consists of (ions - free radicals - neutral
byproduct – photons).
4. LCD Projectors
To display images LCD projectors send light from a
metal halide lamp through a prism or series of
dichroic filters that separate light into three poly-silicon
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panels – particles of video signal. When polarized light
Summary
passes through the single pixels can be opened to
allow light to pass or closed to prevent the light. This
is the most common and most efficient type of
projectors right now.
5. Liquid Crystal on Silicon Projectors (LCoS)

It uses liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) as a display
device. It is characterized by the extremely large
number of openings on the surface of the reflective
LCD panel. This type can display mush higher
resolutions.
6. LED Projectors
It consists of a two semiconductors source lighting,
and this is the most effective way of lighting, which
give the much longer live time but it's more expensive.
7. DLP projectors
It is an optical technology which uses a digital micro
mirror device. Colors are produced either by placing a
color wheel between the lamp and the white chip DLP
or by using individual light sources for the production
of primary colors.
8. Laser video projector

It uses two or more separately modulated lasers of
different colors to produce a scanned in and projected
on image, its advantage that it is without a lens. The
warp does not distort from normal display but it has a
much higher operating cost.

Summary
1. Anaglyph 3D
This technology uses a color coded glasses it works
because brain mixes the blue and green coming from
the cyan lens to get the 3D image.
It has many technologies including:
Complementary Color, Anaglyphic Contrast Balance,
and ColorCode 3-D, Inficolor3D and Interference Filter
Systems.
All of them use varied technologies to trick the brain in
different ways to make the illusion of 3D imagery.
2. Polarized 3d systems
Polarization is about the orientation of the light waves.
Light traveling throw a polarized glasses will oscillate in
the same direction. So if the image have two types of
light each eye will see a different image.
3. Active shutter systems

It consists of a pair of glasses which block the light
from each eye alternatively in sync with the screen in
such a way that each eye sees its particular image this
is done very fast that you can't notice it.
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4. Auto Stereoscopy
Summary
It uses a couple of technologies like Parallax barrier
and Lenticular Arrays to separate the light in such a
way that each eye sees a different image.
The parallax is that each eye sees a slightly different
image due to the distance between them so it displays
two images that are offset and overlapped.
5. Head Mounted Displays

It is a type of display which uses a helmet or glasses
to submerge users into a virtual display using the
computer or sometimes a chip accompanying the
device. Applications include:
Gaming, simulation, aviation, and sports.
6. Optical head mounted display

It’s very similar to the head mounted display but it
doesn’t immerse the viewer into a virtual world of 3D
images, instead it shows extra information alongside
the viewer vision i.e. it lets the viewer to see through it.
And it's either curved mirror based or light guide
based.
7. Helmet Mounted Display

It is a sort of helmet which has embedded display in it.
It used mainly for combat military aircrafts purposes
only.
8. Virtual retinal display
Summary
It is a type of display which reflects the virtual image

directly to the eyes’ retina without the use of any
conventional display screens or lenses.
1. Volumetric Displays
It creates a 3D light modules of object by using well
placed illuminations that get scattered or emitted to
create the effect.
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Introduction
In this book we are going to talk about display technologies
but why? Display technologies are in its peak today. Most
manufacturers are trying their best to improve their display technologies
to offer close to reality images and video viewing. While manufacturers
trying to offer their best, consumers on the other hand try to get the
best display with sharp true colors, best resolutions, and a form factor
which satisfy their needs. In this book we are going to discuss each
and every display technology available on the market, discussing its
form factor, its mechanism, its advantages, its disadvantages and
much more.
Scope:
In this report we are going to discuss the main technologies of
display.
The purpose of this report is to get the reader to a sufficient
degree of knowledge to become able to evaluate the different types of
display technology and best suited to choose from based on the needs
of different people, and we going to show some advantages and
disadvantages of these technologies by comparing and by considering
the most important factors in the evaluation like:
Colors, Appropriate Purposes, Resolution, Lighting, Contrast Energy
Consumption, Material Cost, and Usage Efficiency.
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Chapter 1 2D Displays
Section 1 Panel Display

o LCD
o LED
o PLASMA
o Electronic Paper
o Head Up Display (HUD)
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Section 2 Projectors
o LCD Projectors
o LCoS Projectors
o LED Projectors
o DLP Projectors
o Laser Video Projectors
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Section 1.1 Panel Displays

LCD TV is standard for liquid-crystal-

display television, is a type of flat panel
display used in digital watches and many
portable computers. LCD displays consist of
two sheets of polarizing material and put
between them a liquid crystal, when an
electric current passed through this liquid it
causes the crystals to align it and in this
cause the light cannot pass through them.
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LCD displays is like a shutter, either allow light to pass through it or block
the light.
Since LCD panels produce no light of their own, they need to outer
light to produce a visible image. In “trans missive” process, this light is
provided at the back of glass and is caused the backlight.
The common Applications of LCD backlight technology are:-
1. Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps [CCFL].
2. Light Emitting diode [LED].
Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps [CCFL]

The LCD panels is lit by two cold cathode fluorescent lamps it put
in edges opposite of the displays, the diffuser then it spreads the light
by equal through all the display. Most of CCFLs have an even-white
spectral output that result to improve color for the displays. However,
CCFLs are less energy efficient than LEDs.
Light Emitting diode [LED]

LED is standard for light emitting diode, an electric device which
light up when electricity is passed through it usually LEDs be red. They
are very good for displaying images as they can be relatively small and
they do not burn out. However, it need to more of power than LCDs.
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There are two types of Matrix:-
1. Passive-Matrix
It is a common type of flat-panel display consist of a grid of vertical
and horizontal wires. At intersection of each grid is on LCD element
which consist one pixel, either letting light cross through it or block it.
Passive-Matrix displays will become extinct as discovered the Active-
Matrix displays, however the Active-Matrix and new technologies as
DSTN, CSTN, and HPA that improve Passive-Matrix displays.
2. Active-Matrix
It is a type of flat-panel display in which the screen is refreshed
more frequently than in Passive-Matrix displays the common type of
Active-Matrix display is based on a technology known as TFT that
standard for thin Film Transistor. The Active-Matrix and the Thin Film
Transistor are often used swapping.
Types of Active-Matrix
There are six types of Active-Matrix based displays.

1. Twisted Nematic [TN]
2. In-Plane Switching [IPS]
3. Super In-Plane Switching [S-IPS]
4. Advanced Fringe Field Switching [AFFS]
5. Vertical Alignment [VA]
6. Blue Phase mode
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Twisted Nematic [TN]
STN is a type of LCD displays technology and developed by sharp
electronics company. STN is black and white image while CSTN is
short for Color Super-Twisted Nematic that the color version. CSTN is
based on Passive Matrix, which is need low cost to produce. CSTN
displays are used on lower end devices. Recently it have CSTN to
made available alternative to Active-Matrix displays. STN display has
worse image quality and response times than TFT LCD, but is cheaper
and more energy efficient. While new CSTN have high quality color
rivaling TFT displays.
In-Plane Switching [IPS]

In-plane switching [IPS] is an LCD technology first introduced in
1996 by Hitachi, it was developed to correct the poor view and color
problems that LCDs had at this time. IPS was low at first but over time,
IPS was improved and refined.
Super in-plane Switching [SIPS]

Advanced super In-plane switching [AS-IPS] is a different "twist"
on LCD. It may not sound very exciting, but it is a pretty technology. It
is another improvement in the world of LCD, as well as, Panasonic and
7|Page
Toshiba. In 2012, Samsung Electronics introduced this technology with

the intent of superseding conventional IPS.
Advanced Fringe Field Switching [AFFS]

Advanced fringe field switching is similar to IPS or S-IPS offering
superior performance and color gamut with high image. AFFS was
developed by Hydis. AFFS applied notebook applications minimize
color distortion while maintaining a wider viewing angle for a
professional display. AFFS panels are mostly utilized in the cockpits of
latest commercial aircraft displays.
Vertical Alignment [VA]

Vertical Alignment displays are a form of LCDs, which is the liquid
crystals naturally align vertically to the glass substrates. It has a deep
black background, a higher contrast ratio, a wider angle viewing, and
better image quality at high temperatures over traditional Twisted
Nematic (TN) displays.
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Bi-Stable displays
Bi-Stable technology is true unique in that
it does not require any power to drive the
display. Power is only necessary when the
image is refresh, image would be kept after
power off that result to thinner and lighter
display. This makes it perfect for applications
as signage, E-book and USB.
Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Displays

[CHLCD]
A CHLCD can be able rewrite at high
speed is provided, which includes A Cholesteric
Liquid Crystal Display element forming pixels at
intersection portions of span-electrodes of a
span-electrodes group and data-electrodes of
data-electrode group.
Ferro Liquid Crystal Displays [FLCD]

Ferro liquid crystal display or Ferro fluid
display [FFD], is a display technology based
on the Ferro electric properties of certain
liquids. Not all such its crystal but they are
generically referred to as Ferro liquid crystal
display.
9|Page
1. LCDs have a very little heat emitted during operation, due to low
power consumption.
2. LCDs have a very compact and light.
3. LCDs have a possible ability to have little depending on backlight
technology.
4. LCDs have no geometric distortion.
5. LCD is very thin compared a CRT monitor and can be made in
almost any size or shape.
6. LCDs have no theoretical resolution limit and made to large sizes
lightly and relatively inexpensive.
7. LCDs have difficulty producing black and very dark grays as a
result they generally have a lower contrast than CRTs and the
color saturation for low intensity colors is also reduced.
1. LCDs uneven backlighting in some monitors, caused brightness

distortion and especially toward the edges.
2. LCDs limited viewing angle, contrast, saturation, and brightness
to vary.
3. Dead or stuck pixels may occur during manufacturing or through
use.
4. LCDs have to burn-in effect.
5. LCDs have to loss of contrast in high temperature environment.
6. LCDs have poor display in direct sunlight and be hard to read
when wearing polarized sunglasses.
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It is an electronic device that illuminates when electricity passes
through it and produce a very efficient light source. It consists of two
semiconductors light resources which are P-N Junction and these
semiconductor chips are covered by transparent plastic. LED
backlights are interesting for all consumers as they thinner, lighter and
more efficient display. They also make better use of dynamic contrast
feature.
LED panels have two types: surface mounted panels (SMD)

displays, conventional panels using discrete LEDs. All outdoor screens
and some indoor screens are made using discrete LEDs. The most of
indoor screens in all markets are made using SMD. James P.Mitchell is
the first one who developed and documented the first true flat
panel LED television screen in 1977.
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LED Text Displays

LED text displays specialized in showing numeric or alpha
characters, it does not matter one character which is displayed by a
matrix with segments or a group of characters.
OLED [Organic Light-emitting diodes]

It is a display device that contain carbon based films between two
electrodes which are charged. One of them is transparent [Anode],
and the other is metal [cathode]. OLED display can work without
backlight, and more efficient than LCD [lighter, thinner and in the dark
OLED screen achieve a higher contrast rate than LCD screen].
AMOLED [Active-matrix organic light-emitting diode]

It is a new display technology used in televisions and mobile
devices. AMOLED displays have faster pixel switching response times
than do traditional OLED displays, which may are exposed ghosting
when displaying quick moving animations.
AMOLED Types:
1.
It is an AMOLED display but with integrated digitizer which means
that the layer protects touch is integrated into the screen. It also
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reflects five times sunlight compared with the first generation of
the ordinary AMOLED.it is find wealthy in Samsung Applications.
2.
it is Motorola’s term for an AMOLED
display, it is brighter than Super
AMOLED screens, but also a higher
resolution, with qHD technology
which is much better than WVGA
technology in Super AMOLED, More energy
efficiency.
3.
The first introduction of it was in Samsung Galaxy S II and
Samsung Droid charge smartphones. The same Super AMOLED
but with small replacement. Brighter and more energy efficient
than Super AMOLED displays.
4.
It is branding from Samsung, and the first device with HD super
AMOLED was Samsung Galaxy Note.
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AMOLED Capacitive
640×360 3.2 229 RGBG PenTile Nokia C6-01
Touchscreen
Super AMOLED 800×480 4.0 233 RGBG PenTile Samsung Galaxy S
Super AMOLED Advanced 960×540 4.3 256 RGBG PenTile Motorola Droid RAZR
qHD Super AMOLED 960×540 4.3 256 RGB S-Stripe Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini
Super AMOLED Plus 800×480 4.3 (4.27) 218 RGB stripe Samsung Galaxy S II
HD Super AMOLED 1280×800 5.3 (5.29) 285 RGBG PenTile Samsung Galaxy Note
HD Super AMOLED 1280×720 5.0 295 RGB S-Stripe BlackBerry Z30
HD Super AMOLED 1280×720 4.7 (4.65) 316 RGBG PenTile Samsung Galaxy Nexus
HD Super AMOLED 1280×720 4.7 (4.65) 316 RGB S-Stripe Motorola Moto X
HD Super AMOLED 1280×720 4.8 306 RGBG PenTile Samsung Galaxy S III
HD Super AMOLED 1280×720 5.6 (5.55) 267 RGB S-Stripe Samsung Galaxy Note II
HD Super AMOLED Plus 1280×800 7.7 197 RGB stripe Samsung Galaxy Tab 7.7
Full HD Super AMOLED 1920×1080 5.0 (4.99) 441 RGBG PenTile Samsung Galaxy S4
Full HD Super AMOLED 1920×1080 5.1 432 RGBG PenTile Samsung Galaxy S5
Full HD Super AMOLED 1920×1080 5.7 388 RGBG PenTile Samsung Galaxy Note 3
WQ HD Super AMOLED+ 2560×1440 5.24 560 RGBG PenTile
Flexible OLED [FOLED]

It is an ordinary OLED device but, includes a flexible plastic
substrate in which the electroluminescent organic semiconductor is
deposited. And this makes the device keep
working while still operating
1. The prices of LEDs are continually

decreasing, making LED displays
suitable to purchase.
2. Flexible substrates and lightweight.
3. More efficient and thickness.
4. Less power and less generating heat
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1. Current prices are always high.
2. OLED has a limit lifetime because of the organic semiconductors.
3. Water also can damage the semiconductors and electronics
chips inside it.
4. Temperature dependence => LEDs performance depends on the
whole environment or the ambient temperature.
1. Mobile screens
2. Traffic management
3. Cinema
4. Electronic paper
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A PDP, the fourth state of panel display, is standard for plasma

display panel. It is type of flat panel display, and it common with large
TV displays start from 30 inches or larger and is consider ionized gas
mixture consist of (ions - free radicals - neutral byproduct – photons).
It is an electrically neutral mixture of physically and chemically active
gas phase that can be able to modify the surface.
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There are two type of plasma displays:
1. ED plasma Television.
2. High-Definition Plasma Television [HD TV].
ED Plasma TV
Enhanced-Definition Television or Extended-Definition Plasma
Television [ED TV] is American CEA standard for Consumer
Electronics Association marketing short term for some digital television
DTV devices and this term was defined about television which produce
picture have high definition than SDTV but it is not have the same
quality as high-definition television
HD Plasma TV
High-Definition plasma television is consider the newest thing that
produced to us the technology after ED TV that these displays are
usually progressive displays, have square pixels and will arrive to scale
their incoming standard definitions signals to match their exactness
display resolution.
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1. Plasma TVs has larger screen size availability.

2. Plasma TVs has better contrast ratio and ability to produce
deeper blacks.
3. Plasma TVs has better color exactness and saturation.
4. Plasma TVs has better motion tracking (little or no motion lag
in fast moving images).
5. Plasma TVs has high refresh rate and its color contrast ratio is
very true and pure.
6. Plasma TVs picture of it is very clear from a distance.
1. Plasma TVs are more face to burn in or screen burn of calm

images.
2. Plasma TVs are need to more power thus, more heat produced
that LCD.
3. Plasma TVs does not perform as well as at higher altitudes.
4. The life span of plasma displays is shorter than LCD, this can
be different according to other environment and use factors.
5. Plasma TVs have a reflective surface so it reflects a lot of the
light.
6. Plasma TVs Displays if you go close to it or make zoom, you
will see that it is not very clear.
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1. Contract ratio, wider viewing angles than LCD and high refresh
rates.
2. It has better contrast ratio and ability to produce deeper blacks.
3. Less visible motion blur and faster response time contributing to
superior performance when displaying content with significant.
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It is a display device looks like a paper

but with electronic means. It used for making
e-books, electronic newspaper and cell
phones.
Gyricon
It is the first electronic paper, consisted of polyethylene, it

consisted of one sheet of transparent plastic with two sides, the first
one is black which is the negatively charged plastic side, and the other
is white which is the positively charged plastic side.
Electrophoretic
It is also a prime example of e-paper, its forms visible image by

arranging pigment particles by using an applied electric field
Electrowetting
It is the modification of wetting properties surface which is

hydrophobic with applied electric field.
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Electrofluidic Display
Is a new modern display technology will compete LCD & CRT
displays. Its objective to reach the same contrast review that can be
achieved with a paper and potentially provide more than 85 percent.
Interferometric Modulator Display [IMOD]
It is a technology used in visible displays which is possible to

create new colors by reflected lights interference. It contains
microscopic devices which act like mirrors which can be switched on or
of individually. All of these elements reflects exactly one wavelength.
Like (blue or green) means that is on, (black) which means that it is
off.
Flexible Plastic Display
It is a display which is naturally

flexible, different from the other flat
screen displays. In the previous years
there has been a great interest to use
this technology in the electronic
manufacturing like in Mobile phones
and e-readers.
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1. Small size and easy to carry.

2. We can find information quickly and we have the option to print it
on a paper.
1. Compared with the low power displays technologies electronic

paper technologies have a very low refresh rate.
2. Shadow of some imaged maybe visible such as “Ghost images.
3. There are no a full color display.
1. E-book
2. Newspapers
3. Mobile phones
4. Electronic shelf labels
5. Status displays ‘’USB flash drives’’
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It is a transparent display with a new technology that presents
data without requiring users to change their viewpoints. The first HUDs
are used in military vehicles in navigation. Google Glass is the first
available consumer – market personal.
1. Head-mounted display
2. Helmet-mounted display
3. F-35 lightning II
1. The first generation: use CRT to generate an image in a phosphor

screen.
2. The second generation: Use solid state light source such as LED,
which is modified by LCD screen to display the images.
3. The third generation: use optical waveguides to print the image
directly
4. The fourth generation: use a scanning laser to display images
and videos
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1. Video gaming
2. Automobiles
3. Military aircraft
4. Weapons
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Section 1.2 Projectors
An LCD (Liquid-crystal display) projector is simply one of the
most important types of
video projectors mainly used
for displaying videos, images
and computer data on a
screen or any other flat
surface. We can say it is an
update or newer version of
some older types of video
projectors such as slide
projectors or overhead
projectors as it has more options and applications as well as its
magnificent way concerning mechanism.
To display images LCD projectors send light from a metal halide

lamp (Which is an electric lamp from which light is produced by an
electric arc though a gaseous mixture of vaporized mercury and metal
halides which are compounds of metals with Bromine or Iodine)
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through a prism or series of

dichroic filters that separate

light into three poly-silicon
panels – one of them for the
red, other for green and one
for blue particles of video
signal. When polarized light passes through the panels (mixture of
polarizer, LCD panel and analyzer), single pixels can be opened to
allow light to pass or closed to prevent the light.
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1. Higher contrast and resolution ratio in specific projector models
Several LCD projectors made specifically for home theater

announce that they managed to achieve better overall contrast
execution and deeper black levels than DLP projectors models.
This is the case on LCD projectors using inorganic LCD panels
and auto rainbow (iris) technology. Inorganic panels are more
costly to be produced, so they are rarely used in cheaper,
commercial grade projectors. The comparison between dynamic
contrast ratios of different projectors isn’t worth unless you have
the ability to compare the quality of the image in nature.
2. Sharper image in specific projector models
Sharper image with data projection. Because LCD pixel

structure is sharply defined if it is compared to DLP pixel
structure, it tends to present a sharper image. This is more
recognizable in lower resolution products (SVGA) and specifically
with data projection and is not so significant in higher (XGA and
more) resolution equipment. It is not remarkable generally in full-
HD (1080p) projectors.
3. Energy efficiency
The efficiency of energy usage has recently become an

important factor for users as well as businesses when purchasing
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electronic devices. LCD projectors are more efficient with the light
beam that the projector’s lamp makes, so safe to say that an

LCD projector produces a brighter image than an equivalent DLP
projector while using a lamp similar in wattage rating.
4. Better brightness levels
Images always appear to have a higher and greater

saturation when projected using LCD projector, which means that
even though a corresponding DLP projector might have a greater
contrast ratio, the same display on an LCD projector may seem
brighter.
5. No rainbow effect
In terms of disarray (instability) of image quality, LCD

projectors aren’t likely affected by screen burn-in, image
processing noise, or “the rainbow effect” which is seen usually in
single chip DLP equipment which depends on a color wheel.
1. Dust and smoke in the environment
Unfortunately, one of the main issues that can reduce a

projector’s image quality and general execution as well as
reducing its lamp life span is dust and smoke, two things that
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are often very common in bars. The main reason for lamp life
being badly affected is initially because dust and smoke will
gradually accumulate inside the equipment, meaning that it will
start to cover and finally clog the intricate electronic
mechanism housed inside the projector.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) projectors have a tendency to
be more adversely affected by the conditions inside bars and
clubs than Digital Light Processing (DLP) projectors.
DLP projectors mainly contain locked or closed optics
whereas LCD projectors use open liquid crystal panels. Many
times these panels become covered in the nicotine remaining
from smoking cigarettes, which is a very difficult to remove
without damaging the panel itself. Unfortunately, standard
projector warranties do not cover for failure due to smoke
related issues. In fact, any of these equipment working in a
smoke intensive surrounding will only work for two years before
they need to be replaced.
2. Limited lifetime
Limited lifetime of LCD panels seems to be one of the biggest

disadvantages of LCD structure projectors. The colors tend to
degrade and the screen tend to have a yellow color after much
usage of LCD projectors. Sellers don’t publish or let’s say
reveal the lifespan of LCD panels, but mostly it takes 1-4 lamp
replacements to notice picture quality reduction. Usually it’s
not a good idea to replace the LCD panel in the LCD projectors
as it is too expensive. We can say it is much better to buy a
new better projector adding just 50% of LCD panel’s price.
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3. High-weight
Three panel - bigger and heavier. Usually most of LCD projectors

are heavier and bigger compared to same range and similar
technical specifications DLP projectors, especially when the LCD
projector is used as a portable equipment.
4. High TCO
Air-filter means higher cost of fixing and general maintenance

and some audience think that it is the biggest disadvantages of
LCD structure equipment. LCD structure projector’s displaying
systems aren’t sealed as in DLP structure equipment and the air
filters should be changed or cleaned periodically which increases
Total Cost of Ownership and also wastes the time.
5. Color decay
Yellow and green tint color decay in as little as 300 hours.

Unfortunately, this issue makes presentations much less
enjoyable.
6. Screen-door effect
High resolution LCD projectors might produce an error called

screen-door effect that is when the lines between pixels become
visible and as a result the lines included between pixels become
visible which in general makes it uncomfortable when we use it.
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7. Dead pixels
This happens when a single pixel becomes permanently off or on.

If only a single pixel – it even may not be recognized by viewers.
However, after first pixel is dead, often pixels surrounding the
dead one stop responding too by time.
1. Enterprises (Business)
Currently projectors has become very important and valuable as

they are now widely used in different business sectors, such as
giving internal presentations and business negotiations outside
the office as well as event venues. As the importance of
projectors in this field is great, it is in many different
environments, with the brightness or how big the room is, screen
size, and whether the projector is portable or permanently fixed,
varying by institution.
Therefore projectors for business is available in a huge
variety of brightness and contrast levels, sizes, weights, and price
levels. Improvements and upgrades in the utilities and
performance of projectors, such as widescreen ability to match
the resolution of a personal computer or having network abilities,
are being updated for a long time.
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2. Education
Schools and other educational institutions are remarkably

recognizing that projectors are a useful tool for enhancing
students' concentration and better understanding lessons as well
as the learning ability in general. Projector use for educational
purposes is growing at a solid pace, and is approaching or
almost like the proportion of projector use for business uses.
Classroom equipment include interactive models used together
with electronic whiteboards, which allows teachers, instructors as
well as students to insert and save comments and illustrations
they have written onto the projected images and they can easily
communicate with their students also projectors made it easier to
implement any idea or explain anything on the screen. There exist
also short-throw models, and models to which documents can
be added and also camera to project textbooks and other 3D
objects.
In educational applications and uses the projectors’ resolution
plays a very important role and has an important value, the three
main and common projector resolutions, in chronological order of
quality standards are SVGA, XGA, and SXGA. If the projector is
merely used to present non-moving or static images such as
PowerPoint presentations or normal text documents then SVGA is
always suitable. However, as SVGA projectors are becoming less
common, and XGA projectors will present higher quality images
and much better detail, while being slightly more expensive.
Investing in an XGA projector in the place of an SVGA can be a
very good choice. XGA is a great need if the projector is used to
project more detailed images like mathematical formulas
because these would appear uncomfortably when using a SVGA
resolution.
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3. Home entertainment
This type of entertainment and use always comprises people who

built full-scale home theaters and provided them with high-
definition projectors for the serious enjoyment of the visual beauty
of the displayed contents. Nowadays, however, this kind of using
is spreading out much wider and bigger due to new means of
enjoyment that take advantage of a huge screen, such as a
family gathered together in a bright-lit room to watch DVD films
or enjoy playing games, or bringing a projector to a party place to
display photos taken at the party, especially wedding parties.
As a result, projectors that can simply operate and easy to carry
around, and projectors having excellent contrast and resolution
for projecting clear images even when used in brightly-lit places,
are now used more commonly and gaining in popularity.
3LCD Projectors
One of the most important and common

types of the LCD projectors is the one we are
going to introduce which is the 3LCD projectors.
3LCD is the name and brand of a major LCD
projection color image generation technology
used in modern digital projectors. 3LCD
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technology was developed and produced by Japanese imaging

company Epson in the 1980s and was first licensed for use in
projectors in 1988. In January 1989, Epson made and published
its very first 3LCD projector, which is the VPJ-700. We can say
that Epson it the owner of the 3LCD technology as it still owns
this technology, however, it is marketed by an affiliated
organization simply named after the technology:"3LCD". The
organization is an association of projector manufacturers that
have licensed 3LCD technology to be used in their products.
Nowadays, about 50 different projector brands worldwide have
adopted and become users of 3LCD technology. According to
electronics industry research company Pacific Media Associates,
equipment using 3LCD technology comprised about 52% of the
world's digital projector market in 2009. 3LCD technology gets its
name from the triple LCD panel chips used in its image
generation engine.
Its mechanism contains some features similar to that of

LCD projectors but with some additions discussed in details
bellow:
1. Creating Colors from White Light:

A projector using 3LCD technology works by first
splitting the white light from the lamp into its three
initial colors which are red, green and blue by passing
the lamp light through special dichroic filter / reflector
assemblies called “dichroic mirrors.” Each mirror of
those only allows specific colored wavelengths of light
to pass through while reflecting the rest away. In this
manner, the white light is split into its three initial color
beams and each is directed toward, and in sequence
through its individual LCD panel.
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2. Image Generation at the LCDs:
The three LCD panels of the projector are the
elements responsible for receiving the electronic signals
to form the image which is to be projected. Each pixel on
an LCD is coated by liquid crystals. By varying the
electrical charge given to the liquid crystals, every pixel
on an LCD can be darkened till it is completely opaque
(for full black), lightened till it is completely transparent
(allowing all the lamp light to pass through for full white),
or shaded in varying levels of transparency (for different
shades of gray). This looks or feels like a digital watch’s
characters appear bold and black on its LCD when its
battery is novel, but start to fade gradually as its battery
becomes weaker. In this manner, the brightness level on
each pixel for each primary color can be very precisely
controlled to produce the final pixel's specific color and
brightness level required on the screen.
3. Color image recombination and projection:

After filtering each color through its own LCD
panel, the beams of those colors are recombined a
dichroic prism that creates the final image which is then
reflected out through the lens.
Advantages
People who support and prefer the 3LCD projectors and its technology
say that it has the following advantages which specialize it over other
competing technologies:
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1. Brightness of colors
3LCD projectors are capable of producing brighter colors
compared to many other types or other technologies in
projectors. This because 3LCD projectors mix and projects
the light beams from all three colors to from each individual
pixel’s color.
2. High color light

Most 3LCD projectors have higher color light than many
other types of projectors.
3. Avoid rainbow or break up effects

Some other types of projectors may make people see
something like a “rainbow” or a “break up color” effects
while viewing due to false colors briefly perceived when
either the image or the observer's eye is in motion. As all
three primary colors are projected all the time by 3LCD
projectors, so we can confirm that 3LCD projectors don’t
suffer from this effect.
4. Power saving
They use less power compared to other types.
5. Natural images
The production of a very broad range of colors and detailed
gradation makes it possible to clearly display natural images
that are true to their initial colors.
6. Images that are gentle on eyes

since colors are reproduced by means of the three liquid
crystal panels, the images projected doesn’t suffer from the
problem of color breakup* or annoying flicker and are free
of these disadvantages.
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7. Bright color images
As light is used very efficiently, colors produced are
amazingly vivid, even while being viewed in a bright place of
room.
Disadvantages
1. Old types of 3LCD projectors with large pixel pitches usually
have a "screen door effect".
2. The smallest single-chip DLP projectors are smaller than the

smallest 3LCD projector models.
3. Current LCOS projector models typically deliver sharper images

at higher resolutions than 3LCD projectors.
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LCOS technology is a technology that uses liquid crystal on

silicon (LCOS) as a display device. It is characterized by the extremely
large number of openings
on the surface of the
reflective LCD panel.
Because the circuits and the
switching elements are
etched underneath the
reflective layer, there is no
need for the BM (a light-
blocking layer that prevents
light from falling on the pixel
transistor part), making for
a seamless projection of the
picture.
The CMOS chip in the LCOS cell controls the voltage on plates
found just below the chip surface, each of them controlling single pixel.
For example, chip with XGA resolution is having 1024x768 plates,
everyone with an independently accessible voltage. A common voltage
for all the pixels is supplied by a transparent conductive layer made of
indium tin oxide on the cover glass.
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When we explain LCOS projectors mechanism we can’t ignore the
division of its displaying systems.
Display System Architectures
There exist two general categories of LCOS displaying means:
three-panel and single-panel. In three-panel designs, one display chip
is found per color, and the images are combined and collected
optically. In single-panel designs, one display chip projects all the red,
green, and blue elements in succession with the viewer’s eyes depend
upon to combine the color flow (stream). As every color is projected, a
color wheel (or RGB LED array) produces (illuminates) the light of the
display with only red, blue or green light.
In case of the frequency of the color fields is less than about
540 Hz, an effect known as color breakup appears, where fake and
false colors are briefly displayed if either the image or the viewer's eye
is moving.
As it is less expensive; single-panel equipment require higher-
speed projection elements in order to process all of the three colors in
a single frame time, also the requirement of avoiding color breakup
makes further more demands on the speed of the projection displaying
technology.
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Three Panel Design

When we compare it to three

chip DLP projector devices, where the
light splits into three components and
then re-combined back again, in
addition, light is polarized in LCOS
devices. Consequently, four beam
splitters are required (compared to only
two beam splitters needed for three
chip DLP).
One Panel Design

Both of Toshiba's and Intel's
single-panel LCOS projection display
program were terminated in 2004
before any of the units reached final-
part stage model. There were single-
panel LCOS projection displays in
manufacturing process: One
by Philips and the other by Micro
display firm. upwards dimension
Displays gives a Ferroelectric LCOS display technology (called Time
Domain Imaging) found in QXGA, SXGA and WXGA resolutions which is
used for the purpose of fringe display in super
resolution microscopy, automated optical checking and high resolution
near-eye advantages like Training & Simulation as an example.
Micron's FLCOS technology is also single panel RGB solution
which is used in Pico-equipment, and near-eye viewing applications.
P a g e | 40
1. Modal Switching in Space Division Multiplexed Optical
Communications Systems
One of the important and we can also say interesting
applications of LCOS is the ability to transform between
modes of few-modded optical fibers. Which have been
proposed as the basis of higher capacity transmission
systems in the future. Similarly LCOS has been used in
guiding light into selected cores of multicore fiber
transmission systems, again as a kind of space Division
Multiplexing.
2. Manufacturing television
The most common use for LCOS is front- and rear-
projection televisions.
3. Usage as home theater

The small size of its pixel and high resolution makes it a
good choice for the home theater projector market as well
as the phase modulation application, such as spatial light
modulators, hologram, lithography, laser beam pattern
formation, fundus imaging correction, optical tweezers,
femtosecond laser pulse forming, wave front modification
and correction in phase shifting applications, and many
other ones.
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1. Limited lifetime
Similarly like the LCD projectors but in case of LCOS
they suffer from a limited life time lamp.
2. Low contrast ratio

As the technology behind LCOS projectors builds upon
both LCD and DLP projection, it has a combination or
we can say a mixture of the disadvantages of both
technologies. Notably, contrast ratios in LCOS
projection tend to be lower than those of LCD and DLP
technologies.
3. Difficulty of manufacturing
LCOS systems aren't as common as other display
types. The reason for this is that LCOS micro devices
are difficult to manufacture, and each set requires
three of these. Many companies, including Intel, have
tried to manufacture LCOS systems and have
abandoned their efforts after continuously low yields in
production.
4. Bad black level

Most LCOS projector systems don't have a very
accepted black level, or capable of producing the
color black. Televisions having weak black level usually
not able of producing as much contrast or detail as
those with good black level. Because LCOS projectors
use three micro devices instead of one, they also tend
to be heavy and big in size. Most need periodic lamp
replacement, which isn’t cheap and affordable and
may cost several hundred dollars.
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5. Color breakup
In case of the frequency of the color fields is less than
about 540 Hz, an effect known as color breakup
appears, where fake and false colors are briefly
displayed if either the image or the viewer's eye is
moving.
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(LED) Stands for “light-emitting diode" it's Consists of a two

semiconductors source lighting. Looks like a basic diode P-N junction.
However, the LED emits light as well. When the LED anode lead has a
voltage that is more positive than the cathode lead by at least forward
voltage drop, current passes. Electrons are able to recombine with
holes within the device, releasing the energy in its form of the photons.
This effect we call it electroluminescence, and is determined by the
color of light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) through the
band gap energy in semiconductors.
P a g e | 44
1. Long life
It stands out as the number one interest of lights LED. LED

bulbs and diodes have expected operational life time
outstanding of up to 100 thousand hours. This is 11-y of
continuous operation, or 22-y of 50%. If left to the LED
fixture for 8H daily take about 20 years before you have to
replace the bulb LED. LEDs differ from standard lighting:
They do not really burn and stop working like a light
standard, moreover lighting diodes emit lower levels of
production over a very long period of time and become less
bright.
2. The most effective way of lighting and lighting
With energy efficiency estimated 80% -90% compared with

traditional lighting, traditional light bulbs. This means that
about 80% of the electrical energy is converted into light,
while California. 20% is lost and converted into other forms
of energy such as heat.
3. LED lighting produces little light infrared and close any emissions
of ultraviolet light
Because of this, LED lighting is very suitable not only for

goods and materials that are sensitive to heat and is due to
take advantage of the heat emitted little emissions, but also
to illuminate the objects or materials sensitive to ultraviolet
light in such museums, art galleries and the archaeological
sites.
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4. Size and efficiency

Led lights measuring from 3 to 8 mm long, and can be

used individually or as a part of an array. Can be small size
and low-profile lights used in the home, it is too small for
the other bulbs. Furthermore, because the light bulbs in a
certain direction, it is a waste of energy due to the emission
of light in your application is more efficient than
incandescent bulbs, fluorescent lamps.
5. Low temperatures
Waste from the bulbs of the energy as heat. Like lamp is 80

percent waste of 90 per cent of its energy as heat, while a
compact fluorescent lighting such as heating bulbs remain
cool. In addition, they contain no glass components, are
not susceptible to vibrations or breakage such as light
bulbs. Lamps and therefore more suitable for use in areas
such as sports facilities and high crime locations.
6. High contrast in dark colors
It's published the corresponding diodes light to make

pictures darker. LCD, just try to block out light because of
the closure. In many cases, you can run the light. Used
fluorescent tubes, which have relatively shorter lifespan in
the LCD. This depreciation can be observed after about
three to five years, if the presentation is a little darker than
when you first bought it. As soon as a problem arises which
deteriorated lights can be replaced easily. That is, if, you do
not need to purchase the LCD light. And fluorescence life
expectancy of 10,000 hours, while the LED lights can be
much longer.
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7. LED screens help save energy
When compared with their counterparts of LCD monitors for
less than 25%. This is not great, but this number is very
important, when it comes to companies with hundreds or
even thousands of observers.
8. LED screens are usually lighter and thinner than LCD
Fluorescent tubes can be used in LCD screen bigger and

heavier and bulkier than screens LED materials used in
monitoring. Area is not very large LED screens Office
absorbed can be big enough. For the user this means also
improving optical quality.
9. Provides better color reproduction
LED screens are sharper than LCDs. But not necessarily of

high quality, the product is more expensive. In fact,
increased the production of LED screens that are more
affordable options.
10. You can use the outdoor LED screens
Even Chief, used on outer sides of tall buildings using led

technology. For a wider range of computer has LED all the
advantages with the drawbacks, often on the LCD.
47 | P a g e
LED is now more expensive, the price of the cavity, on the

basis of the cost of the initial capital, the traditional lighting
technologies. However, when you consider the total cost of ownership
(including energy and maintenance costs), incandescent bulbs or
halogen far outweigh the sources and begin to threaten compact.
Because of new technology, much is still unknown, such as durability
during the time. The valve also suffers from deficits in viewing angle.
This means that if one sits more than 30 degrees off center, bad
visibility. Manufacturers now use anti-glare technology, which helps
integrate with viewing angle, but compared to LCD, led, as well
P a g e | 48
Digital Light Processing (DLP) is a type of optical technology uses
a digital micro mirror device. Were developed in 1987 by Dr. Larry
Hornbeck. In chip DLP projector with a single, and the colors are
produced either by placing a color wheel between the lamp and the
white chip DLP or using individual light sources for the production of
primary colors, lamps or lasers, for example. The color wheel is
divided in multiple sectors: primary additive colors: red, green, blue,
white, and in many cases (clear). Newer systems replace primary
colors cyan, magenta and yellow to white. Use subtractive colors is
part of the latest system called Brilliant Color performance for which
processes the colors added along with the subtractive colors to create
a wide variety of color combinations possible on the screen.
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1. Brilliant Color
Most colors Brilliant Color ™ technology, DLP projectors,

which increases the performance and image quality.
Improve the Brilliant Color technology provides up to 6
colors color handling and design of reliable and accurate
color stretch hours.1. The technology of DLP Brilliant Color
display devices with a wide range of colors, allowing the
production of more colors than 1 billion. DLP depends not
only treatment being RGB (red, green, blue), but also
supports the responsible processing of yellow, cyan and
magenta. This treatment is for the reproduction of skin
tones, as well as the millions of colors to match the colors.
If it is a fast moving scene, you will feel as if you are in
freeze scene without any motion blur seen with other
technologies. Watch movies on your computer and surf the
Web, play your favorite games, and even reply to email-in a
great many.
Full HD DLP projectors are taking the home theater forward
the next level movies and games come to life with perfect
vibrant and realistic colors & images. Full HD 1080 p
technologies is offering an impeccable amazing image
quality combined with its performance of the award-winning
DLP cinema technologies. HDMI or DVI are a digital signal
generates a true digital projection system, which produces a
real spectacular demonstration of high definition. This
unprecedented combination offers natural life and different
images in crystal clear & pure quality.
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2. DLP displays smallest on Earth
DLP splits DNA offer the ultimate cinema experience make it
more diversified technology. World's smallest projector
allows under 8 ounces and bigger movie screen lights up to
100 meters. Engineers began as an alternative to medical
research DLP in the human retina; there is no off DLP you
will go further!
3. View all digital DLP-Schiff

DLP technology is a revolutionary solution, which uses an
optical semiconductor to manipulate light digital. DLP chip
is matched and digital video, graphic, signal light source
and lens drop, everything can reflect fully digital image on
any surface.
4. Great light source

Increase flexibility, call DLP chip manufacturer of light
source with DLP technology. DLP chip is a lamp, laser and
led light source light.
5. Excellent color accuracy

DLP products are the industry standard for all production
function produces cinematic color calibration by DLP color
spectrum. In February 2010, the Board of Governors of the
Academy of DLP received scientific and Engineering Award
(Academy plaque) color resolution for DLP cinema.
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6. There are no restrictions on transfer

DLP chip, there are technical limitations to the decision. The
technology could be in resolution as 4 if larger, up to HD
resolution in thumbnail display on mobile devices need to
scale. Resolution data will be scaled DLP requires content.
7. Built-in intelligence enables fast conversion of unprecedented

DLP chip, there are technical limitations to the decision. The
technology could be in resolution as 4 if larger, up to HD
resolution in thumbnail display on mobile devices need to
scale. Resolution data will be scaled DLP requires content.
8. Low energy consumption

Texas instruments is a leader in research and development.
DLP continue to decrease to increase screen brightness,
reducing the package size and strength required for
renewal. DLP Pico met in lumens per watt, incrementally, so
that consumers can now embedded projector mobile
phone.
Projection system sealed. New DLP projectors is usually
sealed and the fall of the regime, where you should never
clean or change air filters for the problems associated with
air filter failure experience free from the filter.
Benefit contradiction. Thanks to this technology, its
advantages over DLP projectors typically have much higher
full/ratios Contras compared to LCD. This use of
technology-small mirror can be on or off or zero or 100%
P a g e | 52
goes for example white lights. This can be achieved in the
LCD structure.
9. No degradation of image quality during the time

DLP projector vendors say that during the time of zero, while
LCD structure may not the same quality images show the
degradation of image quality during the time, out of focus
or more yellow. Well, this is not entirely true as there are
cases of partial fraction strips DLP mirrors on DLP
projectors structure that dead pixel white or black (by time,
usually after 1.5 years of intensive use or later). After the
case is not as important as the picture is not clear or yellow.
10. Less pixilation (particularly on low-resolution display devices)

DLP projectors structure reduced the pixilation in the picture.
This is very important, if budget projector low resolution for
presentations or for home entertainment. However, it is not
so important in Standard (XGA) resolution higher than
projectors.
11. Design of single chip compact and lightweight

New models of projectors DLP structure easier, compared
to the same area and specifications LCD projector.
12. Lower total cost of ownership

New models of projectors DLP structure closed system
design, so there is no need to ever change the filter.
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The only real disadvantage to DLP projectors we invite devotees

of the "rainbow effect". DLP projectors use an open consumer color
(color wheel), which turns the lamp on the front. This disk divided into
a series of primary colors, all the colors. These are the basic colors
such as slices of cake. Depending on the projector, there may be 3
slices (1 red, 1 green and 1
blue) or 4 slices (1 red, 1
green, 1 blue, 1 white) 6
slices (1 red, 1 green, 1
blue, 1 red, 1 green, 1 blue
broken again), and up to 8
slices of several of them
white. Fewer parts, less
speed changes with an eye
to distinguish. This means
that you see sometimes
what looks like a rainbow,
in particular taking account
of the areas of the image. Fortunately, not everyone sees the Rainbow.
So before you buy a DLP projector, be sure to watch the video produce
color wheel rainbow effect. (Also called color separation artifacts) are
instant flashes of contrasting colors that look like Rainbow .Rainbow
effect. It comes randomly, and it lasts for just a moment. Tend to have
this issue only in slowing the color wheel used in projectors. Should be
no problem if you purchase a DLP projector middle class or higher. For
example, we can always say the problem with BenQ MP5 and up the
supply chain, which is really not too expensive. Also featuring Rainbow
artifacts problem, start in slide projectors DLP 3 chip DLP technology.
And next a photo shows the rainbow effect. Sometimes it can be a
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"rainbow effect" with the action sequences. If the picture on the screen
of the DLP move too quickly, can be seen occasionally scenes for
color.
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The video display color laser uses two or more separately

modulated optical radiation (lasers) of different colors to produce a
scanned in and projected on a less effective means of opto-electronic,
or polygon mirror system to produce a color screen. Systems work,
either through the entire image at the same time the survey point and
modulation of the laser directly at high frequencies, such as the
electron beam in the CRT so much, or by publishing visually and then
modulating the laser scan line at a time, the same line in the same way
the modulation with digital light processing (DLP). A special case of
the reduction system to screen monochrome display, for example, a
black and white television. This principle applies to the display, as well
as projection (front or back) with a laser (laser video projector).
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Without the lens, is the warp does not distort from normal display
devices, to make demands of us, screen in the location that is laser
projection, even if the "card" problem in the corner of the picture there
is no projection. Projection engineering produces so weird, like a bow
and even a round screen, laser projection is a mysterious phenomenon
everywhere.
In addition, color purity, and laser show very realistic colors

should go beyond the standard NTSC color space of 100%. High
efficiency luminous laser projector, projector lamps, converted, mostly
conventional halogen lamps, 2-3% of energy, on the other hand turned
into heat, light, and still more afraid of vibrations. Thus is the power of
laser projection is relatively small, it produces no heat. That's life span
to reach millions of hours of life generally at room temperature up to
aging test 10 million hours of the expected temperature rise at room
temperature, it is one of the high ranking security products for a long
time.
Since work lamps for LVB based on the functionality of LVB

monitors, you must take proper care to ensure good performance. This
is why most LVB monitors requires that may hinder the use of filters,
and keep the system free of any particles of light and air through the
liquid crystals. During the time, the experience of humiliation all the
LCD, the color balance problems, and loss of contrast. Short period of
life is also a common complaint. Operating costs tend to increase the
proper care of an LVB monitor. Such as LVB projectors, screens are
even limited lifetime. Always these lamps replacing proves to be
difficult and costly. While neon longer lamp DLP LCD are tend to be,
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they must still depending on the number of hours that will replace
specified by the manufacturer.

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Chapter 2 2D-3D Displays
Section 1 3D Panel Displays

o Displays With Glasses
o Anaglyph 3D
o Polarized 3D
o Active Shutter 3D
o 2D PLUS Depth
o Displays Without Glasses
o Auto Stereoscopic 3D
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Section 2 Wearable Displays

o Head Mounted Display
o Optical Head Mounted Display
o Helmet Mounted Display
o Virtual Retinal Display
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Section 2.1 3D Panel Displays

The very first method to produce anaglyph images was developed

in the eighteen fifties.
This technology uses a color coded glasses with chromatically
opposite colors -meaning colors
that have opposite hues –usually red
and cyan this will lead to encoding
each eye's image using filters and
thus will arrive at the watcher eyes
differently, the brain fuses this into
perception of a three-dimensional
scene.
It works because the eye viewing through the red filter sees red
within the anaglyph as "white", and the cyan within the anaglyph as
"black". Although the image is void of actual colors but the brain mixes
the blue and green coming from the cyan lens to get the image the
drawback of this that the 3d effect only works horizontally. So if you
tilted your head the 3d effect and the depth of field will go away.
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Complementary Color
It employs the tristimulus theory “The human eye has three kinds
of cone cells, that responds to three colors red, green, and blue ” so
by employing the red that let only the red light pass and cyan that lets
green and blue pass and thus letting all the light waves pass but it’s
different for each eye.
Anaglyphic Contrast Balance

Also known as ACB it’s a method of balancing the color contrasts
to prevent retinal rivalry - this happens when two images are displayed
one over the other in such a way that each eye sees different image.
This will lead the brain to randomly see each images for a couple of
moments. Stereo pair enables a stable view of contrast but it doesn’t
have to work on the (cyan –red) pair it can work on any of the opposing
color channel combinations “Examples“ , to prevent double imaging
the colors should be RGB accurate. This technology prevents the shine
or reflections from pure colored objects, it also saves the images in
two different folders one for each eye which enables effects to be
applied individually.
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It have 4 types:
1. Monochromatic (black and white) Anaglyphs

Both views black and white. Then one is saturated red, and
the other blue.
2. R/GB Split Anaglyphs

One view is saturated red. The other view blue. Then the red
plane of one image replaces the red plane of the other
image.
3. Half Color Anaglyph

It’s a 50/50 monochromatic and color version
4. Gray Scale Left Anaglyph

The left view is monochromatic and then saturated red. The
right view is saturated blue.
ColorCode 3-D
The ColorCode 3-D encoding process in which a filter is applied

to the images such that one eye gets a monochrome -black and white
- version for depth perception called amber filter while the other gets
the cross-spectrum color called blue filter and the brain
Advantages
It’s back compatible. The viewers without glasses can still get a
good view but there will be a distortion in blue and yellow due to the
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fact that the amber filter let most of the light wave lengths pass while
the blue leaks some of the wave length the hue and saturation can be
easily adjusted.
Inficolor3D
It’s a technology developed by TriOviz that uses normal 2d flat

displays an expensive glasses with complex color filters and dedicated
image processing
It process the image such that the left glass uses only the green
channel while the right lets blue and green the brain will combine them

to get nearly perfect pictures
Pros
The watcher without glasses will get the normal picture since it’s a
normal 2D LED, that technology got the console manufactures namely
Microsoft and Sony very excited because the can give their gamers with
normal displays the 3D experience that they were waiting for.
Interference Filter Systems
In This technique each

color-Red, Green, Blue- is
represented in 2 different wave
length and projected for each
eye via Eyeglasses this will fool
the brain into thinking that it’s
seeing a full color 3D image. Its
name come from the fact that it
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uses spectral comb filtering this technology is also known as "super-

anaglyph” Due to its advanced form of spectral-multiplexing.
1. Home entertainment
3-D movies existed for a long time, but the rise of 3-D
movies came with Blu-ray disk it uses a technology called
Multiview Video Coding that’s combines and encode the
encoding stereoscopic images that are taken by the multi
view cameras that capture the images and comprise it into
a single stream
2. Comics
The comics are printed on a color appropriate paper that
when seen by the filtered glass to produce 3-dimensional
but it needs to be carefully drown multiple times on layers of
acetate. While the first which makes it much harder to print
compared to normal comics
3. Science and mathematics

It’s widely used to illustrate mathematical functions or
chemical structures, or even to represent large systems that
can be included in any text book -2D printed- than watched
later using cheap anaglyph glasses.
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It's the creation of the 3D illusion by using Polarized glasses * it

uses cheap polarized glasses where each lens have a different
polarization filter .those filters only allow same polarized light to pass

throw and blocks all other light, so if we projected two images one on
top of the other each eye will see a slightly different image.
Linear
It uses a couple of lenses each is polarized differently and the
light coming from the projector contains both of the polarizing
orientation and win it hits the lenses each one only let same polarized
light to pass and blocks the other light
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The disadvantage of that that head tilting even slightly will cause the
lenses to bleed over
Circular
It’s very similar to the liner type but the light being projected is
circulating differently. The right lens only let the right rotating light pass
and block the other light while the left lens let the left spinning light
pass. This doesn’t have the tilting problem that the liner had.
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1. Do not require power.

2. It’s very comfortable to wear because it’s light weight.
3. Doesn’t have to sync with the displays.

1. More Expensive than using anaglyph 3-D.
2. The wearer must keep his head straight because any slight tilts or
movement will lead to image distortion and both eyes seeing both
of the pictures.
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Also known as alternate frame sequencing, from its name. it uses

a pair of shutters to block the vision of one eye while letting the other
eye then it will switch between them fast enough that the normal eye
won’t notice the shutter, the

shutter is actually a liquid crystal
shutter glasses that become
opaque when voltage is applied,
also the shutter is timed by timing
signal that sync the shutter refresh
rate with the projector refresh rate.
And that type of 3D systems is
used widely in theaters
It allows for full resolution color natural 3-D images.

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1. The Frame rate must be doubled. Due to the fact that each eye
receives half of the frames.
2. It uses batteries and a lot of electronics which makes the glasses
heavy and very expensive.
3. The polarized lens will lead to a darker image which can be
adjusted by raising the display contrast.

4. The flicker might be noticeable.
It’s used to render 2d games into true 3d environment because

games are able to achieve high frame rate which helps with the frame
Halfling issue with the shutters
Some earlier versions of the shutter glasses was designed as a
single monitor that display for each eye separately like the one created
by Nintendo in 1982
And some used disk rotating by motors like the one developed by
saga in1984
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This technology was developed by Philips , it supply a greyscale

depth map with each frame that that indicates if the pixel should be
shown in the front or in the background , the depth map will be latter
combined with the normal image to create the 3D effect.
1. This will lead to much smaller bandwidth than 3D bandwidth the

gray map will increase the size by 5–20%
2. It’s compatible with the current encoding and compression tools it
will also work with any screen size
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1. The format “WOWvx “is not compatible with exciting displays. It

will display but only with 8 bit gray scale which is not enough.
2. Depth cannot be identified accurately in some cases like motion
and landscapes. Some algorithms were developed for that but
none of them work accurately enough.

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It’s the method of displaying stereoscopic -3D- without the use

of glasses or any head mounted gear that’s why it’s called “glassless
3D” it works by widening the viewing angels and eye tracking and the
two main technologies right now.
Parallax barrier
It’s an old technology that depends on reducing the image

resolution then redirecting the image on several viewing areas such that
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each eye of the viewer see a different image each giving an illusion of
3D.
Advantages
Multiple viewing angels allow multiple users to view the same image.
Disadvantages
It has dead spots where you can only see 2D images.
Lenticular Arrays
It creates window-like 3D displays that display objects life-sized,

it uses many small lenses to capture the scene, the lenses cylindrical
to avoid the light loss that dimmed images.
Advantages
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1. The position of the observer is less restricted.

2. It can display mush higher res up to (a resolution of 3840×2160
pixels).
Disadvantages
It requires a very large number of very small high-quality optical
systems and very high bandwidth.
Compressive Light Field Displays
It uses a front mask (containing an array of pinholes) and a rear

LCD panel, that panel could be single, dual or and multilayer, it also
uses lots of processing power, and an understanding human

perception, by algorithms such as computed tomography and Non-
negative matrix factorization.
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Section 2.2 Wearable Displays

Head Mounted
Displays (HMD) for short, is
a type of display which uses
a helmet or glasses to
submerge users into a virtual
display using the computer
or sometimes a chip
accompanying the device as
its video signal source. The
speakers may be included
with the display in the
helmets or is available as a headphone attached to the glasses. Small
LCD Screens are used to show the video signals. Other types of
screens may be used in it such as LED, CRT, or ED but is usually very
rare. There are also two types of HMDs, One using only one display for
only one eye which is called Monocular HMD, while the other uses two
display sources per eye which is called Binocular HMD. There are also
other types of HMD which will allow the user to see through the display
but we will discuss this type in later chapters.
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HMDs are used in various fields and for various purposes. It is

used in gaming, science, engineering, medicine, aviation, training, and
for simulation purposes.
1. Uses in Gaming
It is used in gaming for mainly achieving the concept of
immersing the player into the game world. Several
application have been made in this field using head motion
calibration for the player to move freely inside the virtual
game world. A lot of promising products such as Oculus Rift
are currently in its second development stage and it is too

soon to be a consumer product.
2. Uses in Simulation
HMDs are used in simulating real life situation to teach
trainees how to deal with such kind of situation when they
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face it in real life. The purpose of such act as it may be too

difficult to imitate such situation in real life or sometimes it
is too cost or difficult to generate these situation, so HMDs
remains the easiest and the only choice. HMDs vehicle and
flight simulation, surgeries simulation, military combat
simulation and much more.
3. Uses in Aviation
HMDs are used in a lot of planes and aircrafts. They display
regular information for the pilot such as weather, latitude,
even offering night mode vision. They are also used to
qualify pilots and training them.

4. Uses in Engineering, Medicine, and Science
HMDs are used to simulate CAD 3D structure in real life. It is
also simulate surgeries and different health complications
for doctors to study a disease implications. Scientists use
HMDs to generate a research or an experiment results to be
able to study their results and implications.
5. Uses in Sports
It is used to simulate skydiving simulation for people who
would like to learn and simulate skydiving.
1. It is the best way to perceive 3D real time display.

2. The display won’t in particular have high display but using two low
resolution display per each eye creates the perception of high
resolution.
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1. It usually creates motion sickness.

2. It is too pricey in production.
3. It needs high processing graphics card to simulate real life motion
without lagging or stuttering.
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Optical Head Mounted Display (OHMD) uses the same

technologies as the regular HMD, but unlike HMD it doesn’t immerse
the viewer into a virtual world of 3D images, instead it shows extra
information alongside the viewer vision i.e. it lets the viewer to see

through it.
Optical head mounted displays use different techniques in order

to operate, here are the most common techniques used.
Curved-Mirror based OHMD
The Curved-Mirror based OHMD uses semi-reflective mirrors placed

in front of the eye and project the images through the worn lens.
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Curved-Mirror based OHMD occurs distortion on the produced images

which needs to be treated afterwards. This distortion is uncomfortable
for the user and the used form factor is somewhat bulky and
uncomfortable too.
Light-Guide based OHMD
The Light-Guide based OHMD solved the bulkiness and the

distortion characteristic of the Curved-Mirror based OHMD. The
physical electronic part of the device is usually place on the sides of

the device allowing free space to look through the world without
anything obstructing the viewer sight. There is several techniques used
in the Light-Guide bases OHMD, The Diffractive Waveguide, The
Holographic Waveguide, The Polarized Waveguide, The Reflective
Waveguide, and The Clear-Vu Waveguide Techniques. We shall
discuss the techniques in a bit of detail.
1. Diffractive Waveguide
This technique uses leaning gratings to gather the light
entering the waveguide at certain angle, then, the light
moves through the waveguide using the scientific principle
of total internal reflection and then the light is reflected to
the eye. Unfortunately this technique has some let downs.
Firstly, it is too expensive to produce, secondly, it produces
non uniform and degraded colors. It also causes an issue
called rainbow effect due to the variation of reflection of
different spectral lines. It is also limited to small FOV due to
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the small incident angle it is having which is also the same

issue which causes the rainbow effect.
2. Holographic Waveguide
The Holographic Waveguide technique is quite similar to the
Diffractive Waveguide technique, except that the
holographic technique uses holographic element to diffract
light. The Holographic technique shows slight improvement
over the Diffractive technique but still suffers from the same

issues that the Diffractive technique suffers from.
3. Polarized Waveguide
The Polarized Waveguide technique reflects the image on
the eye using a multilayer coatings made of glass and
polarized reflectors. This technique showed improvements in
increasing the FOV, however it still suffers from the rainbow
effect. It is also difficult to release it to the consumer
market as it uses very delicate glass which is easily to be
broken and still too expensive to produce.
4. Reflective Waveguide
The Reflective Waveguide Technologies uses reflective
optical lenses to reflect light. It doesn’t suffer from any color
degradation nor it is obligating delicate glass to be used in
manufacturing instead plastic could also could be used.
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This technique has also one key advantage is that it uses

less power in order to operate. A major drawback is that the
size of the light guide is proportional to the FOV to be
displayed and thus a thick light guide is usually
manufactured.
5. Clear-Vu Reflective Waveguide

This technique is almost similar to the Reflective technique
but it uses multi reflecting surfaces which uses small light
guide but still offers large FOV. It depends mainly on plastic
substrate which is cheaper in manufacturing. This technique
barely suffers from any of the previous issues but faces only
one small challenge which is the precision needed to create
such small light guide and its surface structure.
Most of the OHMDs are used to display onscreen extra

information or aid to the real life. Usually most of them contain a small
chip which contains a small operating system which could handle
some basic operations, some may depend on another platform such
as smartphone or PC in order to operate. The basic functionality of
OHMDs.
1. Surfing the internet.
2. Taking pictures and videos.
3. Showing maps.
4. Texting, chatting, and video calling.
5. Getting information off the internet.
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6. Acting as HUD i.e. showing live information of anything by just

looking at it.
Many manufacturers have been devoted into manufacturing these
devices, and here is the list of some notable manufacturers and their
products.
Google (Google Glass), Sony (Glasstron), Vuzix (Raptyr), Laster
Technologies, MicroOptical, MyVu, IBM, Olympus, Mirage Innovations,
Nokia, DigiLens, SBG Labs, Lumus, MicroVision, Penny, Brother
Industries, Konica Minolta, Optinvent, Atheer Labs, Epson, Meta,
GlassUp, Innovega, Fujitsu, Baidu, and Microsoft.

1. Most of the techniques are too expensive to produce and thus
difficult to push it to the consumer products.
2. Most of the devices are bulky and heavy making it uncomfortable
to wear.
3. Most of the devices suffer from motion calibration, battery
drainage, and the need to be connected with lots of wires.
4. No mainstream developers support and thus there is no to few
third party apps available for the users.
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Helmet Mounted Display also

abbreviated as (HMD) is a sort of
helmet which has embedded display
in it. It works using the same

techniques as HMDs and OHMDs,
but unlike those it used mainly for
combat military aircrafts purposes
only.
As stated before these equipment are mainly used for military

purposes only. The HMDs are needed to serve these certain criteria.
1. It is used to offer optical targeting system for the pilot.
2. It is used offer additional information such as the weather, the
latitude, pressure, etc.
3. It used to give and perform some certain commands instead
of using the cockpit board controls.
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It is a type of display which

reflects the virtual image directly to
the eyes’ retina without the use of
any conventional display screens

or lenses.
A coherent beam of light is created through using 3 photons

which is produced by a coherent source which is usually a laser diode.
The laser diode reflects the created light on the retina, but before the
light reaches the retina, the light beam is scanned to place each pixel
of the image to its desired position on the retina.
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1. It is small in form factor and very light weight.

2. It offers large FOV and large viewing angles.
3. It offers a very high resolution close to the eyes.
4. It has vibrant colors.
5. It has very high contrast and brightness.
6. It doesn’t depend on eyes’ retinal or optical problems.
7. It offers real 3D with real depth perception.
It is used widely in the military and medial fields.

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Section 1
o Volumetric Display
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Section 3.1
This devices uses different visual effects to simulate depth , it has

well placed illuminations that get scattered or emitted to create the
effect in order to represent an object visually in the real 3 physical
dimensions (x, y, z) it’s auto
stereoscopic and it uses one of
the technology mentioned before
like lenticular-sheets or Parallax
barrier meaning it doesn’t need
any eyeglasses or head gear to
work , this technology is in
development, so far there is no
accepted permutation or
taxonomy
Due to the fact that this technology is capable of displaying 360

degree images and its inheritance for depth perception and 3-
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dimantinality it can be used as Human-computer interfaces specially in

medical applications.
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Conclusion
 Screen technologies are much varied than the average user thinks
 3D technology is the future because a lot of companies are
investing into it
 Other technologies keep evolving and changing to keep with the
user needs
 The main factors that affect the designing of displays are: Price,
ease of use, compatibly and the role they were designed for.
 Each technology has its advantages and draw backs but some
Conclusion
are designed to fit a certain role.

 3D technology at the moment are mostly for large cinemas and
rich people only.
 At the rate of competition between companies, the new
technologies are becoming cheaper and easier to obtain.
 The two big pushing powers for 3D technology evolution are the
game industry and the need for accurate scientific modules.
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Glossary
2K Resolution / QHD: 2048x1556 Resolution.
4K Resolution / UHD (Ultra HD): 3840x2160 Resolution.
Aspect Ratio: It is the ratio between the length and the width of a display device.
Bezel: It is the frame that surrounds a display.
Brightness / Luminance: It is the amount of light a display could produce. It is

measured in nits.
Glossary
Color Depth / Bit Depth: It the number of bits used to represent a color in a single
pixel. It is measured in bits.
Contrast: It the difference between the black and white in an image or display.
Contrast Ratio: It is the ratio between the brightest white and the darkest black a
display could produce.
DPI: (Dots per Inch) It is the number of dots per inch of a display.
FHD (Full HD): 1920x1080 Resolution.
Frame Rate: It is the number of images a video source or display could produce in one
second. It is measure in Frames per Second (FPS).
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Ghosting / Latency: It is the effect of slow response rate and blurring of images.
HD (High Definition): 1280x720 Resolution.
Image Retention: It is the persistence of an older displayed image on the screen even
if the image has changed or moved.
Photon: It is an elementary particle of light. It is a quantum of light.
Pixel: It is a small area of illumination of a display device.
PPI: (Pixels per Inch) It is the number of pixels in one inch of a display. It is usually used
to measure the sharpness of the display.
Glossary
QSXGA: 2560 x 2048 Resolution.
QXGA (Quad XGA): 2048x1536 Resolution.
Refresh Rate: It is the number of times the displays draws the data given to it in one
second. It is measured in Hertz (HZ).
Resolution: It is the number of pixels within certain dimensions of a display. Usually

represented in (width x height) format for example a 1920 x 1080 display.
Response Rate: It the rate at which the screen’s pixel changes color. It is measured in
millisecond.
Stuck Pixels / Dead Pixels: It is a pixel which is stuck on one color, always bright lit, or
unlit.
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SXGA (Super XGA): 1280x1024 Resolution.
UXGA (Ultra XGA): 1600x1200 Resolution.
Viewing angle: It is the maximum angle you could look at display without the image
colors washout, disappear, or obtain negative colors.
WQHD: 2560 x 1440 Resolution.
WQXGA: 2560 x 1600 Resolution.
WSXGA+ (Wide SXGA plus): 1680x1050 Resolution.
WUXGA (Wide Ultra XGA):1920x1200 Resolution.
Glossary
WXGA (Wide XGA): 1280x800 Resolution.
XGA (Extended Graphics Array): 1024x768 Resolution.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3LCD
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_cinema
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_on_silicon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_video_display
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroluminescent_display
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_viewpoint_television
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaglyph_3D
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autostereoscopy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automultiscopic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_display
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2D-plus-depth
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_shutter_3D_system
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarized_3D_system
99 | P a g e
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_display
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autostereogram
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax
http://www.vrs.org.uk/
http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/en/Immersive_virtual_reality
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-mounted_display
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmet_mounted_display
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_reality
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenless
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_retinal_display
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartglasses
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-up_display
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_head-mounted_display
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_imaging
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_resolution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_resolution
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_depth
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refresh_rate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_rate
References
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/monitor2.htm
P a g e | 100
http://optinvent.com/HUD-HMD-benchmark
Last Checked: 21-5-2014
References

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Page |2

Mohamed Ibrahim Mohammed AlGendy

Attached to this is the formal report titled "New Display

This is the project you asked us to do about a new

Team members’ names and ID and the other information are

1.2.5 Laser Video Projector…………………….………………………………………………………55

Chapter 2 2D-3D Display 59

2.2.3 Helmet Mounted Display………………………………………………………………………..85

FIG 1.1 LCD Mechanism Diagram………………………………………………………………………………….3

FIG 1.18 3LCD Logo……………………………………………………………………………………………………..32

FIG 2.10 Lenticular Lens Mechanism Diagram…………………………………………………………74

This report was created to enable the user to make a

panels – particles of video signal. When polarized light

5. Liquid Crystal on Silicon Projectors (LCoS)

8. Laser video projector

3. Active shutter systems

5. Head Mounted Displays

6. Optical head mounted display

7. Helmet Mounted Display

It is a type of display which reflects the virtual image

Section 1 Panel Display

Section 1.1 Panel Displays

LCD TV is standard for liquid-crystal-

Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps [CCFL]

Light Emitting diode [LED]

There are two types of Matrix:-

There are six types of Active-Matrix based displays.

Twisted Nematic [TN]

In-Plane Switching [IPS]

Super in-plane Switching [SIPS]

Toshiba. In 2012, Samsung Electronics introduced this technology with

the intent of superseding conventional IPS.

Advanced Fringe Field Switching [AFFS]

Vertical Alignment [VA]

Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Displays

Ferro Liquid Crystal Displays [FLCD]

1. LCDs uneven backlighting in some monitors, caused brightness

LED panels have two types: surface mounted panels (SMD)

LED Text Displays

OLED [Organic Light-emitting diodes]

AMOLED [Active-matrix organic light-emitting diode]

reflects five times sunlight compared with the first generation of

Flexible OLED [FOLED]

1. The prices of LEDs are continually

A PDP, the fourth state of panel display, is standard for plasma

1. Plasma TVs has larger screen size availability.

1. Plasma TVs are more face to burn in or screen burn of calm

It is a display device looks like a paper

It is the first electronic paper, consisted of polyethylene, it

It is also a prime example of e-paper, its forms visible image by

It is the modification of wetting properties surface which is

Interferometric Modulator Display [IMOD]

It is a technology used in visible displays which is possible to

Flexible Plastic Display

It is a display which is naturally

1. Small size and easy to carry.

1. Compared with the low power displays technologies electronic

1. The first generation: use CRT to generate an image in a phosphor

Section 1.2 Projectors

To display images LCD projectors send light from a metal halide

through a prism or series of

dichroic filters that separate

Several LCD projectors made specifically for home theater