West Kazakhstan University named after Makhambet Otemisov

Faculty of Pedagogy
Department of pre-primary education

Abstract
Topic: History and origin of the Internet.

Prepared by: Kenzhitai K.K

Verified: Mannapova T.M
 Content
1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………. 3
2. History.……………………………………………………………………… 4
3. Structures……………………………………………………………………. 6
4. Browsers…………………………………………………………………….. 8
5. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………. 10
 Introduction
The Internet is a worldwide system of interconnected computer networks
based on the use of the IP protocol and the routing of data packets. The concept
is often referred to as "World Wide Web" and "Global Web".
The Internet is a global voluntary association of networks containing a variety
of resources and owned by all kinds of government, educational, commercial
and other organizations, as well as individuals. The owners of these networks
maintain unity based on voluntary agreements. Thus, the Internet consists of
many thousands of corporate, scientific, government and home computer
networks.
The Internet forms a global information space, serves as the physical basis for
the World Wide Web and many other data transmission systems (protocols).
The combination of networks of different architecture and topology became
possible thanks to the IP protocol (English Internet Protocol) and the principle
of routing data packets.
The owners of individual networks connected on the Internet spend their own
funds on the purchase and configuration of equipment, programs, payment for
communication channels, personnel work and others necessary for the
functioning of their resources. That is why they have the right to dispose of
these resources at their discretion.
Many believe that the Internet is a single collection of resources, access to
which is monopolized by Internet service providers, acting according to the
rules convenient for them. This idea of ISPs limiting user freedom is
fundamentally wrong.
By its nature, the Internet is decentralized, there is no single leadership, no
general laws binding on all participants in the information exchange.

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 History
The Internet is the fruit of the work of many scientists who have been working
for several decades to create such an information tool. Among them, a special
role was played by: Joseph Licklider was the first to propose the concept of a
global network. Under his leadership, the first prototype of the Internet was
created, working with a limited number of computers. 20 years later, Tim
Berners-Lee, together with Robert Cayo, invented the technology of the World
Wide Web as we know it now.
How did it all start? Nikola Tesla first started talking about the global network
back in the 1900s. However, humanity came to attempts to implement it only
during the Cold War. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first satellite and
earned an advantage in the race of powers. The US was not going to concede.
The key to the championship was high-quality and fast means of
communication. Realizing this, American President Eisenhower founded the
Agency for Advanced Research Projects (ARPA), which employed the best
minds of the country. They were studying computers and how to use them for
military purposes.
When was the Internet invented? For the first time, the idea of implementing
the "galactic network" appeared in Joseph Licklider. The scientist did not plan
to create a global web, he was interested in the possibility of convenient file
sharing. However, in the notes he published there were some principles of the
network, which resembles the modern Internet. Under the guidance of the
scientist, the first prototype of the Internet was created in 1969 — ARPANET.
There were only four nodes in the network, but this was also a huge
breakthrough. This year was the beginning of the history of the Internet,
although in its current form it will appear only two decades later.
What is the history of the Internet?
ARPANET — the first prototype of the Internet — had limited capabilities,
but was developing rapidly:
 In 1972, e-mail and bulletin boards appeared in it. However, this
network had a significant disadvantage — the lack of a single protocol,
so computers of different types could not exchange data.
 By 1983, TCP/IP protocols (transmission control protocol and Internet
Protocol) were introduced, which made it possible to combine networks
with each other. At the same time, the term "Internet" appeared, which
was fixed for the ARPANET network.
In 1984, the US National Science Foundation launched its own, more flexible
NSFNet network. During the year, about 10 thousand computers were able to
connect to it, and ARPANET was significantly inferior to the position. Now the
term "Internet" has been applied to NSFNet.
By the end of the 1980s, the Internet had acquired a familiar look:
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  In 1988, thanks to the development of the Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
protocol, a real-time chat function appeared.
 In 1989, Briton Tim Berners-Lee proposed the concept of the World
Wide Web. Subsequently, the World Wide Web project was
implemented by him together with the Belgian Robert Cayo.
 Tim Berners-Lee created the HTTP protocol, HTML language and URI
identifiers that are used nowadays.
 In 1991, he wrote the world's first website dedicated to information
about the World Wide Web project — info.cern.ch . It became the first
directory of sites that people used before the advent of search engines.
Berners-Lee refused to patent his technology. Instead, I offered it as free
software.
In the same year, the World Wide Web became publicly available. In a few
years, she managed to connect a million computers to herself and become the
most popular tool for information exchange. According to statistics for 2021,
the Internet is used by more than 4.6 billion people in the world — more than
half of the world's population.
Today, the Internet is a doctor's office, a classroom, a cinema, a platform for
self—expression and much more. This development has been achieved in 30
years of the existence of the web
 5
Structures
The structure and principles of the Internet. The difference between the Internet
and traditional networks is that it does not have its own official owner. It is a
voluntary association of various networks. There are only organizations that
coordinate the registration of new users on the network. The technical side of
the network organization is controlled by the Federal Network Council (FNC),
which on October 24, 1995 adopted a definition of what we mean by the term
"Internet": An Internet server is a computer that provides service to network
users: shared access to disks, files, printer, e-mail system. Usually a server is a
combination of hardware and software. A computer connected to the Internet
and used to communicate with other computers on the network is called a host.
The server provides services to other computers requesting information, which
are called clients (users, subscribers). Dedicated telephone lines, fiber-optic and
satellite communication channels are used as a high-speed data transmission
backbone. Any organization uses a special computer to connect to the Internet,
which is called a gateway. Software is installed on it that processes all messages
passing through the gateway. Each gateway has its own Internet address. If a
message is received addressed to the local network to which the gateway is
connected, it is transmitted to this local network. If the message is intended for
another network, then it is transmitted to the next gateway. Each gateway has
information about all other gateways and networks. When a message is sent
from a local network through a gateway to the Internet, the "fastest" path is
selected. Gateways exchange routing and network status information with each
other using a special gateway protocol.
And so, the server is an intermediary, it collects information and transmits it to
its destination so that there are no conflicts in the communication channel. The
owner of the server (usually an organization) is called the provider. The server
is a service provider. The bandwidth of the provider depends: on the
performance of its communication channel, on the modems it uses, on the
internal organization of the server, on the number of subscribers currently on
the Network. The most powerful computer stations with a capacity of hundreds
of thousands of MHz are used as servers. One server serves several computers
(clients). The server client can be not only a separate computer, but also a local
network. The local network is connected to the server by a single modem,
which can be used by every computer on the network. The client-server
connection can be dedicated and remote. With a dedicated connection, the
communication line is exclusively used to connect the subscriber and the server
(as in a telephone conversation), sometimes such a communication line is called
a switched one. This is a very expensive type of communication.
The Internet has no single center, just as there is no main administration or
host, although there are coordinating organizations that allocate IP addresses
and so-called domain addresses. Both a separate computer and a local network
can be
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connected to the network. Unlike their clients, servers connect to each other
(server-server connection) using special dedicated channels, they do not need to
dial each other, they are constantly in touch.
Data transmission in the network is carried out in accordance with protocols –
rules that determine the order of data exchange between computers.
The main protocol that the Internet uses is the TCP/IP protocol, which
combines the TCP Transmission Control Protocol and the IP Routing Protocol
(Internet Protocol).
A network device is a device that helps the client and server communicate.
Network devices include: routers, switches, modems and communication
channels.
A router or router is a device that allows you to correctly send packets of
information. It works on the basis of routing tables, where the addresses of all
connected devices are recorded. Thus, with requests or responses, he, as a
competent postal employee, sends letters to the right addressee (server or
client).
 7
Browsers
A browser is a program for browsing the web. It converts the code received
from the network into elements understandable to human perception and allows
you to manage them. The name comes from the English word browse —
browse.
Browsers are able to open websites — this is their main function. In addition,
they:
 allow you to download files of any type to the user's device;
 store links, passwords, browsing history, payment information;
 they allow you to communicate on social networks, by email, through
chats and forums;
 allow you to get online education;
 protect against viruses and block ads;
 translate pages from a foreign language;
 make it possible to customize the interface;
 they support extensions and widgets.
A widget is an interface element that facilitates access to any information. For
example, you can display a widget on your computer screen that will show the
latest news or the exchange rate. And we will tell you about what a browser
extension is below.
How to use the browser ?
Each browser has unique features, but the principles of operation in them are
similar. Consider for example the interface of the most common browser
Google Chrome. In the screenshot, the numbers indicate the interface elements,
which we will analyze below.
1. Omnibox — is used to enter the website address and search for information.
Chrome was the first browser to have this panel. Users can independently
choose which search engine they want to use. Google search engine is installed
in Chrome by default. In the settings, you can replace it, for example, with a
search from Yandex.
You can also save a page in this panel by adding it to bookmarks — to do this,
click on the asterisk on the right.
2. Page navigation buttons (forward-backward), which are activated after
clicking on links inside one tab. Next to them is the refresh button, which looks
like a cross until the page is fully loaded. If you click on the cross during
loading, the action will be interrupted — the page loading will stop.
3. Tabs with the page name and a favicon — a small picture. To close the
page, click the cross, and to open a new tab, click plus.
 4. Extensions and settings are located in this area. In the settings, you can
customize the browser — change the background, color and theme. You can
also customize the display of tabs, manage the history of pages viewed and
downloaded files.
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Popular browsers in Kazakhstan
We took the statistics of the most popular browsers in Kazakhstan for 2022 in
the Statcounter service. According to him, most often Russians used six
browsers.
Google Chrome Browser is a browser of the American company Google. The
first stable version was released on December 11, 2008.
Chrome has been the most popular browser in the world for years. He focuses
on speed and safety. Uses process isolation technology — if one tab freezes, it
does not affect the work of others. Also, all popular Google services are built
into the browser. Works on Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, iPadOS and
Android.
Yandex Browser was created by the Russian company Yandex. It was first
introduced on October 1, 2012.
It has a convenient sidebar for mini-applications, where you can place not only
messengers, but also Yandex, Google or third—party services - for example,
Public Services. The browser can use neural networks to translate videos from
English to Russian and voice the result.
It has a power-saving mode that allows a laptop disconnected from the mains
to work for an hour longer. In this mode, the activity of background tabs and the
frame rate of pages are reduced, animations and high-quality video playback are
turned off. Yandex Browser works on Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, iPadOS
and Android.
Safari is the browser of the American Apple Corporation. Released on January
7, 2003. The browser is included with macOS, iPadOS and iOS. Until 2012,
there was a Windows version, but after that support and development were
discontinued. The latest working version for Windows is Safari 5.1.7 from May
9, 2012. There were no versions of the browser for Linux and Android.
Safari is initially optimized to work on Apple devices, so it surpasses third-
party browsers in speed on them. It also saves battery power better. The browser
provides continuous operation when switching between devices, synchronizing
passwords, bookmarks, history and tabs. Safari independently checks whether
the passwords stored in it have not got to third parties, and warns of a leak.
Opera is a browser produced by the Norwegian company Opera Software. The
first version was released on April 10, 1995.
The browser has an internal Opera Flow messenger for saving articles, videos
or images and sharing them between your devices. Opera also supports popular
crypto wallets. There is a built-in VPN, but now it does not work in Russia. The
browser is available for Windows, macOS, iPadOS, Linux, iOS and Android, as
well as for rarer operating systems.

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Conclusion
For half a century of existence, the work of the Internet has radically changed
the paradigm of the world. The network has penetrated into the most remote
corners of the planet, into the most impassable and previously unconnected
territories with the outside world.
Despite the apparent complexity, it is not too difficult to understand how the
Internet works if you delve into its structure and mechanisms of interaction
between nodes. In fact, the Internet is divided into three levels, and the visible
part of it, indexed by search engines, is several hundred times smaller than the
hidden part from users.
The Internet brings together peoples of different continents, cultures and
views, helps to find mutual understanding. A new starting point in the
development of mankind.
The Internet is a global information system that is: logically interconnected by
a space of global unique addresses based on the Internet Protocol (IP); capable
of supporting communications using the transmission control protocol family –
TCP/IP or its subsequent extensions/successors and/or other IP-compatible
protocols; provides, uses or makes available on on a public or private basis,
high-level services built on top of the communication and other related
infrastructure described here.