CHAPTER 3.

1 LIVING IN THE IT ERA

Internet & World Wide Web

The internet is a globally connected network system that transmit data via various types of media. The internet
is a network of global exchanges – including private, public, business, academic and government networks –
connected by guided, wireless and fiber-optic technologies.
The terms internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably, but they are not the same thing; the
internet refers to the global communication system, including hardware and infrastructure, while the web is one
of the services communicated over the internet. Billions of internet users rely on multiple application and
networking technologies, including Internet Protocol (IP): The internet’s primary component and
communications backbone. Because the internet is comprised of hardware and software layers, the IP
communication standard is used to address schemes and identify unique connected devices. Prominent IP
versions used for communications include Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and Internet Protocol version 6
(IPv6).

The Internet is the most popular and innovative creation within the world of technology is the Internet. The web
is that the place where all types of data are present and even the communication process is feasible using the
web. The planet has now become internet dependent due to its vast advantages. Here may be a checkout
both its advantages and drawbacks. The Cambridge Dictionary defines the web as an outsized system of
connected computers around the world that permits people to share information and communicate with one
another. The web is run and governed by various companies, businesses, governments, and academic
institutions for his or her purpose. It carries a number of data about almost every subject and has very quickly
become an important part of everyone’s lives. Over 4.5 billion people everywhere on the planet are internet
users currently.

Communications: The internet is the most cost-effective communications method in the world, in which the
following services are instantly available:

• Email
• Web-enabled audio/video conferencing services
• Online movies and gaming
• Data transfer/file-sharing
• Instant messaging
• Social networking
• Online shopping
• Financial services

History of Internet

The first workable prototype of the Internet came in the late 1960s with the creation of ARPANET, or the
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. Originally funded by the U.S. Department of Defense,
ARPANET used packet switching to allow multiple computers to communicate on a single network. The
technology continued to grow in the 1970s after scientists Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed
Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP, a communications model that set standards
for how data could be transmitted between multiple networks. ARPANET adopted TCP/IP on January 1, 1983,
and from there researchers began to assemble the “network of networks” that became the modern Internet.
The online world then took on a more recognizable form in 1990, when computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee
invented the World Wide Web. While it’s often confused with the Internet itself, the web is actually just the
most common means of accessing data online in the form of websites and hyperlinks. The web helped
popularize the Internet among the public and served as a crucial step in developing the vast trove of
information that most of us now access on a daily basis.
World Wide Web

The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the Web, is an information system where documents and
other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs, such as https://www.example.com/),
which may be interlinked by hypertext, and are accessible over the Internet. The resources of the WWW may
be accessed by users by a software application called a web browser. English scientist Tim Berners-Lee
invented the World Wide Web in 1989. He wrote the first web browser in 1990 while employed at The
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) near Geneva, Switzerland.

The browser was released outside CERN in 1991, first to other research institutions starting in January 1991
and then to the general public in August 1991. The World Wide Web has been central to the development of
the Information Age and is the primary tool billions of people use to interact on the Internet. Web resources
may be any type of downloaded media, but web pages are hypertext media that have been ormatted in
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). Such formatting allows for embedded hyperlinks that contain URLs and
permit users to navigate to other web resources. In addition to text, web pages may contain images, video,
audio, and software components that are rendered in the user's web browser as coherent pages of multimedia
content. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used without much distinction. However, the two
terms do not mean the same thing. The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks. In
contrast, the World Wide Web is a global collection of documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks
and URIs.

HTML
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for documents designed to be
displayed in a web browser. It can be assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and
scripting languages such as JavaScript. Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from
local storage and render the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web
page semantically and originally included cues for the appearance of the document. In 1980, physicist Tim
Berners-Lee, a contractor at CERN, proposed and prototyped ENQUIRE, a system for CERN researchers to
use and share documents. The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called "HTML
Tags", first mentioned on the Internet by Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991.

IP address
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a
computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. [1][2] An IP address serves two main
functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
defines an IP address as a 32bit number.[2] However, because of the growth of the Internet and the depletion of
available IPv4 addresses, a new version of IP (IPv6), using 128 bits for the IP address, was developed in
1995,[3] and standardized in December 1998.[4] In July 2017, a final definition of the protocol was published. IP
addresses are usually written and displayed in human-readable notations, such as 172.16.254.1 in IPv4, and
2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 in IPv6.

Uses of Internet

The Internet is a virtual networking medium that can be connected and used on various devices these days.
It enables the users to send, receive, collect, store, update, delete, and many other operations of the data
across the world. Internet usage is expanding its boundaries every day, as the technological growth is huge.
A few of the Internet’s major uses are e-commerce, e-learning, knowledge sharing, social connectivity,
variety of media, file transfer, communication, etc
Why we use the Internet? This is the basic uses of the internet which are as follows:

• Seek information on anything across the globe on a real-time basis.

• Communicate, collaborate with others.
• Telecommute to the office or work from home.
• Do transactions with business entities.
• Download files from a remote.
• Get educated and entertained.
• Carry out social.
• Do group activities.
• Collect operational data from remote equipment (stationary as well as moving).
• Process data while it is streamed to the central server.
• Get real-time data on the surrounding devices, systems, weather to automate activities.
• Design a decision-taking system as against the decision support system.
• Connect people, stakeholders, machines and everything.

Although the Internet has various benefits and is one of the most powerful creations, it also contains many
disadvantages. Below is given a list of the complete disadvantages of the Internet.

1. Addiction, time-waster, and causes distractions

If any person is spending much time on the Internet connected devices, he can be addicted to the Internet.
An Internet addictive person can lead to spending his precious time on the Internet, rather than doing
something productive. Thus, anyone who is addicted to surf the Internet can hamper workplace productivity
as well.

2. Bullying, trolls, stalkers, and crime

A person who uses the Internet very frequently can face abusive or trolls' people. Another issue
cyberbullying is also increasing rapidly over the years. Sometimes, you can be tracked on the Internet by
hackers or unauthorize persons; they can be harmful to you by stealing your personal information.

If you are spending your more time on the Internet, so it will be easier for hackers to find your personal
information through various means. To run business without as much fear of being caught, the web deep,
and the hidden places on the internet can also be a place for criminals. Additionally, there are several people
that provide criminals more ways to solicit their goods.

3. Spam and advertising

The Internet is the best place to advertise any service or product as compared to traditional advertising
methods (for example, TV, newspaper, and radio). But you might see more spam in your inbox than junk
mail in real life because digital advertising can be sent on a massive scale.

4. Pornographic and violent images

In modern times, there is a huge amount of content available on the Internet. Also, there are various
resources that contain a large amount of data, such as Wikipedia, and some sites are also available that
have less desirable content. Accordingly, users can see pornographic or violent images that they may not
want to see while using sites.
5. Never being able to disconnect from work

The Internet is the best creation to offer connectivity and enable people to work from anywhere. Therefore,
anyone can expect you to be available any time to work, even if you are not available to work there. For
instance, you have received an important work-related e-mail while you may be at home and then without
getting paid, end up working on the content of that e-mail.

6. Identity theft, hacking, viruses, and cheating

There are various malicious users and computer hackers that can steal your personal information and hack
accounts, which can be used for identity theft and can be harmful to you personally. As the Internet connects
all computers to each other, so hackers can quickly identify what computers are vulnerable to attack by
scanning millions of computers. Additionally, the Internet also enables students to find others to do their
homework and offers ways to cheat on their studies.

7. Affects focus and patience

The sites have an instant gratification effect that we use on the Internet every day. On-demand, they also
offer a large amount of menu of things to experience and think at any moment. Getting information this way
can affects your interactions and make you more impatient and less focused on your activities. To solve this
problem, try to focus on more productive real-life activities like exercise or cleaning, and balance this natural
effect with time away from social media.

8. Health issues and obesity

If you are surfing the Internet frequently, playing games and spending too much time on the computer, it can
also lead to obesity and an unhealthy lifestyle. Also, a person who spends too much time on the computer
can face a problem like carpal tunnel syndrome as a computer requires a lot of repetitive movement.

You are required to move your body parts to operate the computer, for example, typing and moving hand to
the mouse are repetitive actions that can cause injuries. Understanding computer ergonomics, keeping the
proper posture, and taking breaks can all help delay or prevent these injuries.

9. Depression, loneliness, and social isolation

The Internet also becomes a reason lead to depression as many people tend to compare their lives with
others on social networking sites. Social networking sites provide users the option to make thousands of
friends and communicate with each other. There are also available online games that allow players to
communicate with others. Although social networking sites can give you benefits to find new connections all
over the world, you may find yourself disconnected from your real-life friends.

10. Buying things that you don't need

The Internet provides advantages for consumers to make purchasing, so users can purchase products
frequently without putting much thought into whether they should. Also, some people can be addicted to
buying items on the Internet that can cause serious debt.
11. Not a safe place for children

The Internet may not be more useful for children as they are spending much time on the Internet. Also, there
are many unethical and pornography communities are available on the Internet that can cause to distract
their mind. Therefore, the Internet is not beneficial for children as they can bypass parental protection with
the help of different tools available on the Internet. Furthermore, if children are allowed to use the Internet,
they can be addicted to it, which is also very dangerous.

12. Viruses/Malwares

The frequently use of the Internet may infect your system from viruses that can damage your valuable
data, which is difficult to recover. These viruses enter into the system through USBs, CIDs, and the
Internet. Also, because of viruses, your system can become totally worthless.