Tugas Manajemen Agribisnis

Spatiotemporal Distribution of Microcystis and Factors Influencing

in Lake: A Mini Review.

OLEH:

AHMAD FAHMI
P042191015

PROGRAM STUDI AGRIBISNIS

PROGRAM PASCA SARJANA
UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN
2019
 Spatiotemporal Distribution of Microcystis and Factors Influencing
in Lake: A Mini Review.

Introduction
Cyanobacteria bloom in reservoirs, lakes and rivers had been widely studied in some
parts of the world (Carmichael, 1994; Christoffersen, 1996). The study revealed that the
occurrence of blooming cyanobacteria poses a threat to animal and human health (Briand et
al., 2003; Falconer and Humpage, 2005). Most blooming cyanobacteria caused by Microcystis.
Microcystis was known to produce metabolites, including hepatotoxins, one of which is
microcystin (MCs). MCs caused some poisoning cases in animals and humans (Ueno et al.,
1996; Jochimsen et al., 1998; Chorus and Bartram, 1999, Falconer 2005). MCs had ever been
found in drinking water (Ueno et al., 1996) so that the World Health Organization (WHO,
1998) issued guidance that the concentration of MC-LR in drinking water is not greater than
1.0g/L.
Microcystis is very dynamic on both the spatial and temporal scales, and understanding
the factors that cause this variation among freshwater is key in the effective development of
water management tools and policies. Spatial and temporal distribution microscystis had long
attracted the attention of researchers (Reynolds, CS and Rogers, DA, 1976; Wallace, BB
Bailey, MC and Hamilton, DP, 2000; Brookes, JD and Ganf, GG, 2001; Howard, A. 2001;
Rabouille, S. and Salencon, MJ, 2005). This variation is closely related to environmental
factors that influence it. Nitrogen, phosphorus, a mixture of water and penetration
characteristics of light can affect the abundance of microcystis cell, then influence the
spasiotemporal distribution (Takamura, N. and Yasuno, M., 1984; Brookes, JD and Ganf, GG,
2001; Reynolds, CS and Walsby, AE, 1975; Jacoby et al., 2000; Wicks and Thiel, 1990). Wind
velocity can also greatly affect the spatiotemporal distribution of microcystis (Ha, K. Kim,
H.W., Jeong, K.S. and Joo, G.J., 2000).

Spatial Distribution and Environmental Factors Influencing

Cyanobacteria cell density in the Lake Taihu, China, showed an increase in the north
and all parts of the lake. The highest concentration of MC variants occurred in the northern
part of the lake including Meiliang Bay, Gonghu Bay and Zhushan Bay, the center portion
of the lake and Dapukou in the west (Su et al, 2015). In August the wind in the Lake Taihu was
blown from the southeast, it allowed the transfer of MC to the northern part of the lake. In line
with previous studies which revealed that the wind direction and velocity were factors that
played an important role in the spatial variation of plankton populations (George and Edwards,
1976; Kanoshina et al. 2003; Webster, 1990; Webster and Hutchinson, 1994). Other study
(Briand et al, 2009), the spatial distribution of microcystis during blooming found higher
abundance in the middle and downstream the Grangent reservoirs, France. In San Francisco
bay estuary, USA, the microcystis blooming generally started from the middle of the delta and
spread towards the sea toward brackish water (Lehman et al., 2005).
The diversity of the spatial distribution of microcystis possibly generated by its ability
to grow in optimal condition or population displacement because of the wind. In addition,
physical factors such as stream flow and water temperature were also a very important factor
for the spatial distribution Microsytis (Lehman et al., 2008). It made abundant amount of
cyanobacteria cells only in a part of the reservoir.
The study conducted by Yu et al (2014) suggested that the highest abundance
microcystis cells were found in the western part of the Lake Chaohu, China. Spatial differences
between western and eastern parts can be explained by the fact that the concentration of
nutrients in the western part higher than in the eastern part of the lake. High nutrient
concentrations were able to increase the abundance of microcystis cell density, particularly
the proportion of genotype were toxic. This is in line with study conducted by Ozawa et al
(2005) which showed the differences in microcystis cell density from 1999-2000. The study
carried out showed that the microcystis cell density was higher in onshore areas than in offshore
area of the Lake Biwa, Japan. It was influenced by an Interactions abundance of nutrients in
the onshore area higher than offshore, especially ammonium and nitrate. Improved nitrogen
loading combined with the depth of the water column are low and the increase in temperature
will result in an explosion cyanobacteria especially Microcystis aeruginosa (Qin et al., 2015;
Paerl et al., 2014a). In freshwater, estuarine, and marine, cyanobacteria tended to be very
sensitive to nitrogen (Ryther and Dunstan, 1971; Suikkanen et al., 2007; Conley et al., 2009).
Microcystis found abundantly in the shallow lake, especially in lakes Wingra (Miller et
al, 2013) and then appeared in the deep of the Lake Mendota when stratification was very
strong (Brock et al, 1985; Miller et al, 2013). The correlation between the depth of the water
column and cyanobacteria living environment had been extensively studied and could be linked
to the availability of light and nutrients were governed by the stratification of the water column
(Dokulil & Teubner, 2000; Reynolds et al, 1987).
Microcystis colonies can set their own buoyancy, so the population could be
proliferated at the lake which slightly in the higher level of stability of the water column. The
advantage of vertical migration of microcystis can give them an essential advantage when
competing with species of phytoplankton in loading of nutrients, especially light (Humphries
& Lyne, 1988; Agusti & Phlips, 1991; Ibelings, 1992).
However, there were differences on the results obtained by Te and Gin (2011). Study
conducted in the tropics area, Singapore, stated that the dynamics of cyanobacteria at two
stations appeared relatively stable, it was likely due to the similarity of environmental
conditions between those two sampling stations. During the blooming process, microcystis was
the main MCs producer in the reservoir. The amount of microcystis dominated aquatic
ecosystems 100 times higher beat Anabaena. This statement was based on the results of the
genus specific PCR and gene sequence mcyA.

Temporal Variation of Microcystis and Environmental Factors

Microcystis different cell density was conspicuous in the pattern of horizontal
distribution and seasonal variation during the study in the lake Biwa, Japan (Ozawa et al, 2005).
From year to year increase in the number of microcystis cell density appeared from 1998-2000.
In 1998 and 1999, the microcystis cell density began to emerge in July and peaked on
September, with a maximum density of 960 cells m/L and 3900 cells m/L respectively. In 2000,
the microcystis cell density increased on july and reached its peak on October (1.4x103 cells
m/L).
In Lake Chaohu, China (Yu et al, 2015), the microcystis cell density was noted peaked
in August. This study suggested that microcystis cell density positively correlated with total
phosphorus, total nitrogen, water temperature and pH. This is in line with previous study which
stated that environmental factors were closely linked to the dynamics of microcystis in water
(Giani et al, 2005). Factors that may affect the cyanobacteria blooming was the temperature
(Robarts and Zohary, 1987; Butterwick et al., 2005; Paerl and Huisman, 2008). As stated by
Imai et al (2009) that the water temperature during periods when M.aeruginosa dominant was
24.7°-33.9°C.
Study on the Lake Grangent, French (Briand et al, 2009), showed that the microcystis
cell density increased sharply starting from May to the end of June, then there was a drastic
decline in the coming months. The drastic decline was likely caused by low temperatures and
rainfall unusual recorded in July 2007 (data not shown). On the Kranji Reservoir, Singapore
(Te & Gin 2011), microcystis cell density remained stable at two stations on February 2008 to
September 2009. The other stations there were fluctuations in the number of cell density in
which the highest number recorded in November 2008.These differences was likely because
of at the station seemed significantly the value of total phosphorus, total nitrogen and turbidity
were higher than others.
Proliferation of cyanobacteria in the Lake Yahara, US, began to occur in the middle of
June to early July at all stations. This was correlated with the increase in water temperature and
decreasing the concentration of dissolved nutrients (Miller et al, 2013).

Conclusion
This review described the spatial and temporal microcystis distribution and the factors
that influence it. Spatial distribution, microcystis development almost the same in every region
of the lake. Starting at one point and then spread to all parts of the lake caused by the wind
direction and velocity. Total nutrients and light intensity in the region will also significantly
affect the blooming microcystis, where the abundance of microsytis cell density were found at
shallow and rich in nutrients. Temporal distribution, microcystis has common period of
blooming in almost all areas of the lake. Began to grow in early summer or in May until July-
August when the temperature was high. Then there was decrease due to lower water
temperatures.

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