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The Role of Cutoffs in Integrated Reservoir Studies 2 PDF
The Role of Cutoffs in Integrated Reservoir Studies 2 PDF
Reservoir Studies
Paul F. Worthington, SPE, Gaffney, Cline & Assocs., and Luca Cosentino, SPE, Eni E&P Div.
Summary well-test data. The net-to-gross pay ratio is input directly to volu-
There have been many different approaches to quantifying cutoffs, metric computations of hydrocarbons in place and thence to
with no single method emerging as the definitive basis for delin- “static” estimates of ultimate hydrocarbon recovery; it is a key
eating net pay. Yet each of these approaches yields a different indicator of hydrocarbon connectivity, and it contributes to the
reservoir model, so it is imperative that cutoffs be fit for purpose initializing of a reservoir simulator and thence to “dynamic” esti-
(i.e., they are compatible with the reservoir mechanism and with a mates of ultimate hydrocarbon recovery.
systematic methodology for the evaluation of hydrocarbons in Unfortunately, there is no universal definition of net pay, nor is
place and the estimation of ultimate hydrocarbon recovery). These there general agreement on how it should be delineated. For this
different requirements are accommodated by basing the quantifi- reason, net pay has been incorporated within integrated reservoir
cation of cutoffs on reservoir-specific criteria that govern the stor- studies in many different ways that have not always been fit for
age and flow of hydrocarbons. In so doing, particular attention is purpose. In particular, there is no generally accepted method for
paid to the relationships between the identification of cutoffs and quantifying net-pay cutoffs, without which net pay cannot be de-
key elements of the contemporary systemic practice of integrated lineated. In an attempt to redress some of these shortcomings, this
reservoir studies. The outcome is a structured approach to the use paper is directed at building a systematic foundation for the defi-
of cutoffs in the estimation of ultimate hydrocarbon recovery. The nition and role of cutoffs in integrated reservoir studies. It tracks
principal benefits of a properly conditioned set of petrophysical the origins of physical cutoffs from both geoscience and engineer-
cutoffs are a more exact characterization of the reservoir with a ing perspectives in both the Western and Eastern hemispheres. It
better synergy between the static and dynamic reservoir models, so outlines what they are and why we need them, describes how they
that an energy company can more fully realize the asset value. should be quantified, and proposes a structured method for incor-
porating them within integrated reservoir studies for the evaluation
of hydrocarbons in place and the estimation of ultimate hydrocar-
Introduction bon recovery. The starting point is some basic terminology.
In a literal sense, cutoffs are simply limiting values. In the context
of integrated reservoir studies, they become limiting values of Basic Terminology
formation parameters. Their purpose is to eliminate those rock Definitions. Although there is no universal set of definitions of
volumes that do not contribute significantly to the reservoir evalu- those terms that describe the ability of a rock to store and transmit
ation product. Typically, they have been specified in terms of the fluids, there are seven fundamental descriptive terms that are in
physical character of a reservoir. If used properly, cutoffs allow the fairly widespread use. They are grounded in the volumetric analy-
best possible description and characterization of a reservoir as a sis of siliciclastics using core and log data, and they may or may
basis for simulation. Yet, although physical cutoffs have been used not be based on a tieback to permeability. They all define thick-
for more than 50 years, there is still no rationalized procedure for nesses or thickness ratios, and they are interrelated (Fig. 2).
identifying and applying them. The situation is compounded by the Gross rock comprises all rocks within the evaluation interval.
diverse approaches to reservoir evaluation that have been taken Net sand comprises those rocks that might have useful reser-
over that period, so that even the role of cutoffs has been unclear. voir properties. The word sand is a generic oilfield term that his-
These matters assume an even greater poignancy in contemporary torically equates to lithologically clean sedimentary rock. Net sand
integrated reservoir studies, which are systemic rather than parallel is usually defined as the summation of those intervals for which
or sequential in nature, so that all components of the evaluation the sand content is greater than or equal to a limiting value. This
process are interlinked and, therefore, the execution of any one of criterion is usually expressed in terms of a shale volume fraction
these tasks has ramifications for the others (Fig. 1). A particular Vsh being less than a limiting value Vshc (the shale cutoff). The
aspect of the systemic approach is the provision for iteration as the term shale includes clays and silts (size indicators), clay minerals
reservoir knowledge-base advances. For example, simulation may (compositional indicators, mostly within the clay fraction), and
be used in development studies to identify the most appropriate other detritus, usually of a poorly sorted nature. The parameter Vsh
reservoir-depletion mechanism, but, once the development plan is log-derived; it cannot be measured directly in the laboratory.
has been formulated, the dynamic model is retuned and progres- Net reservoir comprises those net-sand intervals that do have
sively updated as development gets under way. useful reservoir properties. This condition is usually expressed in
The principal use of cutoffs is to delineate net pay, which can terms of the log-derived fractional porosity being greater than or
be described broadly as the summation of those depth intervals equal to a limiting value c (the porosity cutoff). Porosity can be
through which hydrocarbons are (economically) producible. In the measured downhole and in the laboratory. It is often tied back to
context of integrated reservoir studies, net pay has an important core permeability so that the net-reservoir criterion effectively be-
role to play both directly and through a net-to-gross pay ratio. Net comes one of a sufficiently porous and permeable rock that is
pay demarcates those intervals around a well that are the focus of capable of storing and transmitting hydrocarbons.
the reservoir study. It defines an effective thickness that is perti- Net pay comprises those net-reservoir intervals that do contain
nent to the identification of hydrocarbon flow units, that identifies significant hydrocarbons. This requirement has been reduced to the
target intervals for well completions and stimulation programs, and log-derived, fractional hydrocarbon saturation Sh being greater
that is needed to estimate permeability through the analysis of than or equal to a limiting value. This condition is tantamount to
stating that the water saturation Sw (⳱1–Sh) is less than a limiting
value Swc (the water-saturation cutoff). This second option is more
commonly used. The parameter Sw can be measured downhole and
Copyright © 2005 Society of Petroleum Engineers
also in the laboratory if native-state core is available, but reliable
This paper (SPE 84387) was first presented at the 2003 SPE Annual Technical Conference core measurements of Sw remain comparatively rare, even though
and Exhibition, Denver, 5–8 October, and revised for publication. Original manuscript re-
ceived for review 5 April 2004. Revised manuscript received 6 May 2005. Paper peer
the technology has been around for several decades. Where net
approved 31 May 2005. reservoir is tied back to permeability, net pay describes those
net-reservoir intervals that contain producible hydrocarbons. In a or “volumetric” mode, where the cutoffs are used to evaluate hy-
clear link to reserves, the definition of net pay has evolved into drocarbons in place, possibly with the subsequent application of a
those hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir intervals that can be produced recovery factor to estimate ultimate hydrocarbon recovery.6 Alter-
economically using a particular recovery method.1 The term net natively, it can be used in “dynamically conditioned” mode,
pay is therefore not merely a descriptor of rock type. whereby the static cutoffs are tied back to another parameter such
Net-to-gross is a generic term that encompasses three defini- as (relative) permeability, which is sometimes included explicitly
tions, all derived from the above. Generally, it is the ratio of net in the definition of net reservoir. In these cases, the cutoffs become
thickness to gross thickness. Net-to-gross can be based on net indicators of flow capability as well as of volumes. They are more
sand, net reservoir, or net pay and expressed as net-to-gross sand, immediately appropriate to the dynamic estimation of ultimate
net-to-gross reservoir, or net-to-gross pay, respectively. It is im- hydrocarbon recovery through simulation, which also delivers a
portant that the basis for the net criteria be defined. Unfortunately, recovery factor.7 These two approaches will furnish different val-
many investigators merely refer to net-to-gross without giving ues of net pay and have different recovery factors, although the
any explanation. product of these two parameters can turn out to be similar. Some
This set of definitions is not unique. Table 1 indicates the have gone so far as to propose typical values of Vshc, c, and Swc
correspondence between the more widespread classification that is for clastic reservoirs and then modify these for carbonate reser-
adopted here and some others that have been proposed elsewhere.2–5 voirs (Table 2).8
It is worth noting that the definition of cutoffs is intrinsically
Adoption of Definitions. The full adoption of these definitions related to the adopted approach to petrophysical evaluation (i.e.,
calls for three coexisting physical cutoffs: Vshc, c, and Swc. Many the effective or total porosity model or some variation on these).9
investigators have adopted the above scheme, usually in one of Note that the adjectives “effective” and “total” refer, respectively,
several different ways. For example, it can be used in true “static” to the exclusion from or inclusion within the reservoir porosity of
Fig. 4—Bilogarithmic crossplots of porosity vs. permeability with linear data fits for a sandstone reservoir: (a) for all data, (b) for
net reservoir only. The reservoir has not been subdivided into petrofacies units.
Fig. 5—Bilogarithmic crossplots of porosity vs. permeability for a sandstone reservoir (a) at the core scale and (b) at the simulator
grid-cell scale, showing the different porosity cutoffs c that correspond to a fixed (air) permeability cutoff of 1.0 md (adapted
from Worthington65).
Fig. 6—Porosity vs. permeability relationships for four rock types, showing the different porosity cutoffs c that correspond to
a fixed permeability cutoff of 0.1 md. The permeability cutoff is presumed to be tied to a reference parameter cutoff (adapted
from Cosentino7).
Implications for Integrated Reservoir Studies nized, is that it is “difficult to select with assurance a permeability
The foregoing constitutes a defensible foundation for quantifying cutoff value.”23
net-pay cutoffs. Because this foundation has been placed within Fig. 9 provides a schematic description of the role of cutoffs in
the context of integrated reservoir studies, the geological setting, integrated reservoir studies. By adopting a structured procedure
interstitial fluids, and field database are all pertinent to the way in that is fit-for-purpose, the arbitrary nature of rules of thumb is
which cutoffs are selected. avoided. Although described in terms of a set of tasks, the enact-
ment of these procedures has to be undertaken systemically within
Formulation of Cutoff Criteria. Although there are still differ- the overall field study. Fig. 9 is intended to form a basis for the
ences of perception between geologists and engineers concerning pragmatic application of cutoffs in integrated reservoir studies, an
the role of net pay, it is becoming increasingly accepted that this exercise that is to be the subject of a follow-up paper.
term and its defining cutoffs must have a dynamic significance. In In Fig. 9, the definition of the reference mobility or the refer-
other words, cutoffs are mostly used to delineate those net-pay ence relative permeability at irreducible water saturation Swirr is by
intervals “through which hydrocarbons will flow and hence . . . be far the most critical step in the whole procedure. A stepwise ap-
produced,” and they are therefore “a function of the permeability proach has been suggested, so that the process will be consistent.
distribution.”70 Some have introduced the further requirement that The following notes supplement Fig. 9.
net-pay cutoffs should delineate intervals of commercial produc- Identification of Data Sources. These include all the data that
ibility.1,10,21 The difficulty here is how to make this expanded can provide information about the hydrocarbon presence and mo-
definition workable at the reservoir evaluation stage. Whatever the bility or multiphase fluid flow [e.g., laboratory measurements on
precise definition of net pay, the cutoff exercise reduces to one of cores (conventional and special), raw log data and log-analysis
quantifying a limiting permeability term that can be expressed in deliverables such as NMR movable hydrocarbon index, dynamic
terms of an absolute air permeability as measured by conventional data (DST and well-test results, production data), etc.]. The entire
core analysis. In this way, log-derivable cutoffs can be tied back process of cutoff selection should be driven by the available data
to a (scale-compatible) core-derived permeability that is more rather than by imported concepts.
abundant than any permeability deliverable from special core Data Integration. The integration of diverse data is impacted
analysis. The underlying problem, which has long been recog- by variations in saturation, pressure, and temperature. This is es-
Fig. 8—Schematic similarity of net reservoir and net pay, where dynamically conditioned cutoffs are applied synergically to the
hydrocarbon leg.
pecially important in the case of viscosity. Cutoff selection is selected, it should be correlated with standard rock parameters
specific to a reservoir, to its depletion mechanism, and to the stage delivered by the petrophysical evaluation. This process should be
of depletion. performed independently for each petrofacies. Cutoff selection
Correlation With Petrophysical Parameters. Once the refer- uses all the data, including those that obviously are going to be
ence mobility or endpoint relative permeability value has been classified as nonreservoir.
Fig. 10—Illustration of the sensitivity of original oil in place to the porosity cutoff, which can be dynamically conditioned.