.

,-.

SPE
SPE 18276
Ekofisk Formation Pile! Waterflood
byJ.E.Sylte,
L.D.Hallenbeok,
fxwl
L.K.
Thomae,Phillips
Petroleum
Co,
WE Mombem
..cmfldl! laa Bmwot

Pckduln2n@nDm

ThiB~uapropa9dbr~ alhDmAmwll
Tschltk400nhlaw
,&daxhaabn
arthoaodmvd wrokum
En#no8mmhl
Hou@m,
Txl-t-6,19a,

nlbpumww8dn4M
br~bymn8?a

lnbmmbn~inm~~byau

ap&~~@9~A-L~-~
=pfawwaeoa-~f-d

wilbndthoanalaYdPawmen@nam*omoBmormmtNfh

=:F-9S.-&=~a%F-L;=&%Sm~d~
ahaoontbywlulnamw*
pfaa9uAwmDqalhdB,
..
~Tx

1.

kioamk~:ji~tiilm~ UW4&ila,

Thim paper daaaribaatba <Uign, operation

and avalua%ion of pilot waterflood
projti initiated in tic Lwar Bkdiak
?ormation of tha Bkofiak ri~ld looatad in
tba mrwgian
aaator 0s tho H*
sea.
Pravimaly, ilot waterflood projaat in
tha Tor ?omat !on led to approval in 1983
of full ala wat~r .injaationin tha Tar
Formation.
Tlm Bkofiok nd Tar Formation ro both law
matrix pormoabilityahalka aharaatorimd by
inton88 natural fracturing. Thin natural
fracturing has nhanaed ovarall permoability and mada aommardal
production
ponsibla from tbs.
volumatrlasolutiongas
Th@ Ekofisk Formakion wati
drive roswvoir$.
initially given lower waterflood priority
based on spontaneousimbibitionlaboratory

rimantag Xowevar, the Xarg* valuts of

i~tial oil in plaaa, in combinationwith
tha raaognition that moahanismmother than
imbibition may play rolo in waaflood
porformanoo
noadmmitatad
parformod.
Additionally

ba

tho pilot waa

dosignod to ~:lu:~imrook stability and
fraaturcd ahallt
injaativity
romarvoir.

.Tha pilot

projcot aonmistodof ona injoator

and throo produaors in an unaonfinsd four
spot pattern.An of May 1988, total of 10
million barrslm of water had boon injaatod
ovar a 22 month period.
R*sults hava baen
favorabl=and havo baan utQi8md to justify
xpansion of tlm waterflood to tho Lowor

adaotropy
rfaata

z
influanaaat

pemeablllty
and
layering

dimaneional simulation
reoulta are inaluddd wMah tie ll tha
~m
tOUOthm and form #* bash, for
extrapolating raaultato full field.
Three

11. ~011
Tho Bkofhk F$old in tho Norwogian Soator
of tlw
North Soa h
an ovmproamired
naturally Waaturad chalk rasorvoir. The
6.7 billion barrals of oil and 10.33
trillion aubia foot of gain, orLgin811y in
plaac, i- split batwcontha l!kof Ank (Danian
Aga) Formation with 2/3 and tha Toz
(MaastriahtianAgo) Formation with 2/3,
Produatlon
is from throo platforms, 2/4 A
in tlm outh, 2/4 B An tha north and 2/4 C
in the, aontor of the fiald. Raaov@ry by
primary depletion im intimatedat 244 of
ail quivalonts.Th* la c initial oil in
plac!a in aombinmtion w
T th low raeovery
faator- n.a::~~tat.d n~:;;~mtoil r@aov@zY
projoats
given
priority.
Initial laboratory imbibition qmrimmts

indiaatoda favorablawaterfloodpotsntial
in tha Tor Formation, with a poorar
roawwy
potential in
Formation, A Tor Formationpil!%wat%%~
was performed in Ekofisk Field from April
1981 to Juno 1984 to waluata in-mitu
watarflo parformanao. TM rosult~ w~ra
~ nd umd to ju~tifya full field
favorablo
watarfloadof that formation,

Tha 30-slot water injaat~on#latform 2/4 X

was pproved to davolop an cstimatod 162
WE
resorvos
utilhing
20 of
the
Faatoro whiah wor- takan into aonmidoratlon vailablo slot. to watarfloadtha northarn
during tho na~ is inaluda laak of both two thirds of tho Tor Formation. Ap roxi,vertiaaland horIsontalaonfinamont,ignL- matcly half of the platform~aaapaarty o!

Ekofisk Formation,

198 and intanao nature? :frmturLng on

rangto mtrix parxaabiuty
on
tbo ~e
tlm Zlanka. Tho thioknaas As typioally in
axocsm of 100 fmot. TM fifthnd l~mt
A pilot waterflood
rojootwas initiatadiq
i- known ac
n July 1986 to oValuate layer in tha Bkettsk Formation.
tho &war Skofisk/
tha ST,fghtZonat (Layer X). This Iay@r
raoovorias. Th@ results have sise boon
varhm
batwaan
S0 and 100 faat
in thbkfavorablo nd hava baon umd to jumtify
xpanaion of tha ongoin~ Tor waterflood
to
nos8, and ~m oompomadof low porosity, low
tho Lam Ekofisk.
parnaability utoohthonoua ohalka whioh
rostriot
praamra
oonunimt~on
batwom
A
fozaations
throughout momt of tlw fhld.
Th9 Lowpr Skofisk waterflood,
in ooRMnationwith axpanaionof tho Tor waterflood
uross-scotion
of tha pilot WUS
displaying
to tlm uth
rasults in an stimatad 190
tho fivo Ekofisk layorm im die Iayad in
This
2. TM, Tor is b-dividad
riguro
BU4BOEincsra8antalrouovoryc
roj ot
r nto thrao
will lnvolvotho drilling of add ! tional layers, tho upparwst of whioh (tho TA
wells and aox8in@3ng of solootadinjtotion layar) im pr$ixariiy
ooxposad
of raworkad~~
of
ohalk sadhints and forma tho bast rosorw*11o on 2/4 X m WO1l s tho drilling
bight additional
inj otion walls on tho
w?ir quality,.
Porouitios
batw8an 2S hnd 3S%
outh :lare tripod on tho Bkof
isk Coxplox. and watar saturationsbetwaon 15 and 30*
ro typhal,
with batwaon 300 and 500 foot
A.total of 31 injaotion walls ara now
of oilbaari~m~cli. at tho aroat of tho
prmimd:
MSitiQnally,,tho 15-slot platStruatura.
nd
hydrocarbon
forma
2/4 k and 2/4 C will ba ~iftad to
aturationdsel$na wIth doptk on the arast
allow drilling og i@t additional walland towarda tho flanka.
aaoh
on tho diagonals batwaan axisting
iota. F@3rt@an of tho 16 slots am
nw
ptind
to b6. &ilzad*
Addit@nau$y, tha
IIx. ~~AwD~
pXatw9138 on tha31a4=/4
form @ 11 oontima
rational ~
#, U$O of tba Pr@aac. ~ton
and
&F~mX3,0f
mothk ?iold am d$wla~
*
skOii& Fosmat&pn PilGt Waa daai
~1~
m~ti
water injootbn
faaPliti~
3 1 oon~iguratium
aa tha %br
TMa papu
tharaaults
oftha

37s,000 BwPDwas raquirad for this watorflood projaot.

mw8r

~f:

silUUn

pilot,

Skofi

main aaothna:
of

and io div~
into
Pilot
Oparation and

xaaawoirpilDi
tho

MO Pig
Ea

boIw

ptmt.

oantml
diap3a~

00di~etOn

mii8

00SWMOdOf otka

injaotor,

B-16, and thraa offset

B-19, B-22 , WA B-24 and io

ddatraokad

?$gura

prior

3.

to

saoh

produom

was

raooxplotLon to
looation within 490 fcot of tlm pravious
~r~**nO.*$s~%l
w as i~iViWl
-11n
providing
cmmplatsd
oparati.on
mary
of tho proj cot. TM
~ looationwith tho final sidotraok
in Fabmary
1986.
Ras@rvoir
Dacoriptionfoouaos on t!m data
- opan and, aasad hola
acquisitionprogrm
Tho injaotion wall, B-16, was initially
loqo, laboratory rooulta, prammwa tranramn lctad to tho Lowar Ekofiskwithin tlm
Lntorfaranuo
taat results ~
siant analy*h,
xlst ! nq Wallbora. A twalva day water
sk.fdm,
TM
atudias nd cmra
tram:
injaotivitytsst followedby a throo month
simulation soetion pr*aonts
tho
dual
flowbactk
pariod was sonduot-d to to-t tha
porosity
modol utili%sd in tha intmprotation,
incorporationof fidd rosulta Lower EIKofidcrook stability. A total of
330,000 barrals
of watar were injoutmd at
and prssantationof uritiaal
history
matoh
of 25000 BWPD.After thh
rssults. This is followod by a qonoral an average rat.
discussion of tho pilot nd concUusiona flowback tsst, Well B-16 was idatraaksd
and drilhd
through tha Ekofimk Formation
whiuh aan b. drawn from tha pilot projmt.
of tho provtoua
1S0 feet to tho northaaat
location. TM WO1l was eomplotcd in th~
G*olouicOvorviaw
Lowor
Ekofimk in a imilar faahion as tha
Fivo
major goelogia layorm ro prcsmt
in thras produoing WO1lS,
th~ Ekofisk and thrca in tho Tor. Tlm uppm
Water injsotion was tartad
on July 23,
thrst Ekofisk layorm are roforrmd
to am tA,
19S6. An injootionrat. of 21 000 BWPD wam
EB and EC nd re altmnatinq soqusncms of
throughout tho aajor injoation
reworkad Danlan ge material nd materiel fiaintahmd
which was depocit~d in plaaa. Thorn.intor- pariod with @ eonmtant tubing prossura of
vals arc
oharaetorhd
by high iliea 2900 psig. Inj8ation into tho pilot was
7.1 mil,lion
ugwfid.d
on JUIY 31~Mu7 ftar
and
aontant,ahart lonsom, 2S-30t porosity
of watm had boon hjcetad.
A fivs
nd in total vorago barrois
moderate fraotcwing
month apansion
wam roquirad to install
400 fact thiok, lhose arq roforrod
to m
faoilitiaawhioh
full fioldwatar injootion
th.UpporBkofis~. Tho LoWr Bkofisk is ths
would r. laoc tho old injootionquipment.
fourth Ekofisk la r, roforrad to as ia r
Mt.r
in fsotion was rastmtad on January 1,
ED, and i8 primar f ly r&rkti,i~a8~~oht I ~
1908 nd thrmgh Nay, 1988 an additional
ga
mdinento,
ahuraotorlsod
by unifora
porosity dimtri- 2.9 million baxrols wsro injaotad.
.butionain xoass of 30t, water saturation.
1s4

and, oonatant hjeotian

fra tho threa produoera WM The tebiM8ed
emtabliahedthat water injosperforxanoe
sos f=
~fhzmida
tion Anto tho Lower Bkofi@k 00uM ba
Uiutdownin August.19~7. Well B-22 requtred
maintained at omthf tory
ratem. Me rook
Ias lift ts aaintdn production after
stability problem or pl~ing
of tha
rw
Waterout and
1987 due ta inoreatiing
were
enoountaed
during tho
Ieolln7 ng 00Sh TM ottmr two produoers forxation
injwtien
history.
Thosa war. tho first
kay
mntinuo to produoewith natural flow.
results
obtained from tho Ekofiak Pilot.
!wo ra4ioaotiv*
traoora
were MwmpOratad
Well Performanoq
into ths Ekofisk PAlot inj60tion rograx.
rha firee
traoer utilised was trftiu8Ai:
TM throoproduction wells wera mid fraahydroqen.
:adioaottve isotope of
ture stimulatedfollowedby oomplotcprez:rwes waa injeoted continuously at a
;o~stmt
~~t,~at~an
with tho hpst:on
su$o tomthg *
production logging. Tha
and
wells w.re plaoad on continuousprodwtion
rater
starting Augu9t la,
until M&oh 1986 when en intorf.rmao
tut
zontinuhg throughout tlm pilot $njotion
with B-16 was performed.The WO1lS wore
riod.Tim emnd trwes~ Iodinm-12S,wam
then produoedcontinuouslyuntil ths August
i?
njooted . slug on Neroh 25, 1987.
1987 shut-downwhen the war. shut-in for
four w.*. Oil producton,
?
water out~ and
M tho end of b 17 xonths of p~lot,perforwere 8onitorW
from th
z ;lot
qas-oil ratio
-CO
tho prodwing GOR af tho th~o
produaora on weekly basim. Tho following
2kofiakPUot produoorahad deollnedsignilicts tha xain observationsado frox saoh
Eioantlybelow field verago roduoing-R.
Bk@ rek layora nd
kprogran to add
produaor:
T
reatimulataeaohwelwaa~
in
1 B-19
~
198s. Baoh Well was Waluated
wMoh l&yer@ oou3d
y=
-~
and Mintain
en ooaptable
well B-19 Wa9 sidetrr$lied
and Ooaplotedin
tb I#wer Denien in 7@l 198s. The initial
P==-m
-.
A 8#e@f81i8ad 80M fraoture
mduothn
tOnebuOw

kmatunt

tAmUat9

S=, aaoh wall

wee deei#ned
to
th6 hew intarvalm and restimulate

@OR,of 7000 8CF/6TB rap I dly inereaeed to

aaxlmm of X6000 6dF/6TBwior to the start

of waterinjaothn.After4 8ontheof watu

injeotlon,the f306tboP&uJto deolit,a

the Oximtinpintemmlm.

redting 6300 8CPIBTB fter

Watas injeotion.

ion well Performarq

12 monthe of

Well 8-16 was ylaood on production -

Lower Bkoflak produow in Se@&
1904.
*
well initially produoed oil rates
xc@ed&ng 11,000 BOPD t GOR of 3000
SC?/STB.Ths OU ratem dealined rapidly to
GOlt
an verage of 4000 BOPD t a produei
Y tial
by April 19S5. In
of 14,000 SCF/STB
water production wam 400 BWPD nd rmained
oonstant throu h this period.A twelve day

Well B-19 observed #* BOM* favor~bla011

rat. raaponse of tho thrw pilot wells. Aa
the GOR began to dealine, the oil rate
began to $nerease from 2200 BOPD to over
2900 BOPD S+X xontha later. The oil rato
thanbegan slow deoline overthe next 12
smith
reaohhg
ainixux
production of
/
1900 BOPD prior to the reperSoration
waterinjeotiv
? ty temtwas perforxadin May
resttxulationwork in February
1988. This
I
1985 aftar whioh the well was placed bade
deelhe was ttributed to dealining well
on produotlon,8tabili8ed ratem fter WI
roduativity and the shut in of water
S000
BOPD nd 1500
injeatiw*. test were
!njeotion the last fourmonths of 1987.
BWPD. Tne GOR wam initially 5000 8CF/8TB
nd inoreased rapidly to 14~000 ScF/STB by
Significantwiter out ham not beenobcsxved
Dauenbor1985 when the well was shut-in. tn this well. mall axounts of water (lemc
The well wam then cmly producedfor fLve
than 2 peroent water aut)were produaed 10
nonthm after the tart of water injeation,
daya in 14aroh1986 in oonnoationwith the
interfsrome test.The well wam then side- TM- water production deolined to zero
after tho water injeotionWA. suspended the
traoked
180 f@etnortheastof the original
laat four months of 1987.
location for injeotionserviaeO
continuous
Well B-16 wag
injeotion on ?uly 2{?!!?86 ~t 31,600 BWPD
injaation preomtre,
The
nd 2900 paig
injeotion
rate nd pressureha. rexained
aonstant throughout most of the pilot
injeotion period in whioh total of 10
million baxrelo of water has been injected
of water
through May 1988, A suspension
1987to
injeotionwam required froxAugumt
January 1988 to installpermanentinjeation

ipxent from the full field water injea?/4 K.

tPon platforx,

a-

In Wna

1987

and testing

aoxpleteprOdUOtiOnlogging
on the

program wam perforaed

well.
The Upper Ek:~&k ::~en~llr~d
EC were
interval
perforated
remt$mulatedin February 3988, A oomplete
production

program

l~in~r~d=a~:A~mrtemt~:
was

reooxpletien.

Afterthe reoompletlon, oil productionwas

horeased
frox n verageof 1900 BOPD to
4200 BOPD. Flowingtubing premmre was laO

.
SPB

inorsaaed trom 600 P6ig to 1200 ~lq.

Thirteenparoent of tha total -11 pxuduation oama from tho nawly ddad layarso TM
00s pwfomaboa ramahad Wnstant fto?? the
Xaocmplathm. Total Water out was inomamd
to 3 peroant fter tho rostinulation.
Yiguro 4 dtsplays plot of ths production
Matory.

Well B-22
Well B-22 was sidetracmd and uompl@tedin
th~ &OWUZ Bkofis& in p~~a~
1986 am
plaoad on 00~etiuOtt~ production in Maroh
1986 with n initial WR of 7800 BCF/Sl?B.
Two months after t?mcMrt of water injmtion, MMproduoing (iOMstartad to dacmasm
TM GOR roaohed
rapidly ~rom 8000 SCF/srB.
3000 BW/BTE
after 8 mmths of water injmawas
tion. At thetis*8e
wta~ptho GOR r9sponsc
Obeorlhd,

out

Inaraahw.ovsrm~ n~~~o;ix~n~~~g-~g~~
injutien,
and :&ilixad. -llY
to 20 m-ant
Tha Watsr aut dtabil%sad 8* 20 paroant
until tm#qmm_&4ml&f

Watar

tnjaouon
in
ion tha Watar

to ati
valu* of 5
prior to the ro8tart of Water
?$z%Lln.
Aftar the raatart of injaotion
thowatar outinoreeaedbaokto
llp8roant

!%7f$i&aaod

wtthin

ama mnth.

The tabiliaation
0S water
out
at
20
~
m8oet of the pilot injeotinn
with
aultiperiod would be oonaiotent
lqfar ystam of varying perseebility.Tha
rapid mpwu
to tho suspension and
would ggast a
rootart of waker injeotion
ralativolymall htsh pexaeabilltylayer in
~y~~
with
a larger
low permeability

18276

tha rooonplotion,oil p&duation was

increa8ad from en averau9 of L35d WiiPD to
2500 BOPD. Flowing .tubinq prosmm ~was
ineroamd
from 600 paig with gam f:zt
ssi~t
to
1100 psig on natural
of
th
total well
Alt@ugh 40 pereont
production was from tho nswly added layers,
th~ GOR rmained cxvwtant at approximately
Total water at was ineroased
2000 SCF/STIL
fro8 11 to 28 pement.
After

F@ur*

displays a plot of the production

history.
Well B-24
Well B-24 was siddxadcod and completed in
W.* LoWor Ekofisk in Novombar 1985. GORla
approaching 10000 SC?/STB wore amasurcd
prior to ths responsa to water in eution.
After throm ~onths of W&tOr injmt z on, tho
GOR began
to &aelino reaohing4200SCF/STB
by August 1987. Pro&ming GOR was constant

duringtha-suepenaionof water injoation

during the lest fourmonths of 1987.

till B-a4 ob8emad slw but $avorkblooil
fro8water in @iy~tm.9
oil
a-wan
inorau
+
~
of injeotb!l inorawng
f1:%
to sus~c*on
of
BOPD to 2000 BOPD prior
wdwr injeotion.
mrins the auapeneion of
the oL1 rate
deolined
Watar injaomm,
slowly reeuhing minimum rate of 1700 BOPD
prior
to the rooo8pletion\ reeti8ulation
1988. TM. deoline was
=k
in ~
well productivity
ttributed to deolining
and tho ehut in of water injectiontho last
four months of .1987. No watmr cut was
obmrved
in this WO1l during the first 17
monthsef wat*r injoution.
1987 a oomplsto productionlogging
progma was porfonaed
on tho
well. TM Upper Xkofimk layars EA, EB and
interval
SC wore perforatedand tlm retire
1988, A aonploto
romtinulatodin,Fabruary
production
logging and prassure temting
& 7 ~~ aa Perfo=ed after tht re*ti~uIn JUM

and te8thg

Oil production ramainod constant through

%6 firetyear of water injmotion (August
- Augumt 1987) at n verage of 1100
BOPD. Aftertho Auguot1987 hutdown,tho
oil production
inorcamcd
to an vorag~ of
1350 BDPD. Thim inoraammwaa attributedto
oil
drainaga roa aroundB-22
an inor~asod
whilo watar in$oatian was hut-in.
Artificial lift (#a. lift was roquirsd
aft.r
fiw
Xonthu injaot1on booauso of
water
out.
d-oroasing 00R nd inoroasing
::~~~tion
throughthim park+d wan vsr
In Juna 1987 a eomplata productionlogging
and tasting prograa was perfoxwd on the
WQ1l
Th@ Upper Skofiak MyWS M, EB, and XC
wer~ porforatod
and tho ntir@ intervalwas
1988.
acid fraotura tinulatad h Fsbruary
logging and prcm$ro
A aomploto production
tcstlngprogru was perfoma4 fter tlm
rsoomphtioti.

the raperforation,
oil production
was
Anoroaued frm an average of %700 BOPD to
3700 BOPD. FlowLngt~bing preammo was alao
incmeasod from 690 psg~ to over 1200 psig.
tha total WOU
sixty-five lmroent
production flowed from the n@wly added
after
produoing
00R
layorso
The
rooe?plationinoreased
only slightly from
4800 SCF/STBto 5500 SCF/8TB.

After

F~rflre 6 dimplaye
hintory .
Iv.

plot of production

RBBmW02RmWRIPrxoN

wall B-16 si~lctraok

Well B-16 wam eidetraeked30 feet north and
140 feat eet of the Original loaation nd
drillea throughthe Xkofi@k Formation
only,
.,.

+
=

J. E. STLTB, L. D. ~~

#B 10276

ddotsaok was required to liminats

oo8munioat*on behind oadng with tho Tor
?Ormation, whioh was obeerved
in tho
original well frm production, thor,al
deoay and noise logm.
Zhis

qris~
Of th8 CPI lags of the original
B.16 ~
~dmtra~
l~tion
~nd~eat~ ~
avarago water saturationinaroaso from 108
to 60% ovor tho Lower Blcoflm)c
as displayed
7. Tha inereasmin water saturain Flgura
tion was oonfixmedto be a result of tho
earlisr12-day injectivityta9t am TOT logm
intho origina;a;;;6wollhad notdiaplayed
Significant
saturation inoroaso
dur~ng tho Tor pilot period. In add~tion,
water saturation-ovortho Upper Bkofislc
layed exaotly in both wells lndiaating
had been obtained.
reliablo8aa8urHtm
A total of 330,000 barrels of water ioro
injsatadduring tha injootivitytest. using
a siaplo displacementoalaulationssuming
saturation nd a
SO* delta water
distribution
of the water, tho
8S WeU >16 wouM b9 jwk Withti
k
the radiup 0s injeotson. The tnoreemed
looatbl
WmBr Satlamtiai in the btraok
W8s an initiai tndioation th8t imbibition
Valw tn * pilot arw wU@ Wbetantially
hi@er than laboratory~te.

Verthal
intheo

weraqe
ehnt

reseure meae~

mre

hetraok well and indxoated

pressure of 3071 psi and

taken
an
watu

tnthemwermmfiek.

Well B-36 W- ocmplotedWith threo sots of

perforations
eroea
tho
Imrer Ekofimlc
analogousto tho throa produeore.A matrix
otd job was performed to oloan tho nsar
wellbore area. No flowbaok wa- porformd
after tho o~d cleanup.
TMrmal daeay logo wara wsd to monitor
initial injaationpsrformana~.A total of
10,180barrel~of water war- injoetodat an
of 2i,600 BWPD. During thim
avorago rat.
injmetion period, thraa log paseos wero
mad. whiah indlaated no vortiaal
movgmnt
of water to tha Upper IBkofiok layer=4.

L. X. Tl@AS

A goad aomlation between Swi, Delta Sw,

Swf and poromityhave been obtainad for the
Tor raservoir. A residual oil aturation
fter pontanooum A8bi,bition
of 37.5* was
-tablWmd.
Thim valuo wam utilimd
dimotiy in tho interprotat~onof tha Tor
pilot in wMah an sx~ellentmatch of performance

was

aahhved.

go!mral,
correlation betwaon imbibition
and oros~ty for itherthe Upperor Lowr
Ekof! Sk has been found. Although Bom
sampleshave indiaatedimbibitionin axeess
of tho Tor value, the majority of sample8
indiaatedimbibitionin the range of M to
25%. A good trend was noted, however, of
higher inhibition values in the Lower
Ekofisk
in tho southorn portion of the
field,with averagevalwm appmaahing that
of the
Tor. Additionally,Ekofisk samples
tested with large gaa aturation indicated
Imbibitionvalues approaching that of the
Tor. Tho lowest valuee of Lower Ekofisk
imbibition,howwor, wcr- masured in the
valuo8 averaging
pilot rea with
slishtly abwo 10% e displayed W ?i~

No

8.

U the pilot fkood progrem-,

it beaame
olear that tho water retention in the
reservoir wao well $n xoess of the
laboratoryderived *Lbition endpoint.Th*
long period of watorfree productionat B-24
and B-19 and low water out t B-22 in
~ination
with open holo lagging results
on the B-16 s$dotraok neoeesitatadrwision
oonoernlng
to
tha
Oonoepts
Ekofisk
*tbition.
An experimentalpragmm wan undertaken to
of the
better define the negativo portion
curve.
The
imbibition eap~llary pressure
basic aonelwion of this work was that
Significantvolumes of additionaloil could
be mobilized in the Ekofisk formationwith
all
preysure
differentiableacmoea the
core. once a threshold preomre around 1,5 psi was a~hieved, oil saturations
rapidl dsereaned to resiaual
value- of
approx IMately 20t around -10 to -15 psi
negativo
capillary pressure.
A typic!al
in Figure
9.
aurve is displayad

A stopratoinjsetionto-t utilizingspinner
and tomparaturo urvoys was porformsd to
dotmmha
tho
optimum injaation rat.. six
of injoationwm?e aonduotadat
hour periods
A
10, 15, 18 and 20 barrolm pcr mhUt*.
promura broakwcr indicating
fraoturo
wlmmion was obmsrvsd at 18 barrele per
of 6180
ninute at a bottomhole premura
enuruent
Urg
h~
ndiaated
no rate variation,
injeotion rate of 15 barrels per
m! nut. was then selecsted.
Mdfimer

o timux

Laborato m Results

xamining the imbiLaboratoryxperiment

bition behavior of Ekofisk sore plugs by
Phil14pm~ Reservoir EngineeringLaboratory
slnao
the late 19701s.
have bean performed
10I

InterferenceTeetinq
The first major testing program performed
in the Ekofisk Formation Pilot was an
interf..
enoe %emt. Thie temt was deuigned
to determine anisotropy
bamed upon the
regional permeabilityVariation
and loaal
fracturetrends between the pilot wells.
The interference
test utilized the central
Well B-16 as tho active Wellm and Wells
B-19, B-22, and B-24 e tho observation
wells. Pressure reoponses were measured in
the observationwolla as B-16 was praduaed
for 121 hour- then shu=-in for 16fihour-. A
otatio period of 72 hours was monitorad
prior to tho activation of the aativa
well.

---.=

~ISX

?ORNAZ1OM91-

anisotropy.

This north-south
by tho faot that
permaablltty
iu 8uoh 1.ss
in th~
than in tho B-19 rea. ,

anisotropyis underaoored
well test

B-22 area

shoe

run

Mtiolly

rea.

in

+~

108

(Anglo

with t$a

B-22 production and the-l

ind~qate water
produetinn
tb..rough
tho upper sot of perforations.

dooay

logs

S3,gnifioant
obsorved

water

aross

sa~aration
ineraase
upper
sot

was
of

and no inoraaso in th* uppar

r ntorvals. Mithor log could be run,bohw

tho middle ot of perforations
duo to
aeohanioal
moons.

b otion
rofilo showed 60paroent of
injeotonwaa
1
r athe
8et of perfora-i
t$osw with 36 Paroent T the middlg and 4
in tbe bottoa act. with tti the
F j-k
~filo
has tspmved to moro
even dk$ribatiom
Compar3aon
of spinner
run In -t
1S96 and Jun. 1987
lqfed b Table 4

Whoro: Xmax= X (B-22 - B-16) = 153 ii

=in-K
{B-19 - D-16) = 82.4 xd
,.9

oonaistent

Analysis of

Xain

is

watmr

xesarvoir

rforationo

Xeax

This

s$sulationresultswhioh indieato

afiuratioti
to th* top of
round Well 8-16. Analysisof
te8parature
logs
oonfirx
water movement
into tho upper Ekofick layers.

~c~

#o

analysis was based on tlm

M. nimtropy
nammption that -X
was in dirimt~on of
and tho
B-16 ta B-22 (l?Jzth-80uth)
following
relation: ,
8in2 0

18276

out

wellboro
reservoir

[ntorwellPermeabilitywas ealoul tad using

k line zouroe solutiontoohniquc# . Tablo 1
lists tha 8aha results

coma e

BP8

Lnjeotion thermal doaay log

vortioal
had net bdioated
water 8ovement. Therefore, Lncraso in
water saturationin the upper layers,of the
Bkofiak
Foraation
is
eonoludad to
be
vortioal
amvement of water in t!!,
B-16

rapid q!ue
Of
FbS r06Ult# indhated
iahouro betwean B-16 and B-22, slower
r66PoM0 0~ 32 hours between B-16 and D-19,
Bndno ~
bet#eeII B-16 and B-24. A
gualitathe analy6i# indioatea *trong

morth-south

UMBWMOO

The

~,~

B-19 and B-22)

X&o
Of
1.99 waa
A total ~X9in
Oalouhted from tba above Onalyais.

XRuerforattonand mat ixulatkn Testing

~enoive
p~T *

preemre teetinq AMI produot%on

inu hoe been *#om#onlon~

~*

Blco~k

At

surveys fter initial oo8plc@on, ftei

and fter
nina xontlu of water injaotion,

.tlm ~lotion

tho

end

~
two
perfomanoe

program In ddition, ths

mhad~

How wae tho Upper Ekofisk

respond4.ng
to th
water injtion
in tho
Lov9r

injeotion
WQ21 B-16 was production logged
fter
qlotion
and preauure toated
nd
roduotion
logged
fter nino months of

of 17 nonttm of pilot parfor*rtant

quostiona bout pilot

Ekofisk

Waa tha skin dat~riorationobsmrved a

physical psoblemor analysis ralatad?

! njeotion.

Tabla 2 lists tha reaulta from

th* initialoomplstion tssts.

The rcsultn dexonstrato

a lcmga pmmoability varAatbn within tha pilat araa and
mtimalattonswmo aohiwed.
that ff90tWo

A perforationand roatimulation program for

tho throo p~lot produaorswas undmtakon to
answer tho abovo questions
and aaeolorato
eil and gas produmion. Each producer was
modifiedas h Tablo 8.

prmmro
All Ekofisk
P~lot woSla war.
sumoytid and production logg~d aftm nin~
aonths of injection,
with
tm
rooults
promnt.d in Tablo 3.

Tho w*lls wor. add fraoturo

.Xtonsivaly
prssaure
qvoy.d
tioriloggod. Promuro test
aro displayed in Tablo 6,
c.ontributtonpsofLloa arm
Tabl@ 70

Coa arimon of T&blo 2 and Tabla 3 ro~ults

kin deterioration
And!aato aignifioant
fOr ll thr@9 pilot produoors, Avorago
has hiareamd
by 520
rssomoir premiro
pdg batwoui W0118 B-16, B-19, and B-22.
Tho large ahang~sin Xtt/urc tb moult of
inaraaso
in
dcolintng60R$s and bcoquont
obango haw
system vlmoosity, No prasmure
bacn obsom?ed in tho rea of W*1I B-24.

stimulatedand
and producw
urvay results
and prcxkmtion
diaplayod in

Total oil and gam productionrat. from ach

ilot
producmr waa inar8amd
manatioally
! naroasing toeal production rata 6vor
100
poraont. Effautiva
stimulationof tha upper
layers wam ohieved.

Comparison of themal deeay logs run in

injeation
and aftu
9
Well B-16 before
months of injeotionindioatee ignifioant
water saturation
inoreame hss ooourred over
r Ekofisk.
both the Lower Bkofisk and
lkveaent of wates behind oaaF ng was ruled

A ignifiaant

60R kmea8e wam not observed

reperforation/restimulation
prograa
?;n in Well B-24 in whioh
the
upper layers
now contribute sore than 60
peroent of the total flow. This indioatem
that ignifimnt pressure support from the
,.
fter

*W

.
m

36376

J. 8. SYMB. L. D. ~.
is f?wting
poaithmaannar.

Tamr Bkofkk
Skotlak

in

tha

L. x. ~

mgwm.~-

al-d
waakly and anal sad
Oonoantratiw ef tho appropr1ate

Uppw

traoar.
a aodoat inomaaa in water out was obmomad
water
h Well B-2~ troa pravioua *iaua
out of ~2 paroont to W paromit fter
tho

Confiraed

raotiaulation.
Analvsia

F&aotur@

Fraotura ana),ysishas baan aonduotad on

about 5400 faat of eor. froa 19 wollm
throughouttho field. Eight paraaotors wor.
raoordad durinq this nalysis: lithology,
or patfraotum typo, fra~tura oharmotor
tarn, minoralisat40n,
dip,
and fraatura
langth and apaoing. Whora possiblo, fraetura orientation
was ramrdod. The four
typaa of fraoturu
praaant in Bkofislc
Field
ra tylolita, taotonio, kragular
and
healad fraotm.
Stylolito and tootonio
fraoturcti8cm&do

onhanocd

Fraaabill:ym8

mm

fraotura~f
padednat~
in
tha
=io
@Koti8k Fo2aat$@nwMlo
*101M
fraoturu
melon.
9Wtonia
prbdoabt9 h tha w
~aro
Wh-Wrtioal planar fraoturu
Vitb dt#O Of 60 to 7@.

first

of water
was
a total of 700,000 bamels
hjaotad into th pilot, Tho initial eonsontrationof tho tramr
was very mall but
staadily inaroa~ad to owr 60 pamont by
tho tho water Injootionwas ,shucdown.

Tritium

raaponso
in Wil
B-19 wam nOt
aonfiraad until 1?0 dikys aftar injmation.
Prior to shutd~-wnof water injootion tho
tritiu Gonaontrat;.on had roaehod 21 po.aont.

Iodin@-125 was obsorwd

in Well B-22 21
it was injootador after 40(1,000
was injoated. This robarrels of water
ponao indieat~m that a rolativo qual
vohaa of injaotad water was roquirad to
hdioathg
t?iattlm
cIbao3m bokb traoora
day8 ftar

traoara w8ro follow* .siailar paths.

?iguro 10 displays

Ooapertmn of

tho

W012,,
D-U. TM
tritiua $0 plottod aa ?kW Ouris
r Mter
tiwhi#,9e
1-128 im pxottad m pr 00 ourio

bahavior

a
g %i!E%Z&
&i&&
pemition. Bapedt%eunl preGau and patroto infmano,

tritiux production was

ob8arvad in Well B-22 50 daya after it waa

f Lrat injootad.
Durinq thim 50 day parhd,

of

both

truoera

ill

In Well B-19, tho Iodina-125was obacrvad

700,000 barrals had
ftar

fmlmtit=p

tijti~l~
total of 3 million barrels-~
watu
wao in .otad bafora
tim tritiua
was
oboorved.
TFL1 typa of rssponso
would ba
dimplaoaaant
oonahtant with an hbibttion
aaohaniaa. Fi
11 displays a aoapariaor
af th
balmv ?-or of both traaors
in W*11

~aftiwlof8.t
thtok) m ~y
aost fraoturad. Thea*
Sonao aay ba bsundod by intarvalsof insitu,
autoohothonouaohalka of lowar f reotura intanaity. Stmmtural looation also
influanoaa fraotura
intmaity, with tho
fraotura
fraquanoy tward th orost
higtwt
of the struotura
.

B-19.
No rqwlaos

!Cootoniofraoiwram fora tho doahant fraotura typa in tho LOWOZ S)cof isk, A Oonjugata
sot of fraotura trands ham baon obs~rvodin
tho pilot raa in tho 2/4 B-19A w*11. Tho
~jor t~d
ia 40 0 # of N w~~ M*
ssoondary trmd
SO o W of N.

froa th

Tritiua or Iadina-125

Waro obsommd in W@U B-24 c!onfirming

arli*r anslysis that this WS1l is not in
diraot

ooaaunieation with tha inj~otor.

VQrtiaalParaoability
vortioal

of tha p~lot araa

- 0.;h~~s ~gho hori-
6ontal parmabilityo
rhoabus hapad
This yi~ldm n longat8d
and ~r$
primarily
en wall pm fomanao
blook whioh tmainatos
at a point. A
typioalblook length of 6 to 12 faot acistm gaologia nalysis. !Chchigh initial 00R ~s
aoaaurad on walls pmforatod at ths bottom
in intonsoly fraaturod
Antorvals.
Althou h
Ekofisk
indiaate low vertiaal
of
tho
larqa eal. tootonio fraoturomdo ooour Yn
paraaabilitiom.
Utili~ation
of vwti,oal
tho E)cof isle FiQldP the aa ority of fraoperacabiliticm pro~ohing
horizontal
turas
aoldoa xoocd 10 2 0 12 fact in
in tho
romlts
in xoass!v. 9egragation
height.
raaorvoirt
with
ll gka migrating to tho
top,
Although tho vortioal parmaabilityis
low, xe
sagragation doos ooour, Gas
Ndioaotiva Traocr Oboorvntions
saturations nd mooiatad 00R~s aro soaawhat highar f roa tho uppar lay~r than ths
nd priaary radioaot~va
traoor
Tlm firmt
10WOSlay@ZS ti ~/Xh ham boon adjustad to
utilinti in tho skof~sk Pilot wam Tritiux,
aatoh parforaanoa,
?his traoor
was injootad
oontinuorslyfroa
Au$ust 1S, 39S6 with tha inj.Ot@dsaa Watar
nal yaim
indiaatm tho
8t oonstant
oonoontration. A SOOL3ti Although ooro
ro ub-vartioal,
in
aaj ority of f raoturam
traoor usad wam Iodina-125 whhh
was
gmmral they ro baliamd ta ba of liaitad
throuqh tha
in otod . lug aidway
in1.otAon parhd, Tho thra* Danian Pilot .hoight,on tho ordor of 10 to 12 foot or
Tho

is

..

1
..-

eathabd

pora?ab~lity
at

.02

leaa. Ani?l

ma

intenael~~:~

100al Iy
him
parWability.
&waver,
the next
non-fraoturedo
Math
aaaenttally
aeriea

~i

Ltito

TM

followinqequation:

vertioal

of

Weraging

Matrix blook heights

were stiwated
with an ssumed fraetura width of 45 u
N and aubie mtrix
bloaks
from tho

interval

Yiolti
low Overall
Valuea
of
the
parallel voraginq

Ke = ~

1 permeabA14tiu.

v.

+ 1.69

X 1010 b3/L

ealaulafad
bleak heiqhts were 1.0
feet. me maxinum blook height wcs lisitad
Thim i. in aqree8ent with
to 2.7 feet.
studiesparfornad
on sore
detailed fraoture
data An the Skofi#k Field.

Minima

s~a

W m

~
A 13x12x8dual Po%mity 3 modal with 300~ X
300 aantral qrid bloaka wcs used in tho
int.~~tath!h This aovora 4520$ x 40911
rea af tho Ekofiak foraation$n tho Northof Ekofisk ?iald
as 4iqAayad
west Oorner
12. Zhc modol layoxmoarrespond
in Figure
to 9aolo9iala ra M, n, m andED, with
so SubdividedE to Layers 4 and s.
Bash

inputdata,depth

to

top,

Matrix blook shape faoko%sawere ealnulatad

quation-:
with the foil.awing
Uw . 25/#

thiaknom,

poromity and water saturation are bared on

full
field qeologio 9tudy. Init%al
eaturatione were ~the startof
fram8fullt& r d3-Daode2at
the
run
in
!aonUtima
for
takan
from the

8aPteRMx
the pilot
full
fieM

%#rIIB&lz m

hput

~lY
the8ast

refleotAng

lSW.
aMe2

BomdaxY
mo

3-D sS8ulation.

aa oil,

w
and water
iatebomdary
oelsa ona
-T8ajor tluxea are $nto
*80uth4deaof
the-olt

larqe
m
of
in=
ra~$~
Amwt a baaia
%!
nd 60R, water out and praeaure

Lty of tlm fraotura

8y8tam was 8et
raqua to 0.28@.The porodty of the matrix
blooka wac c~t equal to the total porosity

minus fraoture

paranatar
were utilised to aalibrate
tha htstory
matah. The eatabliahad1.95:1 Horth/8outh
nisotropy
h the pilot was utilised to
in the pilot *roa nd
aaloulateanisotropy
well test
rasults ware utilised to aalaulate real permeabilitydistributions.
Dual Poro#itY

InBut

input ~~t:l roquirod f6r tlm dual

ineludcs
perxeab I lity, matrix paraeability,fr%%%
porosity,
aatrix block halght,natrix bleak
shape faotorm and relativepcrmability for
bath the fmotur~s
and
matrix.
Dat@rmination of theso paramotera is dworibed
b-lowt
nsia

porosity.

Initial water saturationsware set to sero

in the fraotura y8tem. Strai9ht ltne
ralative
pemeabilitiem with rasidual
ndpeints of M oil saturation
to
both
water and gas ware utillsad.
Typiaal

watar/oil relative pmmmbility

usad in tho aatsix blooks. A
rang. of gam oil relative parme&bility
aurvcs were ut flizcd In the nmtrix bloa)c as
required to match GOR pmformana~.
aurvas

warm

XWmidualOil Saturation@

pwinit

T?@ primary objeativoof tho Ekofisk Pilot

was to quantifywaterfloodpotentialin ths
Lower Ekofisk.
Initial model runs utilissd
conservativerssidual oil aturation of

614 aa dariva8from laboratory imbibition

wpurimmtm. As tho pilot waterflood proMatrix pormoabilitiemwor. aalaulatad qrsasad it bQaamo moro nd sore diffioult
to matah parfornanae with this parameter,
as a funationof porosity:
Modeled water
raduation baaame xacsmive
nd was hposs ! blo to aontrol, The pilot
~a=@(A
+80)
porformanae in combination with the E-16
Adetraalc
opwi hola lags and bmquont
wlmro
raaidual
oil
laboratory data hdiaated
A = -5.79949 and B = 0,170104 saturation
lema than 61* wouldbe rmquimd
for layers 1, 2 and 3.
to matah parformanaa.
The value ~;f~~t?$
i. 37.88,
in this nalyaim
to that utilasad
in tho internd A = -4.677943 nd D u 0.158582 idontiaal
for layem 4 nd 6.
pretation of the Tor pl~ot. The aapillary
I
~~sufilo~we
ti1i8~
w~ia~on aurve
fmm was
the
nalynia.
Th@A nd B meffiaientm wor. bamodon
by
simulation of
water oil
poromity-parnoabilityrelation-hip generated
developed fraa oora data,
.lW

i8MbMom
axperhente
to
et Zor
Mae
parf~

satoh

rat.

?omation

@aupm*

The Toe rQ8i*Ul value ham yielded

raeonmblo Riauhtion
of perfor8anoe
date At mia! Staqa of #o

p$lot,

foration/remtimula*ion
progra8 funoof rnll water aturat$one
in tho
fraoture eyetem in the vioinlty of thomo
In May
wells. !ChodeMa watar aaturationa
198. fter 10 miliion barrala water injoothn
in tk aa or Zayer5 ra prasentad
in
2S9&nh1 figureelaarly shows tho
:~~

free
oore

Mom

it Wo&

?oroi:rlal
oil
than
Rignifioantly
37.5*0 Xowever8additionalpilot perforaanoe and data oquimitionwill % rsquired
to d9termina if this valuo ehould be turther reduoado
W$m::igkt

Tho pilot

to

is

Matoh

produoers,
with tho majority of tho
raa dioplaoed with injootadwater.

wshedultd

holo loqs from this

b early 1989. 9ho
r onal perforaanoo,
wtl~
well, plue tha ddit
~~ldmv;l-al~~~~i~tion
in ths attempt
quantify residual
.
eaturationeof the &ower tkofimk.
Hatoh

ma Oritioal
-

foaturo

tn tha Bilot

Well D-a? am

has been
water
t
of Watar

of

2$8$

~wimg

~&9.7

when pW*J

in tRl?Rl?7s!&ie
Outrapidl
thrm#wut

tbe

$nto

in$eotiom

ona layer

yendoontimueeto

inthemodei,
divided

~~

wetere
water

pilot teet . m ez? km

thim
themlo@aleyer
BDwae
reeervolr
Xq?era 4 and 5.

Layer 4 w
aei~
lot of the thhknoos
nd 10t of the ~ throu@ most of the
modol. Ihwever, B-a2 was satqned25t of
its I@ in Layer
4 with ths rauaind~r
saiqned to Layer 5. This allowed sufficient oontrast for t?m injooted watm to
iakly
move rapidly to B-22 with Layer
4
watering out and Layer 5 aontinu 1
n to
produeowatar fro..
This
resulted ! n a
stablo modol water out, am prascntcd in
Fiquro 13, nd is upportad by tho Jus
1987 productionlog of B-22 whioh indieatod
watar was from tho top
momt of tlm produoad
s-t ef perforations,
sharp
fall-off in watar production
of water
rates t B-22 followingsuopc;ts$on

Th@

injootionin August 1987 wam matahsd in ths

Dual Porosity
sodcl ac funotion of water
imbibition
into
the satrix dopletinq
vailablm water in tho fraoturss. A plot of
wa%r aturation
in the fraoturcs prior to
suspension of water injaotionin August iu
dicplayad in FL ra 17 eomparod to tho
rontart-up
of in Potion in January 1988 in
?$ r. 18. A harp dcor~aso h tho fraeturo

reasonable approximation of Perforueneo

the start
of water injecbefore and after
tion ham been aahiavmd. Tho high initial
60R$s were primarily a result of relatively
high gas sa;uratkn
in the lower Ekofisk
formtion t the start of prochmtion.The
deolhing
60RIs
fter
the staw of watsr
Anjeotion result from deeline in gas
saturation due to oil mobilisation nd
repreoeurisatien.
The favorable
resmre
raeponee men in the field 1
8 lso
ref@o&d in the Mel.
,
Addi*bmauy,
follow*
the

amat~sommins
waterprOdaOtiom
-%BtXi
plataa wam
ma

$9S7

fnorcaoinswater outm from model Layar 5.

watar outs t B-24 nd B-19 art
Tho all
8atohed in th9 modol gollowin~tha roper-

the

uependod
am

prlmrily

inoreadw

inoluded
reeult

of

~$.

$njeotbn
in
in the matoh,
of lees
of

E%WEL!%%A?%.Z$Z;
rePerfOratiOm/rnttnulatton
roqr~
t
been @etohed with liqhtly
oomLm fthe -r
layers,
~~~a~~
priati
plite
deeersinad
from
production loqgi~ raeults.

has

the

VI. DXSCU8810M
The Lower Ekofisk Pilot waterflood ham
exoeaded xpaotations based on original
xperiaentm.
The two
laboratory imbibition
most plausiblexplanationsfor thim are 1)
the ori inal xperiments were not repreoentat
! ve of in-nituimbibitionand/or 2)
the psesame gradients uroms the matrix
to mobilixs oil at
blocks are uffieient
preamurec.
neqative
aapillary
These two
maahanismm ro disaussad b-low.
Imbibition
The possibility
ximta that the spontaneous
imbibitionin the Lower Ekofisk Lm aatually
higher than indioatod in the laboratory.
ThQ higher imbibitionmeasurements in the
of the field, the random
southern portion
high
values in the north,
imbibition u~an with gas atura~~
a!%
mtablish thim oasibility. Additionally,
Ekof ?SIC is
in faat
rewor)md
the Lower
Xaastriohtian
Age material,so At would not
b@m@~iainq
that thh intarval
would have
trophyaioal propertied s the
Tort
whio r ia lso reworked materia~.

saturations
is
indioatod
over tha
period WIM injootion was sus u%atd.~~
ra id. Anaroaso h
water
au t
fo ! lowing the raperforation/restimulation
Possibly
rograa h ?RbWaXy 198. im tho rcoult of

war r

tho

pilot

Plots of the QOR matoh fgr Wollm 8-19, 5-22

RIU2B-24 Rra prosmited k Fiquros 14-16. A

to eontinucthrou
September.1989. Ad?itienallyt a wall Pa
eoheduled to be drilled into th6 pilot rea

Mitiosw

pproaohins

zapidly

Wkb

miaro
mullions,
intorfaaial
tenmion and/or limited/non-representative
sampling dvermely affooted
the Lower
Ekofisk data baoe.

101

axparhmnts
hmfo
laborato
Raoant
itiiaatad
oil Wbi7 Amtbn fter pproxi
praomra
aataly 10s pd ~ativa
oapilla
oaekry
i= axaaadad- TM longatad bl ox

from th.
matA%
bloai%..
Addi&ianelly,tha
poaaibllityof oap~llarycontinuitybatwaon
aatrix b&~@=duo t:m~m:Ln@r;irW,mtaat
oil
eouid
maovoryc Althopghtho v$saoua movaaont of
water through law permeability 8atrix
blook would ba claw aompuad to ViSWUS
novamant

natura

5.

Mmpansatinw

~o b
contact d ~
lowar wvamant in

6.

th

VIZ* Caxcw8xoxs
formation in tha
Tho Wwar Ekofisk
p$lot araa axhibits favorabl~ watarflti
Oharaotaristioo.
Residual oil
aturations 1.8s than 40t aan ba
sxpsetad, ~is
is duo to combination
of pontan-ous imbibitionnd vimous
Cuaplneamant , lthouqh tho rolativo
ffoot of Qaoh moehanism is
quantified,

yat

:x&d~lation
7.

pilot produeors,
nogativa skin v-, tim~
war.

rroqu ! rad

to
ahiavo
tim
full banofitm
Bkofis)t water injaation.

h tabio
ounstant

water
tubing

isi:-nation
~romuo

of

rat. at
was obmrvad

for th9 i~jaotian perkd in WMoh 10

million barxal~32 vater war. injaoted
intO B-16. No plugging,
near WolZbora
stability or o&ling problama wors
obsmsmd,
4.

and tmmting
A eoxprohsnsivo monltorhi
rogra~ of tho pilot upp! hd valuabls
!

of

ba6ia

for

rasults to tho full

dotailad fraotura nd goologie

domription of th pilot rea has bean
invaluabl-m~
th- pilot intarpratation.
layarinq phanomanon,
fFaotura $ntanaitho
and matrix blook

nfornation fos th9

interpretation

of

raofprimary

$mportanoo.

= fraoba
width,08
- th@cnaaa,ft

formathn parmaability,
M
md
= ftaotiva parmaability,
-ntrixparnability,
md
=miniaum
parnabiltty,
xd
- 8axtnum
rnabil$ty,
ti
P
8wf
: ~~ht~r
saturation,fraation
Swi = initialwater aturation,fraotion
Dalta SW - inoramontalwater aturation,

Xa
aha
-in
-x
II

fraation

= vieaoaityeap
u
x,y,s = Cartoaianeoordinatas
= ngla degroam
:
* poroa i typ kwraont
- matrix
hapm Zmtor, l/ft2
o
8ubsorimts
:
ma

= ffaotivo
= horizontal
= matrix

max ~ maximum
min u ninianum
v
= vcrtiaal

Aoknowlodmaontm

masked reaponma, and r.

fogation/r@stiaulations

3,

traeora in
~xaoors pzovida

to ba

Rapid dsolinoti
&n GORI and favorabla
oil rat. ?Osponsas wor. obstrvad in

pparently

ffaatlvm

test.

An xoallontmmtah of tho pilot watorflaod parforamao

was obtainodwith a
dual porositysixulator.This supports
tho aonalusionof favor~blowaterflood

~$-

*W
balm baan tijao%s
Cavorablo Watarflaod roaulta. lhia, in
-inatkn
With good injaotivity,
table
Eaaarvo$r rook, oparationa2 faaatbility,
maxoaaa
injaotion oa-zott
8aka for
ttraot$vafull tioid waK r injaotion
pro
7 sot.

thrao

Thoso

pilot

rospoasoand prwidos

ralattva rolaa of
* Viaaoua 4s
L8tha
Fba

all

tho

romrvoir.

hlthou@ it will taka additional

dotariorathg

isotopm, Tritium nd

raas

for

Morata bloaka.

a.

Tho radioaativa
Xodha-12S wara

axoellontaon%rolof iajootod water as

heights
~:to
di8wall m providing
plaaumt
tho
8mhanima

h
tho
fraaturas,
tho disparaivo
of tha fraatura tam lhm largo

matrix 9u%faan

0?8 18276

tho pi20to This inoludaa routin~ wall

taat8, prasaura tranm$ant nalymim,
raduathi/thaml
doaay logqhg
nd
fntorfaranao twjtinq,

smdatad
w ? th tho
of 6 .*
M faat
taotoms
fraoturas in oombinatlon with
prasmra
&dbnt8 of 0.8 to 0,7S @/ft
yield auf $iehnt praosu~sto displaeaoil

10

9mlmoi)
WA

8XOP18XPWXAIVOX PI-

?Sb

ous approsiation
to Phillips
Wa xpr~ss
P*trolmm co,
and Phillips aovonturom
(Fins ExplorationNorway Ins., Norsk Aqip
A/$, Elf hquitaine Horqe A/st Uorsk Hydro
.m.,
Total Mariim
Nordc
A/Bt
nd Dan
in tho
Nordca Stats 01 cclc)cap aga.)
Groatm?
Ekofisk L 2aon8@ Ar@a for p@~i8SiOn
to Bublish this pa cr.
Thi_ work
was 8
and r noludaa aontributiona
joint ffort
g~ea ovcral
ouro~a, In partioularl
th.

r~-.~o~r

~a$:pt~:;

~r~

p.rfo-d

by

Bartloavllls nd
PhLUipa
nalyaim parform~d
Btavanqart tho fraoturo
by M.=. ?arrcll} tha laboratorywatar/oil
imbibition
work parforncd by L70P. Johnson
na

,,.

3, 8, BTWB, %. DO ~,

Si818;;6

Bnd Phillips
SUoaruh
w
##&cool
m
traoor i8plaDontion
8M UMly,&#
m Inotitut8
ror Bnorqy saobnGr&z
L
motAvBttm
Bnd anoourBqm
of our
PUtMr8 to P6@osm MM pilot,
Ospooihlly
?, m 8ilva of 2aDtroflna m Wknoulodqod,
Oxp*&
No lso
Production Cporatokm E Br.-atfloem
%%
Mligcstl
oollootd
tho routino production
ma

1031O-103M
1C34O-103S6
SO37O-1038B

468
268
a8*

do%

33%
44

mplm

LMor

Th0M81
LX.,
COS., VhnOt$

Reaomplct40n

Bixonf
Il.%.:

T,N.,

(F*,

n,a~als

Added

~anc,

Wcofisk

r).lots
, #n

flood

Juno 1987

19@b

Au@W

Porforationa

R9foranooo

1.

11

xi. %0 WOUA8

Wat.r-

lt15#
&c
nA,$n;8c
S!A(1OWW),SB,SC

B-19
s-2a
B-24

1987) a2l-

a3a.

Pw

Roomplat en ,t Ro,ults

a.

ThomRo,
i?hrnon

L,%. #

W3.:

Wton,
Wraoturd

!f@M.,

and

Morwoir

8tiat!onn* sPas(P6b.1903) 49-84.

COmMth, #@a. M

d.

08tha

et Plm,d

~,
Imt40n

SoU8ton, ~

ab

yuri!!

intlmacofidtm?ialw.~
8PB 20147
bition,

P.:

a-8,

19s0 .

S-19
8-aa

90S6

-4*7

3a48

-5ea

n-a4

6068

-s94

ROOOmplothn AWLn
Well

B-M

C&R%on

Layer

1s3.0
8a.4

B-16 - n-aa
Dv16- B-L9

n-aa
B-a4

Log Rc*u3t,

IntorwollPorm
(M)

Well-well

Initial

3000
3790
3740

Comp on R.8ult8

9936
al17
4379

-402
-403
-4*O

B-a4

EA
EO
Eic
SD

a38
408
3::

4025
, 3995
38s0

W@ll Tomt RcuultsAftar Nina Months

o% Water

B-16
B-19
B-2a
B-a4

a584
76aS
9s1
7493

Injmtion

-367
-100
-3$3
-a87

435a
4367
4569
384a

.,
..
/

m
:-

!1

Ii

k.,,,,,q,.,,?,,.,,,s,,J,,,,,8,,,,!,,,,,,.,,,l,,,,.,,,l,,,q.,,,.!,,,,3,,,a.!,,a,,..,.J..%.,.<..s:
...
i%n

! .-.=

.-

..

.!#.-....

l!?!

L..L.w,,,,

..--.

upH~lJiiul
k..

,....LQ.

. . ..A

..-

---.

-.

.. ..J . . . ..&rs..d

.,

.,.

SW 182?6

WELL LOG PLOT

Iw4
~mw! *b14n**tiMw
mu
Amumt
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mm
mull
m
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Omsmsn.thll

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wtumtlon In m HIoti9h ooro w a tunotlon ot *tlvo
xpwlnlonts.
oaphlmy pfwsurw dwlwd hom oantrltu~

i
PI@.7-cPlwmpwtwnpbtotttnlofl@lNtw.l6(flgtlt)andddwaetlB.wA
(Wntw), with M ovwt@y

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(w),

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mDIOMmw
TMcER-ARnoN

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coawr7M7iOM
O-mum
1
1
1
I

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1
~
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3m0-

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4.m4s4-

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ml

mm

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cas amSTul

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47
FIg-11-wammlua4-

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r
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ma AAA8T-V MNcn
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18276

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12442
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81.4.-%QJJ:

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-m

+
I

LL-L,7-JI

0
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..
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bwlm

PworWoo2L

PILorM
2A7UWAWOW
BJ MA2Tunn

LAVCX 8.WATR

2A7URAT40N
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Mt4UARY !M 14M

1 W4b
clam
Elcotb

014W

C120W
40%
L170U
I

m. 17-W91W UWMUWWlnthcfmclm

mml

Aq.N4?,Bllw7,l

mww

..

LMIRS.WATER

a
7
~s
s
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il
11

24

m,14-www4mwmion

MWt41MWWU14M.

{:

IN MATRIX

-..~.-

1]
1

---

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u 10*
o
u sow

. .. .
\

lnth4fm41w4am Jm. 1444!

WOOEL

R4.OT
SATURATION

..
1I
. +..

SS7@SiOIl12

20%

..

---1

R!14-

.-t..
ii

+-}-l

E3 40%
I

40%

IS
Mw5monlh401

!+#cu0n4huhol.