ARTICLE IN PRESS

Fire Safety Journal 44 (2009) 370–375

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Fire Safety Journal

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Performance of olive waste ash concrete exposed to elevated temperatures

Nabil M. Al-Akhras a,, Khaled M. Al-Akhras a, Mousa F. Attom b
a
Civil Engineering Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
b
Civil Engineering Department, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE

a r t i c l e in f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This study explores the influence of olive waste ash (OWA) on the performance of concrete exposed to
Received 18 March 2008 elevated temperatures in the range from 400 to 600 1C. The performance of concrete to elevated
Received in revised form temperature was evaluated using compressive strength and electrical charge of concrete. Three OWA
16 August 2008
levels were used in the study: 7%, 15%, and 22% by weight of cement. The other experimental parameters
Accepted 25 August 2008
investigated in the study were elevated temperature (400 and 600 1C), aggregate type (crushed basalt
Available online 18 October 2008
and volcanic tuff), w/c ratio (0.5 and 0.7), and air content (non-air and air entrained). After the initial
Keywords: moist curing period of 90 days, concrete specimens were exposed to elevated temperatures for a period
Olive waste ash of 2 h using an electric furnace.
Elevated temperatures
The study showed that the performance of OWA concrete to elevated temperatures is higher than
Concrete
that of the control concrete. Additionally, the performance of OWA concrete to elevated temperature
Compressive strength
Electrical charge increased when the OWA content was increased. The resistance of OWA concrete containing tuff
aggregate to elevated temperatures was observed higher compared to OWA concrete containing basalt
aggregate. The OWA concrete at w/c ratio of 0.5 was found to be more resistant to elevated temperatures
than that of OWA concrete at w/c ratio of 0.7. The performance of the air entrained OWA concrete to
elevated temperature was observed higher compared to the non-air entrained OWA concrete.
& 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction temperatures. The resistance of concrete incorporated ultra-fine

Exposing concrete structures to high temperatures (above
200 1C) from accidental fire or elevated temperatures from
industrial plants produce high internal tensile stresses that cause
cracking and damage of concrete structures. The compressive
strength of concrete decreases significantly upon exposing to
elevated temperatures. Therefore, the residual compressive
strength (RCS) is an important factor to assess the strength of
concrete after exposed to accidental fire. It is vital to have a high
RCS of concrete exposed to fire to preserve the integrity of the
whole concrete structure. Many features affect the performance of
concrete to elevated temperatures such as mix proportions, curing
period, aggregate type, and presence of supplementary cementing
materials.
The use of supplementary cementing materials such as silica
fume, fly ash, and blast-furnace slag in concrete mixtures had
been observed an efficient technique to improve the strength and
properties of concrete material. Many research studies are found
in the literature pertaining the influence of supplementary
cementing materials on the resistance of concrete to elevated
 Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: alakhras@just.edu.jo (N.M. Al-Akhras),
mattom@aus.edu (M.F. Attom).
cementing materials such as silica fume and metakaolin to
elevated temperatures were found lower compared to control
concrete [1–5].
The use of volcanic ash and fly ash in concrete mixes was
reported to enhance the performance of concrete to elevated
temperatures (especially below 500 1C) compared to control
concrete [6–11].
Many relatively new supplementary cementing materials such
as rice husk ash, wheat straw ash, and tire rubber ash were
utilized in concrete mixtures that increased the performance and
strength of concrete material [12–18].
Olive waste ash (OWA) is a new supplementary cementing
material that is acquired by incinerating huge amounts of olive
mill waste and collecting the resulting ash. The olive mill waste
materials are the materials that left after the olive oil had been
extracted from the olive fruits and contains olive pulp, husk, and
residual oil. However, no research studies are reported in the
literature concerning the effect of OWA on the resistance of
concrete to elevated temperatures.
The main objective of this study is to investigate the influence
of OWA on the performance of concrete to elevated temperatures
under different experimental parameters including: OWA content
(0%, 7%, 15%, and 22%), aggregate type (crushed basalt and
volcanic tuff), w/c ratio (0.5 and 0.7), and air entrainment (non-
air entrained and air entrained).

0379-7112/$ - see front matter & 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.08.006
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N.M. Al-Akhras et al. / Fire Safety Journal 44 (2009) 370–375 371

2. Experimental program

2.1. Materials

Ordinary portland cement was used in preparing the concrete

mixtures. The physical properties and chemical composition of
the cement are presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
Two types of aggregates (crushed basalt and volcanic tuff)
were used in the study. The physical properties of the coarse and
fine aggregates used are presented in Table 3.
OWA was obtained by incinerating large amounts (250 kg) of
olive mill waste in an oven at a temperature of about 800 1C for
8 h. The OWA (about 30 kg) that resulted from incinerating the
olive mill waste materials was collected from the oven and finely
ground for 3 h. Olive mill waste materials contain about 12% OWA.
The resulting OWA is finer than type I cement, contains 42% lime
and 25% amorphous silica, had gray color and Blaine fineness of
410 m2/kg. Fig. 1 shows a scanning electron micrograph of OWA
particles. Most particles of OWA are irregular in shape and some
particles are rounded. The physical properties and chemical
composition of the OWA are presented in Tables 1 and 2,
respectively.
The superplasticizer used (Daracem SP6) was based on
Fig. 1. Scanning electron micrographs of OWA particles.
sulfonate naphthalene formaldehyde and had a dark brown color,
solid content of 33%, and specific gravity of 1.22. The super-
plasticizer was incorporated in all concrete mixtures to obtain investigate the effect of air entrainment on the resistance of
workable concrete mixtures. OWA concrete to elevated temperatures.
An air entraining admixture (Darex AE3) was utilized in one
concrete mixture to obtain air entrained concrete and to 2.2. Mixtures details

Seven concrete mixtures were used to explore the influence of

OWA on the resistance of concrete to elevated temperatures.
Table 1 Details of the concrete mixtures are presented in Table 4.
Physical properties of the cement and OWA used in the study
Concrete mixtures 1, 2, 3, and 4 were designed using w/c ratio
Property Cement OWA
of 0.5, basalt aggregate and the OWA contents levels were 0%, 7%,
15%, and 21% by weight of cement, respectively. These concrete
Specific gravity 3.15 2.13 mixtures were used to investigate the effect of OWA on the
Blaine fineness (m2/kg) 330 410 resistance of OWA concrete to elevated temperatures.
Average particle size (mm) 12 10
Concrete mixture 5 was designed using w/c ratio of 0.5, tuff
Color Gray Gray
aggregate, and 15% OWA content. This concrete mixture was used
to investigate the effect of aggregate type on the resistance of
Table 2 OWA concrete to elevated temperatures.
Chemical composition of the cement and OWA used in the study Concrete mixture 6 was designed using w/c ratio of 0.7, basalt
aggregate, and 15% OWA content. This concrete mixture was used
Compound (%) Cement OWA
to investigate the effect of w/c ratio on the resistance of OWA
SiO2 20.5 25.3
concrete to elevated temperatures.
Al2O3 5.6 7.4 Concrete mixture 7 was designed as air entrained using basalt
Fe2O3 3.8 4.6 aggregate and 15% OWA content. An air entraining admixture was
MgO 2.1 3.2 incorporated in this concrete mixture to obtain air entrained
CaO 64.5 42.4
concrete and to investigate the effect of air entrainment on the
Na2O 0.2 0.45
K2O 0.2 3.3 resistance of OWA concrete to elevated temperatures.
SO3 2.1 3.7
Loss on ignition 0.8 9.5
2.3. Specimen preparation

Table 3 Two types of concrete specimens were used in the study:

Physical properties of the aggregates used in the study 10 cm cubes and 10  20 cm cylinders. The compressive strength
of concrete mixtures was measured using the cubic specimens.
Aggregate Dmax BSG Absorption FM (%) Unit
The electrical charge of concrete was measured using slices (5 cm
(mm) (%) weight
(kg/m3) in height  10 cm in diameter) cut from the cylindrical specimens
(20 cm in height  10 cm in diameter). Casting of concrete speci-
Basalt CA 12.5 2.55 2.2 – 1470 mens was conducted in three layers. Each layer was consolidated
Basalt FA 4.75 2.57 2.7 2.6 – using a vibrating table to decrease the entrapped air voids. After
Tuff CA 12.5 2.30 6.8 – 880
Tuff FA 4.75 2.20 8.1 2.5 –
vibrating the filled molds, the concrete surface was finished
smooth using a steel trowel and left in the casting room for 24 h.
FM: fineness modulus, Dmax: maximum aggregate size, BSG: bulk specific gravity. The concrete specimens were demolded, labeled as to the mixture
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372 N.M. Al-Akhras et al. / Fire Safety Journal 44 (2009) 370–375

Table 4
Proportions of concrete mixture (kg/m3) used in the study

Mix OWA (%) w/c Cement (kg) OWA (kg) W (kg) CA (kg) FA (kg) Aggregate SP (%) AE (%)

1 0 0.5 460 0 230 920 730 Basalt 1.2 –

2 7 0.5 428 32 230 920 730 Basalt 1.4 –
3 15 0.5 391 69 230 920 730 Basalt 1.5 –
4 22 0.5 359 101 230 920 730 Basalt 1.6 –
5 15 0.5 391 69 230 530 520 Tuff 1.5 –
6 15 0.7 280 49 230 920 730 Basalt 0.7 –
7 15 0.5 391 69 230 920 680 Basalt 0.7 0.8

SP: superplasticizer, AE: air entraining admixture, CA: coarse aggregate, FA: fine aggregate.
Dosages of SP and AE admixtures are reported as percent by weight of cement.

Table 5 800
Compressive strength (MPa) of the concrete mixtures used after 90 days of curing 400 C

Elevated Temperature (C)

Mixture 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
600 C
600
Compressive strength 34.7 34.1 33.6 33.2 24.3 23.5 31.7

Average of three specimens.

400

type and cured in a water tank for an initial moist curing period of
90 days. Three concrete specimens (cubes and cylinder slices) 200
were prepared and tested in the study for each test condition
to obtain average values. Table 5 shows the compressive
strength of the concrete mixtures used in the study after 90 days 0
of moist curing. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time (hour)
2.4. Test procedures
Fig. 2. A schematic diagram for the thermal treatment used in the study.

The concrete mixtures were mixed and prepared using a tilting

drum mixer of 0.04 m3 capacity according to ASTM C192-02. The
workability of concrete mixtures was measured using the slump
test according to ASTM C143-03. The workability of all concrete
mixtures was comparable with a slump values ranging from 5 to
10 cm. The air content of the fresh concrete was measured using
the pressure method according to the ASTM C231-04.
The compressive strength of concrete cubes was measured
using a universal testing machine at a stress rate of 0.4 N/mm2/s.
The RCS was calculated using the following equation:
selev
RCS ¼  100
s23
where selev is the compressive strength of concrete cubes (MPa)
exposed to elevated temperature of 400 and 600 1C, and s23 is
the compressive strength of concrete cubes (MPa) at ambient
temperature of 23 1C.
After the initial moist curing period of 90 days, concrete
specimens were removed from the water tank and left in the
laboratory air for one week. After which, concrete specimens were
exposed to thermal treatment at different elevated temperatures
of 400 and 600 1C using an electrical furnace. Fig. 2 shows a
schematic diagram for the thermal treatment of the concrete
specimens used in the study. The elevated temperatures used
were selected to simulate an actual concrete structures subjected
to accidental fire. The thermal treatment regime used consists
of a heating ramp of 4 h for the elevated temperature of 400 1C and
6 h for the elevated temperature of 600 1C at a heating rate of
1.67 1C/min, followed by a hold time at the specified temperature
(400 or 600 1C) for 2 h, followed by a cooling ramp of 8 h for the
elevated temperature 400 1C and 12 h for the elevated tempera-
ture of 600 1C at a cooling rate of 0.83 1C/min.
The rapid chloride permeability test was used in the study
to measure the electrical charge passed through concrete that
indicate indirectly the porosity of concrete. Concrete exposed to
elevated temperatures experience cracks and deterioration that
increase the porosity of concrete. Therefore, the electrical charge
passed through concrete is a good indication of the cracks and
deterioration of concrete exposed to elevated temperatures. The
rapid chloride permeability test was performed on cylindrical
slices (10 cm in diameter  5 cm in height) cut from cylindrical
specimens. The cylindrical slices were placed in the chloride
permeability test cell that has two faces. The first face of the
concrete specimen was saturated with sodium hydroxide and
the second face was saturated with sodium chloride. A potential
voltage of 60 V was applied through the concrete specimen and
the electrical charge passed was calculated from the product of
the current and the time (modified ASTM C 1202-05).
3. Results and discussion
3.1. OWA content
The study investigated the effect of three OWA contents (7%,
15%, and 22%) on the performance of concrete to elevated
temperatures. The effect of OWA content on the RCS of concrete
is shown in Fig. 3.
The RCS of OWA concrete decreased significantly with
increasing the elevated temperature. The OWA concrete exposed
to elevated temperatures showed cracks and deterioration that
increased with increasing the elevated temperature. The increase
of the damage of OWA concrete with increasing the exposed
elevated temperature is attributed to the following factors: (1) the
build up of vapor pressure due to the evaporation of the free,
adsorbed and, chemically bound water in the hydrated cement
paste matrix of the OWA concrete and (2) the degradations of the
CSH gel in the cement paste matrix of the OWA concrete.
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
Residual Compressive Strength (%) N.M. Al-Akhras et al. / Fire Safety Journal 44 (2009) 370–375
100
400 C
80
60
40
20
0 0
0 7 15
OWA Content (%)
Fig. 3. Effect of OWA content on the residual compressive strength of OWA
concrete exposed to elevated temperatures.
10000
400 C
Electrical Charge (Coulomb)
8000
6000
4000
2000
0 OWA concrete to elevated temperatures. The effect of aggregate
0 7 15
OWA Content (%)
Fig. 4. Effect of OWA content on the electrical charge passed through OWA
concrete exposed to elevated temperatures.
The performance of OWA concrete to elevated temperatures is
found more than that of control concrete. Additionally, the
performance of OWA concrete to elevated temperature increased
with increasing the OWA contents from 7% to 22%. The RCS
increased from 52% to 71% while increasing the OWA content from
0% to 22% for OWA concrete exposed to elevated temperature of
400 1C. However, for OWA concrete exposed to elevated tempera-
ture of 600 1C, the RCS increased from 23% to 43% when the OWA
replacement level was increased from 0% to 22%.
Fig. 4 shows the effect of OWA content on the electrical
charge passed through concrete exposed to elevated tempera-
tures. The electrical charge of OWA concrete increased signifi-
cantly (indicating more cracks and damage) when the elevated
temperature was increased. The electrical charge increased
significantly from 5400 to 8600 C for control concrete and from
1800 to 3400 C for the 22% OWA concrete exposed to 400 and
600 1C, respectively. The increase in the electrical charge of OWA
concrete with increasing exposed temperature is explained by the
increase of cracks and damage in concrete specimens exposed
to elevated temperature that increased the electrical charge of
OWA concrete.
The electrical charge passed through OWA concrete exposed
to elevated temperatures decreased (indicating less cracks and
damage) with increasing the OWA content from 7% to 22%. The
electrical charge of OWA concrete exposed to 400 1C decreased
from 5400 C for control concrete to 1800 C for the 22% OWA
concrete. However, the electrical charge of OWA concrete exposed
373
100
Residual Compressive Strength (%)
600 C Basalt Tuff
80
60
40
20
22 0% at 400 C 15% at 400 C 0% at 600 C 15% at 600 C
Percent OWA at Exposed Temperature
Fig. 5. Effect of aggregate type on the residual compressive strength of plain and
OWA concrete exposed to elevated temperatures.
to 600 1C decreased from 8600 C for control concrete to 3400 C for
600 C the 22% OWA concrete.
The increase in the performance of OWA concrete to
elevated temperatures with increasing the OWA replace-
ment level is attributed to the pozzolanic effect and filler action
of OWA that increased the resistance of OWA to elevated
temperatures.
3.2. Aggregate type
The study investigated the effect of two aggregate types
(crushed basalt and volcanic tuff) on the performance of plain and
22 type on the RCS of concrete exposed to elevated temperatures is
shown in Fig. 5.
The plain and OWA concrete with tuff aggregate showed higher
performance to elevated temperature than the OWA concrete with
basalt aggregate. The RCS of plain and OWA concrete including
tuff aggregate increased significantly compared to plain and OWA
concrete including basalt aggregate. The RCS of plain concrete
exposed to 400 1C increased from 52% for plain concrete contain-
ing tuff aggregate to 63% for plain concrete containing basalt
aggregate. However, the RCS of OWA concrete exposed to 400 1C
increased from 64% for OWA concrete containing tuff aggregate to
83% for OWA concrete containing basalt aggregate. The effect of
aggregate type on the RCS of concrete exposed to elevated
temperatures is more pronounced for OWA concrete than that
for plain concrete.
Fig. 6 shows the effect of aggregate type on the electrical
charge passed through plain and OWA concrete exposed to
elevated temperatures. The plain and OWA concrete containing
tuff aggregate showed lower electrical charge (representing
higher performance to elevated temperatures) than that of plain
and OWA concrete containing basalt aggregate. The electrical
charge decreased significantly for plain and OWA concrete
with tuff aggregate compared to plain and OWA concrete
with basalt aggregate. The percent decrease in the electrical
charge was 20% and 22% for plain concrete exposed to elevated
temperature of 400 and 600 1C, respectively. Meanwhile, the
electrical charge showed higher decrease for OWA concrete
with tuff aggregate compared to OWA concrete with basalt
aggregate. The percent decrease in the electrical charge was 45%
and 43% for OWA concrete exposed to elevated temperature
of 400 and 600 1C, respectively. The effect of aggregate type
on the electrical charge of concrete exposed to elevated tempe-
ratures is more pronounced for OWA concrete than that for
plain concrete.
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374 N.M. Al-Akhras et al. / Fire Safety Journal 44 (2009) 370–375

10000 10000
Basalt Tuff w/c = 0.5
Electrical Charge (Coulomb)

Electrical Charge (Coulomb)

w/c = 0.7
8000 8000

6000 6000

4000 4000

2000 2000

0 0
0% at 400 C 15% at 400 C 0% at 600 C 15% at 600 C 400 600
Percent OWA at Exposed Temperature Exposed Temperature (C)

Fig. 6. Effect of aggregate type on the electrical charge passed through plain and Fig. 8. Effect of w/c ratio on the electrical charge passed through OWA concrete
OWA concrete exposed to elevated temperatures. exposed to elevated temperatures.

Residual Compressive Strength (%)

Residual Compressive Strength (%)

100 100
w/c = 0.5 Non-Air Entrained
80 w/c = 0.7 80 Air Entrained

60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0
400 600 400 600
Exposed Temperature (C) Exposed Temperature (C)

Fig. 7. Effect of w/c ratio on the residual compressive strength of OWA concrete Fig. 9. Effect of air content on the residual compressive strength of OWA concrete
exposed to elevated temperatures. exposed to elevated temperatures.

The increase in the performance of OWA concrete including
tuff aggregate to elevated temperatures compared to OWA
concrete including basalt aggregate is attributed to the low unit
weight and specific gravity of the tuff aggregate compared to that
of the basalt aggregate. Therefore, the porosity of the tuff
aggregate is higher than that of basalt aggregate. Upon exposing
concrete including tuff aggregate to elevated temperatures, the
vapor pressure built up will escape to the pores of the tuff
aggregate and relieving the pressure induced in the concrete.
3.3. Water to cement ratio
The study investigated the effect of two w/c ratios (0.5 and 0.7)
on the resistance of OWA concrete to elevated temperatures. The
effect of w/c ratio on the RCS of OWA concrete exposed to elevated
temperatures is shown in Fig. 7.
The OWA concrete at w/c ratio of 0.5 showed higher
performance to elevated temperature than that of OWA concrete
at w/c ratio of 0.7. The RCS of OWA concrete exposed to elevated
temperatures at w/c ratio of 0.5 increased significantly compared
to OWA concrete at w/c ratio of 0.7. The RCS of OWA concrete
exposed to 600 1C decreased from 36% for OWA concrete at w/c
ratio of 0.5–19% for OWA concrete at w/c ratio of 0.7.
Fig. 8 shows the effect of w/c ratio on the electrical charge
passed through OWA concrete exposed to elevated temperatures.
The OWA concrete at w/c ratio of 0.5 showed lower electrical
charge (indicating more resistance at elevated temperatures) than
that of OWA concrete at w/c ratio of 0.7. The electrical charge
decreased significantly for OWA concrete at w/c ratio of 0.5
compared to OWA concrete at w/c ratio of 0.7. The percent
decrease in the electrical charge was 58% and 52% for OWA
concrete exposed to elevated temperature of 400, and 600 1C,
respectively.
The increase in the performance of OWA concrete exposed
to elevated temperatures at w/c ratio of 0.5 compared to the
OWA concrete at w/c ratio of 0.7 is explained that the OWA
concrete at w/c ratio of 0.7 had large capillary pores that filled
with water compared to OWA concrete at w/c ratio of 0.5. Thus,
the vapor pressure induced in the OWA concrete at w/c ratio of 0.7
was increased significantly compared to OWA concrete at w/c
ratio of 0.5.
3.4. Air entrainment
The study investigated the effect of two air contents (non-air
entrained and air entrained) on the resistance of OWA concrete to
elevated temperatures. The effect of air content on the RCS of OWA
concrete exposed to elevated temperatures is shown in Fig. 9.
The air entrained OWA concrete showed higher performance to
elevated temperature than the non-air entrained OWA concrete.
The RCS of the air entrained OWA concrete increased significantly
compared to the non-air entrained OWA concrete. The RCS of OWA
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
N.M. Al-Akhras et al. / Fire Safety Journal 44 (2009) 370–375
10000
Non-Air Entrained
Electrical Charge (Coulomb)
Air Entrained
8000
6000
4000
2000
0 to elevated temperatures increased while the OWA content
400 600
Exposed Temperature (C)
Fig. 10. Effect of air content on the electrical charge passed through OWA concrete
exposed to elevated temperatures.
concrete exposed to 400 1C increased from 64% for the non-air
entrained OWA concrete to 78% for the air entrained OWA
concrete.
Fig. 10 shows the effect of air entrainment on the electrical
charge passed through OWA concrete exposed to elevated
temperatures. The air entrained OWA concrete exposed to
elevated temperatures showed lower electrical charge (indicating
less sensitivity to elevated temperatures) than the non-air
entrained OWA concrete. The electrical charge of the air entrained
OWA concrete decreased significantly compared to the non-air
entrained OWA concrete. The percent decrease in the electrical
charge was 43% and 47% for OWA concrete exposed to elevated
temperatures of 400 and 600 1C, respectively.
The result of increasing the performance of the air entrained
OWA concrete to elevated temperatures compared to the non-air
entrained OWA concrete maybe explained that the entrained air
bubbles located in the hydrated cement paste matrix of the air
entrained OWA concrete may reduced and relieved the vapor
pressure resulting from the evaporation of the chemical and
bound water at elevated temperature.
Additionally, it is worth mentioning that there is a major
difference between the large capillary pores present in
high w/c ratio of 0.7 that filled with water compared to the air
entrained pores due to an air entraining agent that are not
filled with water. The capillary pores of high w/c ratio that are
filled with water will cause a detrimental effect on the
performance of concrete to elevated temperatures. However,
the air entrained pores that are not filled with water will relieve
and reduce the pressure built up in concrete exposed to elevated
temperatures.
4. Summary and conclusions
This study explores the results for the effect of OWA on the
performance of concrete exposed to elevated temperatures in the
range from 400 to 600 1C. The results of the study showed that
incorporating OWA in concrete mixtures reduced the cracks and
deterioration of concrete exposed to elevated temperatures. The
test results obtained from this study show that the current design
methods of concrete mixtures exposed to accidental fire may be
375
improved by inclusion of OWA into the concrete mixtures. Earlier
studies have shown that the utilization of fly ash and volcanic ash
improved the resistance of concrete exposed to elevated tem-
peratures. Nevertheless, the incorporation of other supplementary
cementing materials such as silica fume and metakaolin reduced
the resistance of concrete exposed to elevated temperatures.
Based on the outcomes obtained from this study, the following
conclusions may be drawn:
1. The performance of OWA concrete exposed to elevated
temperatures was observed to be better compared to control
concrete. Moreover, the performance of OWA concrete exposed
was increased from 7% to 22%.
2. The plain and OWA concrete containing tuff aggregate showed
higher performance to elevated temperatures than that of
plain and OWA concrete containing basalt aggregate.
3. The performance of OWA concrete exposed to elevated
temperatures at w/c ratio of 0.5 was observed to be better
compared to OWA concrete at w/c ratio of 0.7.
4. The performance of the air entrained OWA concrete to elevated
temperatures was observed to be better compared to the non-
air entrained OWA concrete.
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