Effects of High-Temperature Exposure on the Mechanical Properties

of Plain, Optimal Waste Ceramic and Hybrid Fiber Concrete

Hadee Mohammed Najm Al-Jubouri ¹*, Shakeel Ahmad²
¹ Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Civil engineering, Aligarh Muslim University (A.M.U.),

Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh (India) gk4071@myamu.ac.in

² Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University (A.M.U.),

Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh (India), shakeel60in@yahoo.co.in

*Corresponding Author

Abstract: The high temperatures affect the concrete's physical and chemical properties and influence its
mechanical properties. So, this study aims to find a new way to improve the heat resistance of concrete at
extreme temperatures in structural members at a low cost. In this paper, the effects of elevated temperatures on
the lost weight, colour change, Compressive Strength (CS) and tensile strength (TS) behavior of plain
concrete(PC), waste ceramic optimal concrete (WOC), and Hybrid fiber reinforced waste ceramic optimal
concrete (Hybrid-WOC) are presented. WOC and hybrid-WOC is a new concrete material proposed by the
authors. WOC was prepared with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC 43 grade), Natural Coarse Aggregates
(NCA), Natural fine aggregate (NFA), and ceramic waste tiles with 20% replacements for coarse aggregates
10% replacements for fine aggregates, and 10% replacement for cement. In contrast, Hybrid-WOC is prepared
with the addition of hybrid fiber (1% crimped steel fiber and 1% Polevenal alcohol fiber) in WOC. At a water-
cement ratio of 0.5, Waste ceramic optimal hybrid concrete (WOC-Hybrid) performs better heat resistance than
plain (PC) and WOC concrete. The specimens were exposed to temperatures of 100°C–300°C, and then the
specimen was tested for compressive and tensile strength. The effect of temp on colour and weight change was
also observed. PC and WOC concrete exhibited a reduction of 36.01%, 34.25%, respectively, in compressive
strength after exposure to 300°C, while hybrid fiber concrete showed reductions of 19.51%. PC and WOC
concrete exhibited a decrease of 35.91%, 30.6%, respectively, in tensile strength after exposure to 300°C, while
hybrid fiber concrete showed reductions of 17.1%. Results indicated that WOC and WOC-Hybrid concrete have
better heat resistance than PC concrete.
Keywords: waste ceramic optimal concrete, elevated temperature, hybrid Concrete, polyvinyl alcohol fiber,
crimped steel fiber
1. Introduction

Concrete resistance to elevated temperatures is nowadays an essential global concern. This requires efforts to
achieve heat-resistant concrete at minimal costs using readily available materials. A promising source of cheap
materials is the growing amount of waste produced that has hitherto escaped proper management due to over
urbanization, rapid industrialization, and economic development on a global scale [1]. Usually, these waste materials
contain toxic chemicals that are harmful to the environment and humans. On the other hand, traditional waste
management practices commonly employed generally increase environmental contamination [2]. Hence, methods for
optimal use of waste materials are sought to solve the increasing amount of waste dumped into the natural environment.
One such method is the use of materials with specific properties in concrete, which will reduce the price of concrete

1
and improve its properties [3, 4]. Exposure of conventional concrete to heat, especially high temperatures, causes
substantial reductions in its strength or even total degradation [5]. The presence of ordinary cement and limestone rocks
in concrete and the release of certain gases from concrete exposed to elevated temperatures cause concrete cracking,
thereby reducing strength. However, the major reason for giving rise to this process is limestone [6, 7]. Ordinary rocks
consist primarily of lime. Normal lime (CaCO3) loses its carbon to turn into quicklime (CaO) that is strongly
hydrophilic. It absorbs a lot of water to increase its volume upon contact with water or air humidity. This increased
volume causes cracks in rocks, which ultimately causes concrete to collapse [8]. As a remedy to such use of limestone
concrete mixes, previous studies employed different waste materials such as ceramic wastes to improve its heat
resistance [9]. Ceramic is a material used both for wall façade and mostly for flooring due to its high strength against
pressure, cold shocks, high temperatures, and humidity [10]. It is, therefore, suitable for enhancing concrete properties
as well [11–13].
Moreover, there is a great deal of ceramic waste available due to its mass production and high building
consumption. Concrete mixes containing ceramic waste have been shown to exhibit improved Flexural and tensile
strength as well as enhanced torsion [48]. Moreover, ceramics ameliorate concrete resistance to chemical and heat
attacks while decreasing concrete water absorption [15].
To combat the adverse environmental effects of waste ceramics, recent studies have focused on using chopped
ceramic wastes of varying sizes as whole or partial replacements for concrete aggregates of various dimensions [16–
18]. In other studies, powdered ceramic waste was partially replaced for Portland cement as a pozzolanic material [19,
20]. Overall, studies indicate the feasibility of using ceramic waste in concrete, although with some differences in
concrete properties.
One reason for concrete damage at elevated temperatures is thermal stress concentration due to heterogeneous heat
distribution in concrete. Researchers used metallic and non-metallic fiber in concrete exposed to high temperatures to
counteract this effect; for example, Gao, d., Zhao, l., & yang, s. [21] study the effect of PP fibers in dosage 0.5, 1, 1.5,
and 2% (by volume) on tensile strength behavior under elevated temperatures 100ºC, 450ºC, and 650°C. Gao C, Yang
D, Yu J, Wang L, Li P [22] studies the effect of PP fibers in dosage 0.5% (by volume) on tensile and compressive
fibers' reinforced concrete under elevated temperatures 200ºC and 400°C. The presence of steel fiber in concrete
reportedly improved concrete behavior at elevated temperatures. Poon, C. S., Azhar, S., Anson, M., & Wong, Y. L.
[24] used steel fibers in high-performance concrete to observe highly improved concrete energy absorption
compressive strength. Aslani, F., & Samali, B. [23] study the effect of steel fiber in dosage 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% (by
volume) on compressive and tensile strength High-performance concrete at high-temperature 300ºC, 500ºC, and 800°C.
Aydn, S., Yazc, H., & Baradan, B. [25] study the effect of adding PP and steel fiber in dosage 1%( by volume) on
compressive strength of normal and high-performance concrete under elevated temperatures 200ºC,400ºC, 600ºC, and
800°C.
As mentioned, the present study aims to find a new way to improve concrete heat resistance at elevated
temperatures with low costs. Considering the advantageous properties of ceramics and fibers, the simultaneous use of
these two concrete materials reduces costs and environmental pollution. It improves the mechanical properties of
concrete exposed to high temperatures.
The presence of limestone in concrete is a considerable factor affecting the collapse of ordinary concrete structures
exposed to high temperatures, especially over time. Therefore, such damage to concrete may be prevented to a great
extent if waste ceramic materials are replaced with natural material (aggregate and cement). Also, hybrid fibers (PVA-

2
CR) may be used to prevent concrete cracking to a large extent, increase its thermal conductivity, and eventually reduce
internal stresses in concrete.
Therefore, in the present study, the authors propose two new types of concrete WOC and Hybrid-WOC. This new
generation of concrete has been coined based on the following considerations: 1) PVA + Crimped steel fiber is used to
improve the performances of concrete both before exposure (compressive, tensile, flexural, and torsion strength) and
after exposure (compressive and tensile strength) to elevated temperatures. 2) The inclusion of ceramic waste material
is mainly for the consideration of environmental protection and because of ceramic tiles having lower thermal
conductivity and better fire resistance after exposure to high temperatures. 3) The beneficial interaction exists between
hybrid fiber (PVA+CR) and ceramic, as mentioned above. Improved resistance to elevated temperatures makes Hybrid-
WOC concrete useful in fire-resistant structures.
The authors have conducted several tests to investigate the behavior of the proposed WOC and Hybrid-WOC. This
paper presents the study on the effects of ceramic material (ceramic powder, fine and coarse ceramic aggregate) and
Hybrid fiber (PVA and CR fibers) on the weight loss, colour change, compressive and tensile strength behaviors of
WOC and Hybrid-WOC subjected to elevated temperatures. From the test results presented in this paper, a preliminary
understanding of the compressive and tensile failure mechanism of WOC and Hybrid-WOC concrete after exposure to
elevated temperatures can be achieved. This study thus provides a basis for further research on WOC and Hybrid-WOC
concrete and its potential applications.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Research significance is briefly introduced in section 2. In section 3,
experimental work is described in detail which include description of materials used, preparation of specimens &
Concrete Mix Design. In section 4 illustrated the TEST PROCEDURES of all specimen. In section 5 results and
discussion of the experimental results are analyzed and discussed as Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Concrete
Weight & colour Changes, Concrete Compressive & tensile Strength lastly Behaviour of New Generation Concrete
(WOC-Hybrid Fibers) under elevated temperatures. Finally, conclusions are given in section 6.
2. Research Significance
As mentioned, this study aims to find a new way to improve concrete heat resistance at elevated temperatures with
low costs. Considering the advantageous properties of ceramics and fibers, the simultaneous use of these two concrete
materials reduces concrete-making costs and environmental pollution. It improves the mechanical properties of
concrete exposed to high temperatures.
The presence of limestone in concrete is the factor with the most significant effect on the collapse of ordinary
concrete structures exposed to high temperatures, especially over time. Therefore, such damage to concrete may be
prevented to a great extent if waste ceramic materials are replaced with natural material (aggregate and cement). Also,
hybrid fibers (PVA-CR) may be used to prevent concrete cracking to a large extent, increase its thermal conductivity,
and eventually reduce internal stresses in concrete.

3. Experimental Work

3.1 Description of Materials Used

In the experimental work, locally available materials like ceramic waste powder, coarse ceramic aggregate, and fine
ceramic aggregate have been used to replace cement (OPC 43 grade), natural sand, and natural coarse aggregate,
respectively (Fig. 1). Waste ceramic floor tiles were collected from ceramic stores at Aligarh, which were cleaned and
freed from dust then crushed by hammer into different sizes: 20mm and 10mm (waste ceramic aggregate- AWC);

3
4.75mm (waste ceramic sand- SWC), and; 75μm (waste ceramic cement- CWC) which shown below in Fig. 2. The various
properties as shown in Table 1. Types of fiber- reinforcements have been used, namely Crimped Steel Fiber (CR) and
Polyvinyl Alcohol Fiber (PVA) which are shown in Fig 3, where its properties are shown in Table 2.

Table 1 Properties of used material

Physical Properties Cement –
NCA Sand CWC AWC SWC
OPC
Normal Consistency (%) 30 - - 8 - -
Specific Gravity
3.6 2.55 .6 2 2.35 2.26
Initial setting time
42minute - - 54 minute - -
Final setting time
600minute - - 680 minute - -
7 days compressive strength 21.1MPa - - 37 - -
Finesse modules
1.4 6.99 .65 34.1 6.98 2.2
Maximum Size
- 0.02m - 75µm 0.02m -
Density (kg/m³)
3015 618 319 2570 1325 218
Water Absorption (%) - 0.25 0.6 - 4.5 2.52
Crushing value (%)
- 2.86 - - 4.33 -
Impact Value (%)
- 20 - - 24.2 -

NCA: Natural Coarse AWC: Waste Ceramic SWC: Waste Ceramic Sand CWC: Waste Ceramic
Aggregate Aggregate Cement
Table 2 Properties of Used Fibers

Fiber type CR PVA

Surface Plane -
Cross-section Circular -
Anchorage Continuous Straight
Length (mm) 50 mm 12mm
Diameter (mm) 1.14mm 0.04
Aspect ratio 44 300
Density (g/cm3) 7.85 1.3
Tensile strength 1242 1560
Elastic modulus (GPa) 200 41

4
 (a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig 1 (a) Commercial cement (b) River sand (c) Natural Coarse Aggregates (NCA)-10mm (d) Natural Coarse
Aggregates (NCA)-20mm

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig 2 (a) Waste Ceramic Cement (CWC)-75µm (b) Waste Ceramic Sand (SWC)-4.75mm (c) Waste Ceramic
Aggregate (AWC)-10mm (d) Waste Ceramic Aggregate (AWC)-20mm

(a) (b)
Fig 3 metallic and non-metallic fiber: (a) Crimped Steel fiber (CR) (60mm) (b) Polyvinyl Alcohol fiber (PVA)
(12 mm)

3.2 Preparation of Specimens

Overall, 21 cylindrical specimens, each 150 mm in diameter and 300 mm in height in three groups, were casted
for testing under elevated temperatures as shown in Fig 4, whereas groups are shown in Table 3.
For the present study's purposes, 21 cylindrical specimens, each 150 mm in diameter and 300 mm in height, were
cast in three Groups, as shown in Table 3.
First Group: on the basis of test methods in accordance with IS 10262 guidelines [26], Plain Concrete (PC) were
prepared with natural aggregate (coarse and fine), ordinary Portland cement (OPC 43 grade) with a 0.5 water-cement
ratio to be heated in a furnace at 100°C, 200°C, and 300°C.
Second Group: On the basis of experimental results [48], Waste Ceramic Optimal Concrete (WOC) was obtained
by replacing natural coarse aggregate with 20% ceramic aggregate, fine natural aggregate with 10% ceramic sand, and

5
43 grade OPC with 10% ceramic powder to be tested at 100°C, 200°C,300°C.
Third Group: on the basis of experimental results [50], Hybrid-WOC was obtained by adding 1%-PVA fiber and
1%-CR-Steel fiber with Waste Ceramic Optimal Concrete (WOC) to be heated in a furnace at 100°C, 200°C, and
300°C. Designations for various types of concrete are shown in Table 6.

Fig 4 prepare specimens

Table 3 description of Group testing of total 21 test specimens
Purpose of casting
Group Samples CS (Cylinder) TS (Cylinder)
N. Size (mm) N. Size (mm)
Group 1 Plain Concrete (PC) 3 150*300 4 150 * 300
Group 2 Waste Ceramic Optimal Concrete 3 150*300 4 150 * 300
(WOC)
Group 3 Hybrid –WOC concrete 3 150*300 4 150 300
3.3 Concrete Mix Design
The concrete mix for the control specimens containing conventional aggregates and Portland cement was
designed for compressive strength of 25MPa. The water/cement ratio (0.5), water quantity (190 kg/m3) were same for
all the concrete mixes. However, they differed in their cement and aggregate (coarse and fine) content because either
waste ceramic was used in them as partial replacements for cement, coarse and fine aggregates. The quantities of
ceramics material, natural material and fibers used are reported in Table 4. AWC, SWC, CWC represent ceramic coarse
aggregate, ceramic fine aggregate and ceramic powder weight per cubic meter of concrete. The mix proportions per
cube meter for different types of concrete are shown in Table 4.

6
 Table 4 mix proportion

Mix Ingredients (kg/m3)

Material PC WOC Hybrid-WOC
Water 190 190 190
OPC (43 grad ) 380 342 342
CWC - 38 38
NCA 1118 894 894
AWC - 224 224
Sand 609 548 548
SWC - 61 61
Weight Proportion fiber (by volume of concrete)
PVA-1% - - 13
CR-1% - - 78

4. TEST PROCEDURES
The most common method to elevate concrete fire resistance is by heating the furnace's specimens for 28 days. In
the current study, the specimens were heated in normal conditions at a high temperature. The high-temperature electric
furnace (Fig 5) was fabricated to test concrete specimens at an elevated temperature of 1150 °C. The inner size of the
furnace is (1000 * 760 * 510 mm). The refractory coating was applied to all six sides of the furnace, with the heating
elements attached to the left and right sides and the furnace's top.
The 21 cylinders with 150 × 300 mm (diameter × height) were casted to determine weight loss, colour changes, the
compressive and tensile strength of PC, WOC, and Hybrid-WOC concrete. After 24 hours, these specimens were
demoulded and cured for 28 days. The specimens have been prepared for testing at a single heating-cooling cycle from
ambient temperature to an elevated temperature ranging from 100°C to 300°C at an interval of 100ºC after the
submerged curing process. Automatically after heating up to the target temperature (100°C, 200°C, and 300°C) at an
average rate of 5°C / min, (ramp rate 1–2 h), the temperatures were on hold for 1 hour and then it was automatically
closed down which is shown in fig 5(b), after the cooling process stander ramp downtime 20 h. The alterations in the
concrete specimens' physical characteristics have been observed, such as color and weight loss. The compressive and
tensile strength of all cylindrical specimens were observed at ambient temperatures and elevated temperatures after
testing the specimens under the testing machine.

7
 (a) (b)
Fig 5 (a) High-Temperature furnace (b) single heating cooling cycle curve

5. Results and Discussions

5.1 Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Concrete Weight Changes
The weight loss ratios of different concrete mixes after exposure to elevated temperatures are shown in chart 1. It
is obvious from chart 1 that weight loss increases with the increase of target temperature for all the concrete mixes.
Maximum weight loss is obtained in WOC-Hybrid at 300ºC.
First Group: the average weight loss ratios of PC concrete are 0.39%, 2.22%, and 5.81% at the temperatures of
100ºC, 200ºC, and 300ºC respectively. Thus, most of the weight loss of PC concrete occurs during the temperature
range of 25ºC to 200°C. It should be noted that concrete includes capillary water, physically absorbed water (Gel
water) and chemically bound water in calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) [34], among
which capillary water and physically absorbed water take up a large proportion of cement paste weight and can be
driven out of concrete by evaporation when the ambient temperature is 200°C or above [35]. On the other hand,
chemically bound water is part of cement hydrate compounds and is often called non-evaporable water. It cannot be
released from cement paste until the C-S-H chemical decomposition occurs at a higher temperature. Similar PC
concrete behavior under elevated temperature has been reported by Guo, Y. C., Zhang, J. H., Chen, G. M., & Xie, Z. H.
[36].
Second group: As shown in chart 1, the weight loss in WOC specimens at 100ºC,200ºC, and 300°C is higher than
PC specimens. The higher lost weight in specimens containing ceramic material is mainly due to the fact that ceramic
materials (aggregate fine and coarse) have high water absorption than natural aggregate, so the specimens lost weight
due to the evaporation of water vapor and gases like carbon dioxide as a result of heating. The average weight loss
ratios of WOC concrete are 0.47%, 2.43%, and 6.24% at temperatures of 100ºC, 200ºC, and 300ºC, respectively.
Similar concrete behavior with ceramic materials (aggregate only) under elevated temperature has been reported by
Keshavarz, Z., & Mostofinejad, D. [37].
Third Group: It should be noted that the weight loss ratio of WOC-Hybrid mix is considerably larger than that of
WOC mix; this is partially due to the fact that concrete with Hybrid fibers (Crimped Steel fiber + PVA fiber) contains

8
more water than the WOC concrete, due to higher water absorption. Furthermore, PVA fibers melt at approximately
170ºC, contributing to the concrete's weight loss with fibers. The weight loss above 200°C is mainly due to the
decomposition of C-S-H at about 300°C-400°C. Similar fiber reinforced concrete behavior under elevated temperature
has been reported by Janotka, I., & Nürnbergerová, T. [38].
Chart 1 shows the effect of hybrid fiber content on weight loss under different elevated temperatures. WOC-
Hybrid concrete's average weight loss ratios are 1.18%, 3.55%, and 6.79% at temperatures of 100°C, 200°C, and
300°C, respectively. A possible explanation is that at higher temperatures, the contribution of the melting of PVA fibers
to the total weight loss is significantly less than the contribution of water evaporation and decomposition of concrete
materials. Fig. 6 show PC, WOC, and Hybrid Specimens weight after exposure to 100°C, 200°C, and 300°C.

8.00

6.79
6.24
7.00 5.81
6.00
Weight Loss Ratio %

5.00

3.55
4.00
2.43
2.22

3.00

1.18
2.00
0.47
0.39

1.00
0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Chart 1 Weight loss in PC, WOC and WOC-Hybrid specimens heated at different temperatures

PC-H-100°C WOC-H-100°C WOC-Hybrid-H-100°C

9
 PC-H-200°C WOC-H-200°C WOC-Hybrid-H-200°C

PC-H-300°C WOC-H-300°C WOC-Hybrid-H-300°C

Fig 6 PC, WOC and Hybrid Specimens weight after exposed to 100°C, 200°C, and 300°C.

5.2. Effect of Elevated Temperatures On Concrete Colour Changes

The damage assessment of concrete after heating usually begins with observing the mechanical properties of the
concrete, colour changes, and concrete surface cracking. At 100° C temperatures, the specimens' appearance and
colour were the same as those at ambient temperature, having light grey colour. At 200°C temperatures, the specimens
have been grey in colour. At 300 C temperatures, specimen turned to a yellowish grey colour. The colour change is
mainly because of chemical and physical changes in fine aggregates and cement. In cement, the process of dehydration
and lime formation results in white colour. The fine aggregate of river sand has a considerable mineral iron quantity,
which develops to red colour during heating. Because of the combination of white cement colour and reddish fine
aggregates colour, a light peach colour is formed to concrete during heating. The same results have been observed by
Guo, Y. C., Zhang, J. H., Chen, G. M., & Xie, Z. H. [36].
Also, Guo, Y. C., Zhang, J. H., Chen, G. M., & Xie, Z. H. [36] concluded that "the gradual change of the colour,
which results basically from the gradual removal of water and the dehydration of the cement paste, can be observed.
Colour changes may also happen as a result of aggregate transformations. The colour change of the specimens is
associated with the chemical and physical changes experienced by the concrete materials after exposure to high
temperatures".

10
 Short, N. R., Purkiss, J. A., & Guise, S. E. [41] also observed that the concrete specimen's surface area had a
maximum depth for the yellowish-grey colour of 30 mm and disappeared at more than 45 mm. This transition of colour
changes was measured when the temperature was less than 300°C. It is also observed that little change has been
observed in the colour of coarse aggregates because aggregates are themselves a product of high temperature and
pressure conditions. Fig 7 shows the images of four concrete surfaces 25ºC, 100ºC, 200ºC, and 300°C.

PC-UH WOC-UH Hybrid-WOC-UH

PC-H-100°C WOC-H-100°C WOC-Hybrid-H-100°C

PC-H-200°C WOC-H-200°C WOC-Hybrid-H-200°C

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 PC-H-300°C WOC-H-300°C WOC-Hybrid-H-300°C

Fig 7 PC, WOC and Hybrid Specimens colour after exposed to, 100°C, 200°C and 300 °C

5.3.Effect of Elevated Temperatures On Concrete Compressive Strength

In chart 4, the average values of compressive strength tested on the cylinder’s specimens are presented. The
compressive strength of unheated concrete samples is close to each other and oscillated around 25MPa (values from
24.64, 27.99 to 28.8 MPa for WOC, PC, and WOC-Hybrid, respectively).
At ordinary temperature (25°C), ceramics material can increase the compressive strength up to 39.82% for10%-
ceramic powder replacement with OPC (43 Grade). This result illustrates that ceramic powder performed better than
cement in increasing the concrete compressive strength since ceramic has higher strength than cement (7 days’
compressive strength of OPC=21.1MPa, 7 days’ compressive strength of CWC=37MPa [48].
Hybrid fibers (PVA-CR) are found to be capable of improving the compressive strength of concrete, especially
when fiber distribution is uniform in concrete. Using waste ceramic optimal concrete (WOC) with hybrid fibers
effectively increased the compressive strength up to 16.87% [50].
The results obtained from the compressive strength tests at higher temperatures are plotted in chart 2.
First Group: the CS decrement for PC concrete under 100ºC,200ºC and 300°C is 11.61%, 18.19% and 36.01%
respectively. Chang has confirmed this performance, Y. F., Chen, Y. H., Sheu, M. S., & Yao, G. C. [39], where they
studied concrete compressive strength after exposure high temperatures. Based on the comparison between literature
and the present study, it was observed that the decreases in CS of PC under elevated temperature(200°C) were 17%
[39]. In contrast, CS decrement in the present study is 18.19%. The results validated the past results.
Second Group: the CS decrement for WOC concrete under 100ºC,200ºC and 300°C is 8.48%, 16.72% and
34.25% respectively. Up to a temperature of 200°C, the mixtures with a ceramic material (WOC) show a smaller
reduction in the compressive strength compared to the reference mixture (see chart2). Netinger I., Kesegic, I., & Guljas,
I. have reported similar behavior on the addition of waste ceramic tiles in concrete under elevated temperature, I.,
Kesegic, I., & Guljas, I. [8]; based on the comparison between previous studies and the present study, it is observed that
the decrement in CS under elevated temperature (200°C) in specimens containing ceramic aggregate was only 4.43%
[8] whereas, in specimens containing ceramic powder and ceramic aggregate (fine and coarse) is 8.48% (WOC). This
concludes that decrement in CS of specimens containing ceramic aggregate is less than decrement in CS of specimens
containing both ingredients (aggregate + cement).

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 Third Group: hybrid concrete shows good performance under elevated temperature compared to reference
concrete, where the reduction in CS for Hybrid-WOC concrete is 7.15%, 14.55%, and 19.51%, respectively.
According to Netinger, I., Kesegic, I., & Guljas, I. [8], concrete with ceramic tiles has lower thermal conductivity
than concrete with natural aggregates explains the better fire resistance of such mixtures in this research. In addition,
the strength–temperature relationships for strength tests can be characterized by two stages: the minor strength loss
stage and the permanent strength loss stage. The temperature range for each of these groups depends on the type of
concrete, which implies that the first Group of this investigation was noticed in the mixture with the ceramic material
(WOC) and Hybrid-WOC and perhaps could also have been observed in other mixtures if smaller increments in the
temperature range had been applied. Keshavarz, Z., & Mostofinejad, D., [37] concluded that “The decrease in
compressive strength has been depended on concrete materials such that the greater the heat resistance of the materials
lower this reduction.”
Hager, I., [40] concluded that the following two stages characterize the compressive strength-temperature
relationships of concrete: Minor strength-loss stage, which begins from room temperature to approximately 100°C for
all types of concrete, Permanent strength-loss stage, which begins from approximately 200°C for both PC and WOC
concrete.
As already mentioned, before testing, the specimens will be dried for 24 hours in order to dry completely due to the
risk of explosion at high temperatures as a result of the extra water present in them. Thus, to gain a better understanding
of the effect of high temperatures on the compressive strength of specimen, the values obtained for their strength at
100°C, 200°C, and 300°C were compared with that recorded at 25°C as shown in chart 2. Fig 8 shows PC, WOC, and
WOC-Hybrid cylinders under compressive strength machine at failure after exposure to elevated temperatures 100°C,
200°C, and 300°C.
36.01

40.00
34.25

35.00

30.00
CS decreses Ratio %

25.00
19.51
18.19

16.72

20.00
14.55
11.61

15.00
8.48

7.15

10.00

5.00
0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Chart 2 the decreases ratio of compressive strength of PC, WOC and Hybrid specimens after exposure
to elevated temperature w.r.t to samples strength at 25ºC.

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 PC-H-100°C WOC-H-100°C WOC-Hybrid-H-100°C

PC-H-200°C WOC-H-200°C WOC-Hybrid-H-300°C

PC-H-300°C WOC-H-300°C WOC-Hybrid-H-300°C

Fig 8 PC, WOC and WOC-Hybrid cylinder under compressive strength machine at failure after
exposure to elevated temperatures 100°C, 200°C and 300°C

14
5.4.Effect of Elevated Temperatures On Concrete Tensile Strength
Very little attention has been paid to concrete behavior in tension, either direct or indirect (bending or
splitting). The studies in this area are limited. Furthermore, another reason to investigate concrete tensile strength was
most of the TS results found in the literature were obtained for high-performance concrete.
Chart 3 shows that the tensile strength decreases with an increase in temperature. Chang, Y. F., Chen, Y. H.,
Sheu, M. S., & Yao, G. C. [39] concluded that the reduction in tensile strength is seen for the same heat treatment
greater than that in the compressive strength.
At ordinary temperature (25°C), hybrid fiber (PVA-CR) was found capable of improving the tensile strength
(TS) of concrete, especially when well distributed in concrete. Using waste ceramic optimal concrete (WOC) together
with hybrid fibers (PVA+CR) was shown to be effective in increasing the TS up to 85.44% [50].
First Group: the TS decrement for PC concrete under 200ºC and 300°C is 19.21%, 35.91%, respectively. The
decrement in TS may be due to reducing cohesive forces with water expulsion at this temperature. The reduction may
also be due to shrinkage caused by free water evaporation and chemically bound water in cement paste, weakening the
bond between aggregate-cement pastes. Chang, Y. F. Chen, Y. H., Sheu, M. S., & Yao, G. C. [39] have reported more
or less similar PC tensile strength behavior under elevated temperatures. Based on the comparison between previous
studies and the present study, it is observed that the decrease in TS of PC concrete under an elevated temperature of
200°C was 20% [39], and the reduction in TS in the present study is 19.21%. The previous results are validated.
Second Group: The WOC specimens behave better than PC specimens with the increasing temperature
where the TS decrement for WOC concrete at 200ºC and 300°C was 14.18%, 30.6%, respectively. For tensile strength
(chart 3), the mixture with ceramic material was more fire-resistant than the reference mixture over the whole
temperature range. The concrete with ceramic tiles has lower thermal conductivity than concrete with natural
aggregates, which might explain such mixtures' better fire resistance in this research.
Third Group: hybrid concrete shows good performance under elevated temperature compared to WOC,
where the reduction in TS for Hybrid-WOC concrete under 200ºC,300°C is 10.26% and 17.10 %, respectively. Present
tests confirm that hybrid fibers' addition can improve the residual mechanical properties of concrete at high
temperatures when tensile strength is considered. Such improvements could be attributed to the fact that the mix for
two types of fibers like metallic and non-metallic, contributes toward resisting normal and elevated temperatures. Fig 9
have shown PC, WOC, and WOC-Hybrid cylinders tested under tensile strength machine, at failure after exposure to
elevated temperatures 100°C, 200°C, and 300°C.

15
 35.91
40

30.60
35

TS Decreases Ratio % 30

25

19.21

17.10
20

14.18

10.26
15

10

0.00

0.00
0

Chart 3 the decreases ratio of Tensile strength of PC, WOC and Hybrid specimens at elevated
temperatures to samples strength at 25ºC.

PC-H-200°C WOC-H-200°C WOC-Hybrid-200°C

PC-H-200°C WOC-H-200°C WOC-Hybrid-200°C

16
 PC-H-300°C WOC-H-300°C WOC-Hybrid-300°C

PC-H-300°C WOC-H-300°C WOC-Hybrid-300°C

Fig 9 PC, WOC and WOC-Hybrid cylinder under tensile strength machine at failure after exposure to
elevated temperatures 100°C, 200°C and 300°C

5.5 Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Behaviour of New Generation Concrete (WOC-

Hybrid Fibers)
According to Netinger, I., Kesegic, I., & Guljas, I., [8], concrete with ceramic tiles has lower thermal conductivity
than concrete with natural aggregates, which might explain WOC mixtures' better fire resistance in this research. In
addition to using ceramic material to improve the heat resistance, using hybrid fibers (metallic and non-metallic)
together with ceramic concrete shows very high resistance under elevated temperatures (below 400°C). So, the
simultaneous use of these two materials in concrete seems to reduce concrete making costs, environmental pollution
and improve the mechanical properties of concrete exposed to high temperatures.
The addition of non-metallic fibers (PP or PVA) generally has no significant influence on the improvement of
residual compressive strength of concrete after heating to high temperature. However, such improvement is clearly
visible to a certain extent when residual flexural strength and residual splitting tensile strength are considered. That is,
particularly at a temperature below 400°C. Non-metallic fibers (PP or PVA) can increase concrete resistance to
cracking, improving its behavior under tension. However, the melting and ignition points of non-metallic fiber (PP or
PVA) are around 150°C and 400°C, respectively. That is why the improvement of residual flexural and residual
splitting tensile strengths of fiber reinforced concrete reduces when the temperature is above 400°C due to melting up
fibers at such high temperature leaving the pores acting at a disadvantage for concrete under tension [42].
However, also due to the melting and ignition of non-metallic fibers, which are randomly distributed in concrete,
at a relatively low temperature, the pores formed to expand to form microcracks, connecting the existing capillary pores

17
to provide channels for water vapour to escape. Consequently, it is found that the non-metallic fibers reinforced
concrete has much better resistance to thermal spalling compared to the concrete without fiber [43].
An optimum dosage of non-metallic fibers (PVA or PP) around 0.5%-1% by the mix's volume is recommended for
concrete to obtain high-temperature resistance. It is found that the resistance of fiber reinforced concrete to high-
temperature increases with the increase of the length of the fiber [44].
On the other side, the addition of metallic fibers (HK or CR) can generally improve the residual mechanical
properties of concrete at high temperatures when compressive strength, flexural strength, and splitting tensile strength
are considered. Such improvements could be attributed to the fact that the testing temperatures are not high enough to
allow steel fiber to be melted. Its ductility could effectively contribute to concrete resisting the failure under tension
during the whole test period. Furthermore, metallic fiber has higher thermal conductivity than normal concrete
materials (aggregate and cement). Consequently, heat can transmit more uniformly in the concrete reinforced with
metallic fibers to reduce the cracks caused by a thermal gradient in concrete, improving concrete performance under
compression and tension [45]. Due to the reduced thermal gradient, the steel fiber reinforced concrete shows resistance
to thermal spalling [46]. However, the resistance to spalling provided by metallic fiber is weaker than that provided by
non-metallic fiber, indicating that water vapour is the primary reason to cause spalling of concrete at high temperature
[47].
Table 5 Average Compressive, Tensile Strength for Various Mixes
S No. Name CS TS

MPa MPa
1 PC-UH 27.99 3.69
Reference
2 PC-H-100°C 25.12 -
(-11.16%)
3 PC-H-200°C 20.91 3.00
(-18.19%) (-19.21%)
4 PC-H-300°C 19.17 2.38
(-36.01%) (35.91%)
5 WOC-UH 24.64 2.68
Reference
6 WOC-H-100°C 22.2 -
(-8.48%)
7 WOC-H-200°C 19.42 2.30
(-16.72%) (14.18%)
8 WOC-H-300°C 17.91 1.86
(-34.25%) (30.06%)
9 Hybrid-WOC-UH 28.80 4.97
Reference
10 WOC-Hybrid-H-100°C 27.00 -
(-7.15%)
11 WOC-Hybrid-H-200°C 25.45 4.46
(-14.55%) (-10.26%)
WOC-Hybrid-H-300°C 22.5 4.12
(-19.51%) (-17.10%)
+ : increment - : decrement

* The values in brackets indicate the relative increase or decrease in strength as compared to the original strength
before heating.

18
 Table 6 The Total Used Symbols in The Present Study
Symbols Nomenclature
25PC M25 Plain Concrete
25PC-UH M25 Un Heated Plain Concrete
25PC-H-100°C M25- Heated Plain Concrete Under Temperature 100°C
25PC-H-200°C M25 -Heated Plain Concrete Under Temperature 200°C
25PC-H-300°C M25- Heated Plain Concrete Under Temperature 300°C
25WOC M25 Waste Ceramic Optimal Concrete
25WOC-UH M25 Un Heated Waste Ceramic Optimal Concrete
25WOC-H-100°C M25 Heated Waste Ceramic Optimal Concrete Under Temperature 100ºc
25WOC-H-200°C M25 Heated Waste Ceramic Optimal Concrete Under Temperature 200ºc
25WOC-H-300°C M25 Heated Waste Ceramic Optimal Concrete Under Temperature 300ºc
25WOC-Hybrid-UH M25 Waste Ceramic Optimal Hybrid Fiber Concrete
25WOC-Hybrid-H-100°C M25 Heated Waste Ceramic Optimal Hybrid Fiber Concrete Under Temperature 100ºc
25WOC-Hybrid-H-200°C M25 Heated Waste Ceramic Optimal Hybrid Fiber Concrete Under Temperature 200ºc

25WOC-Hybrid-H-300°C M25 Heated Waste Ceramic Optimal Hybrid Fiber Concrete Under Temperature 300ºc

35.00
28.80
27.99

27.00
30.00
25.45
25.12

24.64

22.50
22.20
20.91

25.00
19.42
19.17

17.91

20.00
CS MPa

15.00

10.00

5.00

0.00

Chart 4 Average compressive strength (CS) for varying mixes with respect to the reference concrete
model

19
 6.00

4.97

4.46
5.00

4.12
3.69
4.00

3.00
TS MPA

2.68
3.00

2.38

2.30

1.86
2.00

1.00

0.00

Chart 5 Average split tensile strength (TS) for varying mixes with respect to the reference concrete
model
6. Conclusions
The present study investigated the possibility of increasing heat resistance of concrete exposed to high
temperatures by generating a new concrete proposed by the authors (WOC + WOC-Hybrid concrete). The following
conclusions can be drawn from the test results, analysis and discussions presented in this paper:
 The compressive strength of concrete containing natural material (PC) decreased by up to 11.61%, 18.91% and
36.01% when exposed to a temperatures of 100°C, 200°C and 300°C. In comparison, this reduction is about 8.48%,
16.72% and 34.25% in the specimens containing waste ceramic material (WOC). Thus, it may be concluded that
ceramic material contributes to the heat resistance of concrete compared with natural material because concrete with
ceramic tiles has lower thermal conductivity than concrete with natural aggregates.
 Hybrid Fibers (PVA-CR) were found to have a good effect on concrete’s compressive strength at elevated
temperatures as it increases the transport properties of heated material. Compressive strength reductions in specimens
containing hybrid fiber are about 7.15%, 14.55%, and 19.51% when exposed to temperatures of 100°C, 200°C and
300°C, respectively.
 The tensile strength of concrete containing natural material (PC) decreased up to 19.21 and 35.91% when exposed to
a temperature of 200°C and 300°C. In comparison, this reduction is about 14.18% and 30.60% in the specimens
containing waste ceramic material (WOC).
 Hybrid Fibers (PVA-CR) are found to affect concrete tensile strength at elevated temperatures positively. This is
because heat transmit more uniformly in the concrete reinforced with hybrid fibers and reduce the cracks caused by a
thermal gradient in concrete, improving concrete performance under tensile strength tests. Tensile strength reductions
in specimens containing hybrid fiber are about 10.26%, 17.10% when exposed to temperatures of 200°C and 300°C,
respectively.

20
 The strength–temperature relationships for strength tests have two stages: the minor strength loss stage and the
permanent strength loss stage. The temperature range for each of these groups depends on the type of concrete, which
implies that the first Group of this investigation was noticed in the mixture with the ceramic material only, and
ceramic material with hybrid fibers and also observed in other mixtures if smaller increments in the temperature
range are applied.
 The weight of the concrete specimens reduced significantly as the temperature increases. Weight loss due to heat is
observed to depend on the water content of concrete at elevated temperatures, showing the impact of concrete’s water
absorption capacity on weight loss. Max lost weight in WOC-Hybrid fibers reinforced concrete.
 The mixture of WOC lost weight at a higher rate than the PC mixture; this is mainly due to the fact that ceramic
materials have high water absorption than natural aggregate, so the specimens lost weight due to the evaporation of
water vapor and gases like carbon dioxide as a result of heating.
 The mixture of WOC-Hybrid lost weight at a higher rate than the WOC mixture, and this is partially due to the fact
that concrete with Hybrid fibers (Crimped Steel fiber + PVA fiber) contains more water than the WOC concrete, due
to higher water absorption. Furthermore, PVA fibers melt at approximately 170ºC, contributing to the concrete's
weight loss (with fibers).
 The colour change is mainly because of chemical and physical changes in fine aggregates and cement. At 100ºC the
appearance and colour of specimens were the same as those at ambient temperature (light grey), and at 200ºC the
specimens have been grey colour, while at 300°C specimens turned to yellowish-grey colour.
 Among all the tested, the new generation concrete (WOC and WOC-Hybrid concrete) offered the best performance
at high temperatures in term of compressive and tensile strengths.
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