Adventist Adventurer Awards/Fruits of the Spirit

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Fruits of the Spirit
Helping Hand

Contents

 1Choose a “Fruit of the Spirit” from Galatians 5:22-23

o 1.1KNOWN BY OUR FRUITS
 2Find a Bible verse that goes with your “Fruit of the Spirit”.
 3Find in the bible a story depicting your chosen “Fruit of the Spirit”. Role-play the story.
 4Draw a picture depicting your chosen “Fruit of the Spirit” in action.
 5Learn a song or make-up a song depicting your chosen “Fruit of the Spirit.”.
 6Tell a story about when you displayed or acted out your chosen “Fruit of the Spirit” without being told to
do it..
 7Make a craft that represents or helps you to understand the meaning of your chosen “Fruit of the Spirit.”
 8External Resources

Choose a “Fruit of the Spirit” from Galatians 5:22-23[edit]

The fruits are: love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, faithfulness, gentleness and self-control. N.I.V.
You might use this Objective Lesson to show the difference between a good fruit and a bad
fruit Known By Our Fruits
KNOWN BY OUR FRUITS[edit]
What would you rather eat a rotten banana or one that is nice and ripe?
Materials:

 One rotten banana

 One good banana
What you will do during class:
You will show the children the bad banana first and get their reaction. Then you will display the good
banana and get a different reaction. This Object Talk will help the children know the difference
between producing good fruit and bad fruit in their daily walk with Christ.
What you will say:
As you show everyone the bad rotten banana ask, "Who would like to eat this banana? Why would
you choose not to eat it? How can you tell this banana will not taste very good?" Then show
everyone the good banana and ask, "Now who would like to eat this banana? Why would you
choose to eat it? How can you tell this banana will taste good? Our lives are like one of these two
pieces of fruit. People will know who we are by the type of fruit we produce. Matthew 7:20 say 'Thus
by their fruit you will recognize them'. What kind of fruit do you want to produce? Will the fruit of your
life be good, like this good banana, or not so good, like this rotten banana?"
Find a Bible verse that goes with your “Fruit of the Spirit”.[edit]
Matthew 7:20 (NIV)

Thus, by their fruit you will recognize them.

Find in the bible a story depicting your chosen “Fruit of the

Spirit”. Role-play the story.[edit]
Draw a picture depicting your chosen “Fruit of the Spirit” in
action.[edit]
Learn a song or make-up a song depicting your chosen “Fruit of
the Spirit.”.[edit]
 I love this song about The Fruit of the Spirit
 Music for piano The Fruit of the Spirit
FRUIT OF THE SPIRIT
Brentwood Kids
The Fruit of the Spirit's not a coconut,
The Fruit of the Spirit's not an coconut.
If you want to be a coconut, you might as well hear it,
You can't be a Fruit of the Spirit.
Cause the fruit is:
The Fruit is Love, Joy, Peace, Patience, Kindness, Goodness, Faithfulness, Gentleness and Self
Control.
* Sing additional verses with these fruits:
Banana
Watermelon
Cherry
Strawberry
Grape

Tell a story about when you displayed or acted out your chosen
“Fruit of the Spirit” without being told to do it..[edit]
Make a craft that represents or helps you to understand the
meaning of your chosen “Fruit of the Spirit.”[edit]
Children can make their own basket of fruit complete with labeled fruits of the spirit. This is printable
from ChristianPreschoolPrintables
Fruit of the Spirit Basket
Have children color and cut out the different fruits and help them to glue them to the basket. You can
use brown construction paper to make baskets instead if you like.

External Resources[edit]
New International Version Bible Gateway
Fruit of the Spirit Danielle's Place
Fruit of the Spirit Lapbook Lapbook Lessons
 Adventist Adventurer Awards/Friend of Nature
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Friend of Nature
Sunbeam

Contents

 1Take a nature walk and discover items of interest.

 2List the names of three different trees and do a bark rubbing of each.
 3Collect four different kinds of leaves and compare.
 4Go on a critter hunt. Explore (or observe with a magnifying glass) all the things you can see in a 10
square foot area.
 5Explore a yard or park and talk about what you see.
 6Visit one of the following
 7Write a thank-you note to the people who took you to the place you visited in requirement #6
 8Explain
o 8.1How to become a friend of nature
o 8.2How to pick a flower when it is allowed
o 8.3How to protect trees, nests, etc.
 9External Resources

Take a nature walk and discover items of interest.[edit]

 Show or tell what you found.
 Make these items into a collage or poster.

List the names of three different trees and do a bark rubbing of

each.[edit]
Teaching Idea: Bark Rubbing
Materials: pieces of copy paper, large “chunky” crayons, trees
Procedure: Take a few sheets of paper and y crayons (big chunky crayons work best) to the woods
or your local park, and get creative. Encourage each child to choose an interesting tree – big, old,
knobbly ones are perfect. They might need a grown-up or friend to help them keep the paper still
while they make their rubbings, Find other trees and layer up different colours and patterns.
Note: A naturalist may help you with identification. MANY local parks (in USA and Canada) have
paved or graveled trails set up with tree identification plaques and trail guides which would be very
helpful for this activity.
 

WalnutTree

Pine Tree

Orange Tree

Collect four different kinds of leaves and compare.[edit]

Teaching Idea: Box Collection
Materials: Shoe box or other box with a lid for each child
Procedure: Go on a nature walk (great Family Networking event option!) and collect things to put in
the box. Make observations as they are placed carefully in the box. Having someone along who
know about nature is helpful! NOTE: As requirement one states, be sure you are walking in an area
where collection is allowed. Some nature centers offer “touch boxes” for temporary use or on a
guided trail. These would also fulfill the requirement yet be friendly to the environment.

Cilantro Leaves
 

Oak Leaves

Maple Leaf

Cedar Needles

Go on a critter hunt. Explore (or observe with a magnifying glass)

all the things you can see in a 10 square foot area.[edit]
Critters are another name for animals of various kinds. in a 10 foot (3 meter) area, you are likely to
discover a lot of bugs and worms. If the children are lucky a bird might cross above the group or a
reptile might scurry by.
Find the area: wooded or edge of woods area work best. Be aware of plants that are poisonous to
the touch (Poison Ivy, Oak in the USA for example) when setting up the 3 meter / 10 foot areas.

Explore a yard or park and talk about what you see.[edit]

Visit one of the following[edit]

 zoo
 park
 wildlife area
Write a thank-you note to the people who took you to the place
you visited in requirement #6[edit]

Explain[edit]
How to become a friend of nature[edit]
Discover, connect, act, protect, & give.
A HUGE part of this friendship in the 21st century is decreasing our "pollution footprint." There are a
lot of online kids activities available
online search: "kids activity pollutants demonstration 2nd grade"
Water Pollution Activity / Demonstration link
How to pick a flower when it is allowed[edit]
Pick at stem, not flower and always ask permission.
How to protect trees, nests, etc.[edit]
Trees-If freezing weather wrap up, give water in hot climates, place barriers if animals might destroy.
Nests-Don’t move them; don’t tell people who might destroy them. Don’t go too close.

External Resources[edit]
Make Friends with Nature - http://www.greenhearted.org
 Adventist Youth Honors Answer
Book/Vocational/Electricity
< Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book | Vocational
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Electricity
Skill Level 1

Vocational
eneral Conference Year of Introduction: 1929

The Electricity Honor is a component of the Technician Master Award .

Contents

1. Explain and illustrate an experiment by which the laws of

electrical attraction and repulsion are shown.[edit]
This simple experiment can be performed with nothing more exotic than a roll of plastic, transparent
tape - the kind usually found on a desk. Remove two 12" strips of tape from the roll and hold them by
the end, one in each hand. Removing the tape from the roll will charge the strips with static
electricity.
Now bring the two strips of together. They will repel one another. Next, fold the top of one strip over
itself, creating a half-inch long "non-sticky" zone. Then attach the two strips, with the folded strip's
sticky side to the other strip's non-sticky side. Pull them apart by holding onto the non-sticky zone.
Now the two strips will be attracted to one another.

2. Explain the difference between direct and alternating current,

and demonstrate the uses to which each is adapted. Give a
method of determining which kind flows in a given circuit.[edit]
Electricity in a direct current (DC) circuit flows in only one direction. In an alternating current (AC)
circuit, the direction of current flow reverses at a regular rate. Similarly, the voltage in a DC circuit
remains constant, while it continuously varies in an AC circuit.
Batteries are capable of storing DC voltage only - they cannot store AC voltage. Most electronic
circuitry runs on DC, and electronic appliances that run on AC power usually convert it to DC before
it can be used. The advantage AC has over DC is that it can be transmitted over long distances with
less loss than a DC circuit providing an equivalent amount of power.
AC circuitry produces a constantly varying magnetic field, and a constantly varying magnetic field will
induce a current in an adjacent conductor. The induced current can be measured with a current
meter. DC circuitry will only induce a current when a sudden change in the circuit takes place, such
as powering it on. The induced current will "spike" briefly and then decay to zero.
3. Connect a buzzer, bell, or light with a battery using a switch in
line.[edit]

The circuit above shows how to connect a battery, switch, and light. The light can be replaced with
the bell or buzzer.

4. Make and run a simple electric motor from a kit or take apart a
motor and identify the parts, and explain how it works.[edit]
There are several low cost motor kits available on the market. Here are links to a few:

 ISP Corporation
 MiniLabs
 American Science and Surplus
It is far more economical to bring in a single motor rather than have each student buy a kit. Small
motors can be bought at most hobby stores, and each student can take turns disassembling it.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:
The classic DC motor has a rotating armature in the form of an electromagnet with two poles. A
rotary switch called a commutator reverses the direction of the electric current twice every cycle, to
flow through the armature so that the poles of the electromagnet push and pull against the
permanent magnets on the outside of the motor. As the poles of the armature electromagnet pass
the poles of the permanent magnets, the commutator reverses the polarity of the armature
electromagnet. During that instant of switching polarity, inertia keeps the classical motor going in the
proper direction. (See the diagrams below.)
A simple DC electric motor. When the
coil is powered, a magnetic field is
generated around the armature. The left
side of the armature is pushed away
from the left magnet and drawn toward
the right, causing rotation.
The armature continues to rotate. When the armature becomes
horizontally aligned, the commutator
reverses the direction of current through
the coil, reversing the magnetic field.
The process then repeats.

5. Make a simple battery cell.[edit]

A battery can be made by placing a galvanized (zinc-plated) nail and a copper wire in a small
container filled with vinegar. Do not let the zinc and copper terminals touch one another. They can
be held apart by punching small holes in the container's lid and inserting them through these holes.
A film canister works pretty well for this, but so will a paper or foam cup covered with plastic wrap (or
just put the two conductors on opposite sides of the container). As long as the two conductors can
both be immersed in the vinegar without touching one another, a voltage should develop between
them.
It might help to brighten the nail and the copper with sandpaper or emory cloth first. A cell
constructed like this will generate about 0.8 volts. The copper wire will be the positive terminal
(anode) and the zinc plated nail will be the negative terminal (cathode).
Connect multiple cells in series to form a battery and boost the voltage. When doing this, be sure to
connect the positive terminal (copper) of one cell to the negative terminal (zinc) of the other.
Connect multiple cells in parallel to boost the current capacity (necessary to light up a bulb). To do
this, connect all the nails together with one wire and connect all the copper terminals together with
another wire.

6. Demonstrate the ability to replace fuses or reset breakers and

demonstrate a National Electric Code (NEC) approved splice
using insulated wires.[edit]
There are many types of fuses. Some of them have threaded bases and can be removed by rotating
them counter-clockwise. Others have to be pried out of their holders. Always remember that
household current is dangerous, so it is best to cut the power first. This requirement can also be met
by changing the fuse in an automobile or appliance (unplug first!).
A breaker is a current-sensing switch. Circuits can be turned off by flipping the switch away from the
center of the breaker panel, and turned back on again by flipping the switch towards the center of
the breaker panel. When a breaker senses that the current flowing through it exceeds its rated
threshold, the switch opens by itself, moving the toggle between the off position and the on position.
The breaker is said to have "tripped" when this happens. Before a tripped breaker can be reset, it
must first be turned fully to the off position, and then it can be returned to the on position. If the
breaker trips again, the circuit is still overloaded. If this is the case, turn off some of the appliances in
the circuit before attempting to reset the breaker again.

7. Show how you would rescue a person in contact with a live

electric wire, and have a knowledge of the method of reviving a
person insensible from shock.[edit]
First, do not touch the person! Instead, turn off the power as quickly as possible. If you cannot find
the switch, use a non-conducting pole such as a wooden broom handle, a non-metallic chair, a shoe,
or some similar object and move the wire off the person. Be sure to move the wire far enough away
so that it will not reconnect with the victim when released. Be careful to not touch the wire with any
part of your body.
Once the victim has been disconnected from the current, call 911. If the victim is not breathing, start
CPR. If the victim is breathing, but unconscious, maneuver the body onto its side to prevent the
victim's tongue from blocking the air passage.

8. Make a simple diagram of a lighting system of an

automobile.[edit]
Simplified automobile lighting system diagram

9. Make a diagram that properly shows the lights, switches, and

convenience outlets controlled by each breaker in a house.[edit]

Typical House Circuit

The schematic above shows a typical circuit in a household. The circuit as shown is protected by a
fuse (although a breaker would be applicable as well), and has three loads:

1. A light controlled by a single switch

2. An unswitched outlet
3. A light controlled by two switches
More outlets and switches can be added to the circuit, but note that they will all be connected in
parallel. All circuits will connect to the black "'hot'" wire and to the white "'neutral'" wire.
A typical house will have about two dozen breakers, and it is rare for a circuit to have more than
about eight outlets or lights. Having too many lights or outlets on a single circuit will cause the
breaker to trip or the fuse to blow, so several circuits are run in a house.

10. Read an electric meter correctly, and compute a residence bill

at the rate charged in your community.[edit]
Electric meters measure electricity in kilowatt hours. One kilowatt hour (kWh) will provide 1000 watts
for one hour. Electric companies typically charge a flat rate per kilowatt hour, and this rate can be
found on an electric bill. Some electric companies charge varying rates depending on when the
electricity is used, charging a lesser rate when electrical demand is lower (such as during the night).
For this requirement it is a lot easier to assume a flat rate, but even then utility companies do not
always make it easy. For example, they may break the rate down into several components and they
may add flat fees as well. If this is the case for you, simply add all the component rates together to
get an aggregate rate. The component rates can be very small values - fractions of a penny.
To calculate the rate, one must first read the meter. The meter is not reset when it's read, so one
must know what the meter read during the previous billing cycle. The current reading is subtracted
from the previous reading, and the difference is multiplied by the rate.

The meter pictured above shows 60169.1 kilowatt hours (not 60279.1 - the dials have not yet
reached the 2 or the 7 yet). To calculate an electric bill assume the following:
Previous month's reading: 59023.6 kWh
Aggregate rate: 11.274 cents per kWh
Flat fees: $20
The bill would be calculated as follows:

Note that this is rounded to the nearest cent.

About the Author[edit]

 Jim Thomas earned his Bachelors of Science in Electrical Engineering Technology (BSEET) at
Murray State University in 1985, and earned his Masters of Science in Electrical Engineering
(MSEE) at Virginia Polytechnic Institute in 1995. He has worked in the computer/electronics industry
since 1985, designing computer hardware and writing software for embedded digital signal
processing applications.
Jim is a Master Guide and serves as the director of the Central New Hampshire Flames Pathfinder
Club in Concord, NH, where he also serves as a local church elder. He and his wife Virginia have
two sons and a daughter.
A die-hard do-it-yourselfer, his hobbies include Pathfindering (of course!), woodworking, whitewater
paddling, fooling around with computers, and wild flower identification. Jim blogs regularly
at Wordpress, sometimes about this Wikibook.

Categories:
 Book:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Technician Master Award
 Book:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Honors
 Book:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book
 Book:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Skill Level 1
 Book:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Honors Introduced in 1929
 Book:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Vocational
 Book:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/General Conference
 Book:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors
 Adventist Youth Honors Answer
Book/Vocational/Radio Electronics
< Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book | Vocational

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Radio Electronics

Skill Level 2
Vocational
eneral Conference
Year of Introduction: 1938

The Radio Electronics Honor is a component of the Technician Master Award .

Contents

1. Identify at least 20 symbols used in electronics.[edit]

2. Identify the value of resistors by the color code[edit]
From Wikipedia
The value of a resistor is marked on the device itself by using bands of colors.

band A is first significant figure of resistance value in ohms

band B is the second significant figure
band C is the decimal multiplier
band D if present, indicates tolerance of value in percent (no color means 20%)
Resistors manufactured for military use may also include a fifth band which indicates component
failure rate (reliability); refer to MIL-STD-199 for further details.
The Standard EIA Color Code Table per EIA-RS-279 is as follows:

Color 1st band 2nd band 3rd band (Multiplier) 4th band (Tolerance) Temp. Coefficient

Black 0 0 ×100

Brown 1 1 ×101 ±1% (F) 100 ppm

Red 2 2 ×102 ±2% (G) 50 ppm

Orange 3 3 ×103 15 ppm

Yellow 4 4 ×104 25 ppm

Green 5 5 ×105 ±0.5% (D)

Blue 6 6 ×106 ±0.25% (C)

Violet 7 7 ×107 ±0.1% (B)

Gray 8 8 ×108 ±0.05% (A)

White 9 9 ×109

Gold ×0.1 ±5% (J)

Silver ×0.01 ±10% (K)

None ±20% (M)

A useful mnemonic for remembering the first ten color codes is

"Better Be Right Or Your Great Big Venture Goes West", where the first letter matches the first letter
of the color code, by order of increasing magnitude.
Resistors are measured in ohms, so yellow violet red brown means 4,700 ohms, 1% tolerance.

3. Demonstrate proper soldering techniques[edit]

Soldering is a way of semi-permanently connecting electronic components together or to a circuit
board. It involves heating the solder to its melting point and letting it re-solidify on the components
themselves. The heating is done with a soldering iron.
Begin by turning on the soldering iron and waiting until it is hot enough to melt solder. You can test
this by touching some solder to the tip of the iron. Clean the tip of the soldering iron by wiping it on a
wet sponge. This may be repeated often when soldering a lot of joints.
The connection should also be bright and clean before attempting to solder them. They are often
clean enough and require no attention, but if you have difficulty getting the solder to stick, clean
them with some solder flux.
Place the tip of the iron on the components you wish to connect and heat them both. Do this while
simultaneously touching the solder to the components - do not touch the solder to the iron. The goal
is to heat the components to the point where they are able to melt the solder themselves. Otherwise
you will end up with a "cold" solder joint which will fail sometime in the future.
If soldering wires, twist them together first. Although solder has a small amount of mechanical
strength, it is not sufficient to withstand very much stress. Therefore, it should not be relied upon for
anything other than making an electrical connection. If the joint is stressed, it can easily fail.
And always remember - solder is HOT, as are freshly soldered electronic components. Failure to be
careful may result in a nasty burn.

4. Explain the use and operation of various important

components in electronics such as resistors, variable capacitors,
fixed capacitors, coils, transistors, integrated circuits, diodes, and
transformers.[edit]
Resistor[edit]
The function of a resistor is to limit the current in a circuit. Resistors can also be combined into
"voltage divider" circuits by placing them in series.
Fixed Capacitor[edit]
A fixed capacitor can be used to hold a charge. They are often used to smooth noise out of power
supply circuits by placing them in parallel with the power supply. A capacitor cannot pass DC if it is
placed in series. This is because the impedance of a capacitor varies with the frequency, and at zero
Hertz (DC), its impedance is infinite. Large capacitors have less impendence at a given frequency
than a small capacitor, and because of this, capacitors can be used in "frequency selective circuits"
such as filters.
The value of a capacitor is measured in farads, or more commonly, in microfarads. A microfarad is a
millionth of a farad. Large capacitors have tens or hundreds of microfarads. Smaller capacitors are
measured in picofarads (a picofarad is a millionth of a microfarad, or a trillionth of a farad). The
microfarad is often abbreviated as μF (sometimes uF) and picofarads are often abbreviated as pF.
Variable Capacitor[edit]
A variable capacitor can be used in a frequency selective circuit where the user has control over the
selected frequency. An example of this would be in a radio or television tuner.
Coil[edit]
A coil is also known as an inductor. The impedance through a coil is also frequency dependent, but
in the opposite way as in a capacitor. At DC, an inductor has nearly zero impedance, and the
impedance increases with higher frequencies. Inductors are often used in conjunction with
capacitors in frequency selective applications. They are also often used for filtering out noise from
power supplies. Since a power supply is supposed to provide a constant voltage (0 Hertz), an
inductor can be placed in series between the supply and the load. The inductor will absorb the
higher frequencies so that the load does not see them.
Inductors are measured in henries, which is abbreviated as H.
Transistor[edit]
A transistor has two basic applications - it can be used as a switch and it can be used as an
amplifier.
There are two basic types of transistors, bipolar and field effect.
A bipolar transistor has three terminals: the base, the collector, and the emitter. Current flowing from
the base to the emitter controls the amount that can flow from the collector to the emitter. If no
current flows from the base to the emitter, no current can flow from the collector to the emitter. This
is how a bipolar transistor can be used as a switch.
There are two types of bipolar transistors: NPN and PNP. In an NPN bipolar transistor, the current
flowing from the collector to the emitter is proportional to the current flowing from the base to the
emitter. A small signal can be amplified by injecting it into the base of the transistor. In this case, the
current from the collector to the emitter is an amplified version of the current flowing from the base to
the emitter.
A PNP bipolar transistor works the same way as an NPN except that the direction of current flow is
reversed - that is, it flows from the emitter to the base, and from the emitter to the collector. In the
case of a PNP transistor, it helps to think about "pulling" current out of the base rather than
"injecting" it into the base.
A field effect transistor is similar to a bipolar transistor. There are two types of field effect transistors
(FETs): N-channel, and P-channel. They too have three terminals: the gate, the drain, and the
source. If a voltage is applied between the gate and the source of an N-channel FET , the resistance
from the drain to the source is reduced. If enough voltage is applied between the gate and the
source, current can flow from the drain to the source unimpeded. If no voltage is applied, no current
can flow from the drain to the source.
In a P-channel FET, the voltages and currents are reversed - that is, when the gate is more negative
than the source, current can flow from the source to the drain.
Integrated Circuit[edit]
An integrated circuit - or "chip" is a collection of transistors and resistors etched into a silicon (or
other semiconducting material) chip. Very complicated circuits can be built by combining many
transistors onto a single chip. The number of transistors that can be put on a single chip is well over
a million.
Diode[edit]
A diode is a device that allows current to flow in one direction, but not in the other. This can be used
in constructing an AC to DC converter, or for protecting a circuit from outside voltage sources.
Transformer[edit]
A transformer consists of one or more coils located within close proximity to one another. When
current passes through a coil, it generates a magnetic field. When the current varies, so does the
magnetic field. When a varying magnetic field is set up near a coil, a current is induced in that coil.
By placing two coils in a common magnetic field and injecting a varying current into one (the
primary), a proportional current is induced in the other (the secondary). The ratio depends on how
many turns each coil has. If a transformer boosts the voltage, it will reduce the current, and if it
reduces the voltage, it will increase the current. Thus, the power through the transformer is
preserved (other than a loss). Electric companies transmit power by passing the electricity through
step up transformers so that less current (but very high voltage) can be transmitted over long
distances. Power loss in a transmission line equals the current squared times the resistance, so
reducing the current by stepping up the voltage saves a lot of energy. The voltage is stepped down
again before it is delivered to a customer.
Transformers are also used to isolate two circuits so that only AC passes between them and their
DC power supplies do not interfere with one another.

5. Know and understand Ohm's Law.[edit]

If a voltage is applied across a resistor, current will flow through it. Ohm's law describes the
relationship between this current, voltage, and resistance. It can be written as

Where v is voltage (measured in volts), i is current (measured in amps), and r is resistance

(measured in ohms). The equation can also be written as

and

Basically, it means that if the voltage is held constant and the resistance is decreased, the current is
increased. Or if the resistance is held constant and the current is increased, the voltage will also
increase.

6. Determine how to correctly place or pin integrated circuits,

transistors, diodes, and capacitors in a circuit board.[edit]
Integrated Circuits[edit]
Integrated circuits usually have some means of indicating where "pin 1" is on the device. Once pin 1
is located, the remaining pins are numbered going counter-clockwise around the device. On a DIP,
pin one is located to the left of a notch milled into the top of the IC as shown below:

Transistors[edit]
Transistors come in a variety of packages. To determine which pin is the base, collector, and emitter
(bipolar transistors) or gate, source, and drain (field effect transistors), refer to the device's data
sheet.
Diodes[edit]
A diode is usually marked with a stripe near its cathode. Current flows from the anode to the
cathode, but not from the cathode to the anode. The stripe can be interpreted to look like a gate that
won't let the current enter.
Capacitors[edit]
Only polarized capacitors are "pinned," and care must be taken to not plug them in backwards. If an
electrolytic capacitor is charged in reverse, it can explode. Polarized capacitors are often marked
with a stripe showing which terminal is the cathode (negative terminal). Sometimes the stripe will
connect the cathode and the anode, but it will have arrows or minus signs on the stripe indicating
direction of current flow (anode to cathode). In a schematic, the curved plate of the capacitor
represents the cathode and the straight plate represents the anode.

In the picture above, the cathode of the black capacitor is on the right. The cathode of the blue
capacitor is toward the bottom.

7. What is meant by a parallel and a series circuit?[edit]

A series circuit is a circuit in which the components are placed end-to-end. A parallel circuit connects
both terminals of two components together.
In a series circuit the current flowing through both devices will be equal, but the voltage across them
will be different if the resistances are different.
In a parallel circuit, the voltage across the two elements will be identical, but the current divides
between them. Some current goes through the top, the rest goes through the bottom.

8. From a kit or from scratch make two of the following[edit]

Good places in the United States to find components for the projects detailed below include Waytek,
Radio Shack, Mouser, Online Components, Digikey, Kionix (sensors) and Jameco. All of these
suppliers will sell to hobbyists in small quantities.
Another option for building these is to buy a kit. You can buy kits for individual projects or you can
buy general purpose kits that will let you experiment with many different circuits. Check with Radio
Shack to see their current offerings. Electronics kits can also be found at toy stores, especially those
that emphasize "learning" toys. Such suppliers include Toys R Us and Imaginarium, both of which
offer kits over the Internet via Amazon.
Photocell Guard or Counter[edit]
The Photocell Guard circuit is a photo sensitive switch that will either turn on or turn off some device.
In modern terminology, it would be called a photo-sensitive switch. A Photocell Counter is a circuit
which counts the number of times a photo-sensitive switch is activated. In modern terminology, it
would be called a Photo-sensitive Counting Circuit.
In this circuit, R2 is a cadmium sulfide cell (CdS cell) - that is, a light-sensitive resistor. When
exposed to light, the resistance of the cell decreases. In darkness, the cell has a higher resistance.
R1 and R2 together form a voltage divider circuit. As the light striking CdS cell gets brighter, the
voltage at the common terminal decreases. As it gets darker, the voltage increases. This voltage is
applied to the positive terminal of a comparator IC. The negative terminal of the comparator is
connected to the wiper of a potentiometer which forms a second voltage divider circuit. This voltage
can be adjusted by tuning the potentiometer. When the light striking the CdS cell gets bright enough,
it causes the voltage on the positive terminal to fall below the voltage on the negative terminal. This
causes the output of the comparator to go to zero volts, thus lighting the LED. When it gets dark
again, the LED will turn off.
The action of the LED can be reversed (on when dark, off when bright) by reversing the positions of
R1 and R2 (the CdS cell), by swapping the positive and negative terminals of the comparator, or by
connecting the LED through a resistor to ground instead of connecting it through a resistor to power.
Siren[edit]

The circuit presented here looks intimidating at first glance, but as with most things, when it is
broken down into smaller parts, it's a lot easier to understand.
The first thing to note is that this circuit requires a bipolar power supply - that is, a power supply that
can provide both positive and negative voltages. This is accomplished here with two batteries. The
circuit was tested with voltages ranging from ±4.5V to ±12V, so a pair of 9 volt batteries works pretty
well.
Moving to the right we come to an op-amp configured as a low-frequency oscillator. This oscillator, in
conjunction with the transistor Q1 controls the frequency of a second oscillator (denoted as the
"Audio Frequency Oscillator" in the schematic.
The frequency of the low-frequency oscillator is set by the capacitor C1, and the resistors R1, R2,
and R3. When the output of the amplifier (at pin 1) is high, C1 charges through R1. When the
voltage across C1 exceeds the threshold voltage on the positive terminal of the op-amp, the output
will go low. When this happens, C1 will then discharge though R1 and the voltage at the positive
terminal will change to a negative value. When C1's voltage drops below the threshold voltage at the
positive terminal, the output switches high again, and the cycle repeats. The threshold voltage at the
positive terminal is set by the ratio of R1 and R2, as well as by the output of the amplifier:
If the voltage at the output of the low-frequency oscillator is observed on an oscilloscope, it will be
shown as a square wave, oscillating between the two battery supply voltages. If this value were used
to drive the base of Q1, the transistor would switch suddenly between full-on and full-off, and this
would cause the audio oscillator's frequency to jump suddenly between two values (this makes it
sound more like a cell phone ringing than a siren - try it!). To get a siren-effect, we need a smooth
frequency transition, so the base of the transistor is driven with the voltage on the capacitor C1
which is a triangle wave.
The next portion of the circuit to consider is the audio frequency oscillator. This circuit is almost
exactly the same as the low-frequency oscillator, except that the RC values have been changed so
that it oscillates at a higher frequency, and the voltage divider circuit that sets the threshold voltage
at the positive terminal (pin 5) is modified. The lower half of this voltage divider includes a transistor.
As the transistor turns on, the resistance of the lower half of the voltage-divider is changed, and this
will change the frequency of the audio oscillator. Thus, the pitch of the audio will increase and
decrease at a rate set by the low-frequency oscillator.
Finally, we come to the power amplifier. This is a simple unity-follower op-amp, and its purpose is to
drive the speaker and to isolate it from the audio oscillator. If the speaker were connected directly to
the output of the audio oscillator, it would change the characteristics of that section, and we would
not hear the siren effect.
Simple voltmeter[edit]
This link has some material on using an LM3914 as a Bar Graph Meter.
Here's another link for building a Digital Dashboard Meter.
There are several analog to digital converter (including the MAX136, MAX1496, and ICL7107) chips
that will directly drive any of several 7-segment LED displays. A web search of these part numbers
(or search for "3.5 digit LED" for other devices) should turn up a data sheet, and most data sheets
have "typical application" sections showing how these can be connected.
Pressure sensor[edit]
Simple DC power supply[edit]

In this DC power supply, household current (120VAC, 60 Hz in North America) is applied to the
power cord on the left. The fuse protects the circuit and should not be omitted. The voltage is then
stepped down by the power transformer. Power transformers are available at Radio Shack and at
hardware stores (see the doorbell section). Try to select a transformer that will output a voltage close
to but a little higher than the desired DC output voltage.
Once the voltage has been stepped down, it goes through a network of diodes set up as a "full
bridge rectifier." The diodes direct current to the top of the network and allow it to return through the
bottom, regardless of whether the input voltage is positive or negative.
The capacitor then smooths out the voltage. Without the capacitor, the output from the diode
network would continually drop to zero, and then rise back up to its peak value. The capacitor
averages this out, giving a smoothed DC value.
The next element in the circuit is an LM7805, a 5-volt linear voltage regulator. This can be replaced
with similar devices to get different voltages (i.e., an LM7812 for 12V, an LM7809 for 9 volts, etc.).
The LM7805 will output a steady 5 Volts as long as the input voltage is sufficiently high. The
transformer should be chosen such that the voltage input to the regulator is not much higher than 5V
(6V or 7V would be good). Excess voltage is dropped across the device's input and output terminals,
and is converted to heat. The greater this voltage, the more heat the device has to dissipate. Since it
can only dissipate a finite amount of heat, this in effect limits the amount of power this circuit can
provide. Attaching a heat sink to the LM7805 will also help.
The circuit should be mounted in some sort of enclosure to protect the 120VAC input power
terminals. The power terminals themselves should be wrapped in electrical tape or in heat shrink
tubing for additional protection.
Simple transistor radio[edit]
Although this FM Radio Project uses only one transistor, it is still fairly complicated. It might be better
to buy a kit for this one. Check with Radio Shack.

9. Draw from memory, using proper symbols, the complete wiring

diagram of the devices constructed in requirement 8.[edit]
The easiest way to commit these diagrams to memory is by understanding them. The photocell and
power supplies are the easiest to understand, and if both are made, the power supply can be used
to power the photocell circuit. The siren and radio circuits are somewhat more complicated, but they
are also more rewarding.

10. List ten ways electronics are used in everyday life.[edit]

1. Computers - for work and for play.
2. Entertainment - Televisions, stereos, video games, toys, etc.
3. Medical - Patient monitoring, diagnostics (MRI, CT-scans, X-rays), etc.
4. Industrial - motor controllers, robotics, etc.
5. Appliances - microwaves, timers, ovens, refrigerators, washing machines, dryers.
6. Radio Communications - police and fire radios, CB radios, fleet radios.
7. Telecommunications - telephones, fax machines.
8. Fire Safety - fire alarms, smoke detectors, sprinkler systems.
9. Water Supply - water towers signal pumping stations, etc.
10. Security - metal detectors and x-ray machines at airports, anti-theft devices in stores,
security camera.
11. Music - amplifiers, synthesizers, sound mixers, recording equipment.
12. Traffic Control - traffic signals.
 13. Automotive - Air bags, antilock brakes, diagnostics, electronic ignition, etc.

Historical Notes[edit]
This honor was original named Radio Mechanics. The name was changed to Radio Electronics in
1956.

About the Author[edit]

Jim Thomas earned his Bachelors of Science in Electrical Engineering Technology (BSEET) at
Murray State University in 1985, and earned his Masters of Science in Electrical Engineering
(MSEE) at Virginia Polytechnic Institute in 1995. He has worked in the computer/electronics industry
since 1985, designing computer hardware and writing software for embedded digital signal
processing applications.
Jim is a Master Guide and serves as the director of the Central New Hampshire Flames Pathfinder
Club in Concord, NH, where he also serves as a local church elder. He and his wife Virginia have
two sons and a daughter.
A die-hard do-it-yourselfer, his hobbies include Pathfindering (of course!), woodworking, whitewater
paddling, fooling around with computers, and wild flower identification. Jim blogs regularly
at Wordpress, sometimes about this Wikibook.

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