268 Chater? Sythe eprint crystallization is fequemly conducted contauously in x vacuum evaporating deafube tafe crystallize to proce crystalline parls, wheres the fling-lm exystaizer i hed for melt ejtliztion to produce a dese layer of erystals Drying A number of factors influence the selection ofa dryer fom the many diferent ype sv ‘hie "TeseTactrs ce donned by the nate ofthe fed, whether it be granular sis 3 ‘ase. sry or gid Other factors incloe the need for ation, ype feat source convection, ration, condicon, or miowave heating nd the dee to STHch the material tus be dried. The most commonly employed coinuous dryers eade Tunnel, hand, trbo‘ay, rotary, seam-ube roar, scew-conveyor, Mudie, Spoue-ed: parti-conveyor spa. and dram ye 7A. SEQUENCING OF ORDINARY DISTILLATION COLUMNS FOR THE SEPARATION (OF NEARLY IDEAL FLUID MIXTURES Mulcomponent mists are often separated ato more than (Wo products. Although one ‘perce upmeat of complex design might be devise to peeduce al the desired prods quence of orp separator i ore common. Toroary ed feos, sch as hytocarton mitre nd mixtures ofa homologous seis for etanpl, slebols the most economical quence wil on incl cnly crdinary sti tion columns provided thatthe following conditions hoi 1. The rclative volatility between the wo sletd key components for the separation in ‘ach cola i > 105. 2 The reir duty sno excessive. An example ofan excessive duty occurs in he di ‘lon of a mitre nth Tow cave vlality betwen the two key components here height ey components wae, which has vr) high eat of vaporiza on. ‘3 The ter pressre does pot eats the mint to approach its etic temperate ‘£ ovetad vapor ca be lla! pty condensed a th column pressure topo ‘ide refs without excessive gration reuiements, 5, The bottoms temperature the lower pes sot high that chemical decampos 6 Aecropes donot prevent he desires separation. 5 Catumn pes op is tolerable patiulry operation is under vacuum Column Pressure and Type of Condenser ‘ering he development of dilaton sequences, its necessary to make at est preliminary ‘Chimes of coh operating presse and condenser types eal rp). The ema tne fiat byte uve of the algorithm it Figure 79, which x conservative, Assume that olin water it avalale at 59°F, sient to ool std condense a vapor to 120. The tie-in presse ip eaklaed 1207 fran estimated csi composition, Ite com [utd evar en an 213 pi se a ll condenser less vapor itil i reqaie Michcsne wea paral ender Ifthe pes les than 30 psa, set the condenser rs Sure to 30 sie end avoid near-acium operon Ice distillate bubble-poit presur is trian 15 pi ut estan 365 pi, se 9 pstialcondemser It is refer an 365 fin dtermine the dow-point presse forthe ile as apo. I the pressure wet {han 363 pun operate he condenser at 15 sia with abe efegerat in place of cooling, freer, For the Sled condenser peste, ad 10 psn to esis the boioms peur ‘Nam and compte the bubble pin temperate or a stinated Hots compositin. that tn perature exces the decomposition or real emperatie of the bertoms, reduce the con (ener presse apropity 1 of Sequences of Ordinary Distlation Columns Intl consideration i usually given tox sequence of edit dsillation columns, where x ‘ingle feol is ent fo each column and the products from sac column aber jus v0, he ‘nile ad the toons. For example, consider & mixture of Benzene, toluene, and ‘phenyl Becase th nonal boiling pots of the thee components (80.1, 1108, and DELS, respectively) ae widely wpstod, the mintre canbe comveniemly separate into three marly pre components by orinary silo. A common proces or separating tis Initore te sequence of two oetinay tiation clumps show in Figure 7-10. In the Fint column, the most woe component, benzene, is tken overhead aba dilate fa frodot The boos sa mixture of aluene and biphenyl, which set othe second eo ‘im fo separation ino the wo oe final product state of teluene and a batons of bp the feast volatile componcat, ea ia sequence of ordinary dilation cols is used, not all columns need give early pur prods. For exatpe, Figure 710 shows a dilation sequence forthe sepa ti ofa misture of chlbensee, xylene xylene, nd o-sylee into only thre produ: ready pare eybenzee, nist of p-andm-ylee, and pearly pure tyne. The pre nd meta isomers ate not seared because the normal oiling pons of these two con unde fer by only 08°C, mang sepanion by dilaton impractical. ‘Noein Figute 7.10 tat takes a seqonce of two ordinary dsilaton columns to sepa raga mise int thee roduc: Furthemore, ter sequences can produce the sun ial products, For example, the separtion offense, tons, and biphenyl. shown in Figure toa can also be achieved by removing biphenyl as bts in the st oluma, followed ty the separation of benzene a foluene inthe second column. However, the scartion of {Clune tm benzene and bipheny! by onary dsilion nthe fst column is possible,250 Chaps?” Sythe Seprtin Taine ee 740 Diino rao ‘ecause toluene is interment in volatility, Thus, the number af possible sequences iim ied totwo fr this case ofthe separation of eriry mixture into tree early pur ros, Now consider the mare gener ease ofthe yates of ll possible oeinarycstiision sequences ore micormponent feed that it be separated it P fal products, which ae early poe components andor mulicomsponectmsxturs. The component inthe fed ae tered by volaity wth the fst component being the mos volte. This oder is amos tlvaye consistent with ht for normal foitng pot th mae forms nel ideal Kg folders, such tat Eq (7.3) applies. Assume thatthe order of volality ofthe compenens Ales ot change a the sequence prooseds, Farhermore,astume tht any mkiomponent procs contain oly componenis tat ace adjacent in voli. For example, suppose hat Ihe previously ced mature of enzea, tolene and biphenyl sto be separated no tene ie ncceary fist to produce products of benzene, olen, snd biphenyl, an hen bed the eazene a biphenyl ‘An eqution forth numberof diferent sequnces of ordnaydilition cokamns N © produce a numberof prolus, P can be developed i he following manner For the is. parse inthe sequence. P ~ | Separtion pont re possbe. Fr example, if the dese [roots are A,B, CD, and Ein ode of decreasing vail, hen the posible epation points ae 5 — i = 4,8 follows: A-B, B-C, C-D. and D-E, Now tbe the number onal Proc tha mast be developed from the distil of the Sst oluma. Foe example if the ‘Spartion pin in the fs column C-D, thenj = 3 (A,B,C). Then P ~ equals the num terol fia pedets that mast be developed from the tions ofthe fist clum. 1.8 the umber of diferent sequnces fr (fina prodets, the, fr given separation pon in he ft column the number of sequences i 8p» But in he fit separor,P~ 1 aire Separation points are possible Thus the amber of diferent sequences for P products the following som % pe n= S nym = BEDE 9) “Application of (7.9) gives ress shown in Table 7.2 for sequences producing upto 10 products As sbowa the number of sequences grows rpily the aunberof ial reduc Equation (79) gives ive posileyqusnees of thre columns fo a fou-compone: ee These sequcnces re shown ia Figure 7.1. The fit, whee al fal prodect bt are Aisles ioe refered oa the dre! sequence, and is widely wed in industry beeae EXAMPLE 74 Sequin of tiny Ditlion Colm fr Session Ney el hid Mixes 251 isla nal products are more fee of impure such objectionable high toiling com Pounds aod sols Ifthe party ofthe fal bottoms prot (D) feel, maybe po faced 26 dsl in an atonal column alld tren (or fishing) cola, I all Products exept one ae toms products, the teense is fered to atthe inet se quence. This sequence is generally considered to be the eastGesrble sequence because Siffclies in achieving purty speciation for bottoms products. The oe tre sequences Jn Figure 7.11 produce two products as dilate and two podocts as batons I ll se «quences except ones east oe inl prod is prded i each corn Decenine he uberaffoubiewepenea predate Th, fen Tae 72 Pike SN ee aon Hleuristies for Determining Favorable Sequences ‘Wien be umber of odin is eo for, signing an oting al posible sees Canbes determine the mow econ qucace Ofte, here nese fed ters tie bio nrne es eatn ofae va es forthe posible separion poy, he cov wll ot vary much an he squeak Non may be ase on operation actors, tec equece of e eae. ‘ters, mambo sts ht ave pened inh ete staring in 1987, be proved wl ur redcing tember of steces fr etal examina The ea woe 1, Remove theally unstable, corrosive, of chemily ative components carlin the = 2 Remove inal prot onc by ones distillates (the dr sequence 5 Sequence separation points to remove, early inthe sequence, thse components of eae! molar percentage in the fe. 4, Sesuence separation pins inthe ore of decreasing relative vlaity othat the most dateat spits are made inthe absence of the oer componeats, 5. Sequence separation points ofeave Ist thse separations ta give the highs. pry 6 Scan seution puis ht fv ein anc f tiie and atoms[None of these heuvistcs equ column design and costing, Unfortunatly however these hears fen conic with each other, Bus, more than one sequence wil be devdoped, vad coat ah eter fatrs wil need to be cosiered to develop an optimal ia esa ‘cn cnergy cons are latvely high, he sith heuristic often ads tothe most eonamical 56 are connie! wth observations about the effet ofthe ronkey se monkey componeats ani sequence: Heuristics Components on the spaation of two key components. The cn ‘ree the reftoxand bilo eguremens, which intr, crease column diameters Trae opcating cet. These. andthe numberof ays, are the major factors affecting the investment and operating eos ofa distillation operation, souwtion — s | wm r | ur Ls lure 7.2 Syne pole nd separa ample 72) pan separation problem: pwn ek The ce Heute wh dots oer Mee 3d eds fo ene “Marginal Vapor Rate Method When aplication ofthe above heise for quencing ordinary dillon columns i wn- tain or confcing reat are obtained, iti preferable to employ sequencing meods that ely on cola design and, in some caves, cont etimation, Exhaustive search calcu late the annualized cost of every sequence can determine the optinal sequence, provided ‘hat column-apeating condition’ ate opimied nd may be atid for sequences ial ing jut three or possibly four products, However, et rigorous methods are aval tat an produce god, although not always optimal, sequeoes, These mahods, Which attempt to reduoe the serch space ince those of Hendry and Hughes (1972), Rodgo and Seeder (1975), Gomer ad Sear (1976), Sear and Westerberg (197, aad the marginal vapor tae (MV) method of Modi and Westerber (1982). The ler method outperforms the ober rhode and canbe applied without the necessity of complete calm designs snd exe Fora given slit tween two key component, Mad and Westerberg (1992) conser he j= 1,2 Bq, (713) bacomes > AP += apes 4)260 Couper? Symes of Sep Fartherore if the boing pins of the two componeas te close enough, the buble and ewepoi curves may reach a axinam af the same composition, which by dfnin ste Stotopi point Such a sitonton is Husted in Figure 7.19 forthe isopropyl ther {ih sopropy cho! 2) binary at FC. Figure 7.19 sows the conesponing sy diagram, fn Figure 7.1 shows the Bobbe- and dev-poit curves ona T=r-y dag at 10] KPa Not the mininun-oting aeotrone at 65°C, where x= y, = 0.76. Feed seams tang Tomer opropyl ether male factions canot be pried beyond 0.7 in dsiltion com, fd reams having higher sopropy! eer mole factions have dsl ote facts tha fave ower bound of 0.95, Conequeniy, the azaopic compositions commonly refed toasa dition boundary Simul when the mite exhibits the les-common negative deviation from Real's law (yf 1a} ~ 12), both the Buble: aad dew-point curves drop below the stright ie tha epeesnts the buble pot or an eal inte, sb ancpaed by examination of Ea (714). Furemore, when the bubble and dew-pont carves Rave the sane minima, 38 ‘ecowopic eomposton is defied 8 shown in Figure 7.2 for he aeton-chlroom i Say a0645C, where ~31~ O35. Forthis yates, Figures 7.200 and 7.20 show te cor teoponding#-) dagram and Fy digas t 101 KPa, On theater diagram, the azectropie fronts a maximum exapetatre and cones, the ye is said to havea man Poingacorrape In ths case, feed seams having Tower acetone moe fracions cant be purifed eyood 035 inthe bots pct of» disilaion column, and seams baving gure 7.39 Pas diagrams fr | By" cqued ASP higher acetone mole fractions havea ower bond of 0.5 inthe setone mole rst ofthe In summary, at «homogeneous azcotope, 8) = J = In.» C, the expression forthe coplocum coon, for poiestrcores wit. Based on te oneal phase equa 1 (11, te eieron for azcotopefomtion is Jb as)262 Cape?” Spe of Sepration Tne 1. Seesing of Options fr te Spuaton of Niel sid Mi 263 | Fora minimum bing azeotope, when the devntions frm Raoul’ law ae suiatly lage (yf ® 1.0, usually > 7), siting of the lui phase foto two Tigh phases (phase sping) may occur an a minimm-oiling, etrogencons ancora may fc tht has ‘vapor pase in equim wi he to guid phates. A heterogeneous aectone coins ‘when the vapor-igeid envelope overlaps with the liquid envelop, a etd i Coreen gute 7.218 Fora homogeneous azeatope, whet, = Xn = te mitre bol a this LOUD MOLEFRAG ACETONE compesion, as shown in gure 72a: Whores for «helarogencausazaotrpe, when the ® ‘overall guid compotion of the two iid phases, x)= yy = Ys the mint Bile ‘is overall composition, as lasted in Figure 7218 but the thee Coexstng phases ave Residue Curves “To understand better the prope of azscopie mints tht contin thee chica (SERRE ‘pests, ops wo examine the properties of reside carer on a temary diagram. A cll: rns Ba ton of residue curves, which i ella residue carve map canbe computed an dawn by igre 7.20 Phe digs he sy ofthe major simulation programs. ach sie carve is construct by tracing the co este cfm ary song postion ofthe equllrium lige residue of a simple (Rayeigh batch) dilaton in tine HL Shing ASPEN TLUS. a) Poy ‘artng from selected initial somposton of the charge othe stl sing the olloving me OF a 15 04 05 06 OF (lng at PC; @) ey gsm ot mesic procoure, SOLERRAG ACETONE 100 RP) Paey diagram a 10 ‘Consider L moles f tigi with mole faction) = Ig... Cin a simple dion © i sul at bubble pois alsa in Figure 7.22. Noe tha he stil contains no trys and ber the dere of nie sexed by he devitons fom ait fhe aii co ‘ Sivneels iad oem ope | ! | Because the K-values fo al ofthe species ar nity aan azeorope punt imple sl lon aprons this pon, a which no futher separation can oer Fr this resin, an . cote soften cll tomar fied pinch oi igure 7.22 Siplnistion tiorf is provided. As hetng begins, small portion of tis Tiguid, AL mole is vor Ta The itantaneoe vapor pase bat moe fachons (= Jy.» ) essumed 0 Bein cium wi the renaming gid. Since the rsivat Hquid, LAL moles, is nae Fraction s+ he mas balance for species sven by hy = (Ady, + ALS + Ax) oan, nthe iit, 8 0, =H 50K aad ond sting, cas) where Kis given by Bg (7.15) In Bi (119), # ca be interpret asthe dimensionless ime ‘Tih he ston defining fal of eid cures, sisted in Figure 7.23. Not tha Tah ride eve is the loca ofthe composts ofthe residual ii nine 8 vapors ‘old aff rom » simple dilaton til, Ofte, an aow is asigne in the erection fi ring tne (and fressingterpertite). Note hat the reside curve map dest ow ‘Heequllbcuns vapor compotion coresponding to cach point ona reside cue “Yel another ingrtat prope is thi he fed pos of the reste curves ae poi whee ding force fr changs tli composi is 2; hats, lf = 0 This Tice issued athe eecupic pins tthe pore species veces. Fr ternary mi sn gl binary aoeotope, a in Figure 7.2, thre are four ined pons on the ian fir diagrams the Binary aveottpe athe hes vertices. Furthermore he Behavior of he salts carves inthe vcity fte fined pots depends on their tabi. When all fhe ‘Reds curves ae dace by the eure othe ed oi it is ferred 10 a stable no rethsatdinagure 7.2, when lave drctod sway, teed point san wnt oe a in Figure 7248); a ial, when some of the esdve curves are drested 1 and ters oe ected ayn the fied points refered to 8 saddle poi (sin Figere 12) ue tnt fra erary syste he aby ean be detenined by cakuating te egenalzs of {he Joon maura fhe nonfnear ordinary diferent equations tnt compie Ea. (7.1. scfesmstamn ones eee ave ma fr em ste it nina 1 or fd pio lene a th uy weve) on ae al266 gon. In this mint, nitrogen sth lowest-bing species (L), argon i the intermediate tuler (al oxygen she highest-olng species (2H). Thus, along the onyen-srg ge tes ir poi ote onygen vertex, and onthe remaining ees the aTows Point aay from the nivogen vee. Sine fer aw plat way athe nitogen vere, it ste THe node anal of he ido curves xan fom i At he argon vert the ows point torandaway om it Since the reside ures tr nthe visit ofthis vertex is po ater ‘eal gine Rater, itn vefered toa asad point, Al the curves end the oxygen ve {Eur whic ia terinl point or sble nod, Foe this erary mise, he map shows ha ‘pt rn, the intermedi or, canst be obained in smple dso. Simple Distillation Boundaries Distillation Towers epi apc ech fin ing te ing waters pi aa ere gE puloe afters ures. As auted in Fg 725 and 725 ae ee anand ena aces a et mp san ed emi On cn etn Bde ee rare ee Tat tne ge 15 ile ae dap mo mes wh it pos a ee fo osetia tommy nase cps aot be erred nls tn hy carved A fed eed ne see es tec fSsoha nag pt set Se congotion oe Dany Fee Sjmuyhanl nd mal pot pong re yb cea ec agonDBED fn ring pst pong te ae a ala tpmming pe skye ot ae a eet pe Piguet een mac ompe hw for Sin saan is DS dH, See Spon tf Stl ton, hese sepratces ‘When tay towers are modeled assuming vapor-iidequbrum at ech ay, the ese ines apprennte the guid comgesion profes st otal refs. To show this, a ros falnce performed forthe top nay, coetng down the towe, as shown in Figure 726 Lets + Din Vas 20) igure 726 Schama sting sci Distillation Lines yn foc te Sep of Nose Pid Mixes 267 where D and ae the molar ow rate and vector of mole factions ofthe dilate. Simi Tay and ae fr thei leaving ay n Ie and V, andy a forthe vapor ey ing tay. Dining h ar the dinensioles dance from the tp of the tower, ockward-ilference proximation aay n+ 1 ae nan Rearanging E720) and ubtting in Ba, C20 b a2) 1) Bg. (7.22) becomes ai, Hence, Ea (7:23) approximates the opesing lines ttl eu and because Fan hate di Imensile variables and (7.19) sent inform, he reside curves appa te ‘operating ines ofa dsl ower operating tl eux Ato refs, wih D and, 23) nown as dilation line (a ind by Zharov (1968 and Zharov and Serafino (1975), Bane m=O a Frere, assuming operation in vapor equiva, the mole actin on tay “yo apecine ware dienes btwn Gailaon las andre ce, onder the flowing ebservaon. Fist (7.19) requires then veto comet iid ‘ells in ie 728 Soe sel ect mast aoe chs oft tation Nar tt when rine cre ita forty mit), hens ade teide curve a clner end sonsseem the dla ines cone wt ide H gure 127 Disillaion ne nite ie2168 Cuple7- Spiess Sepa Tans Figure 712% stows wo dition ins (nd) that nec es curve aps AdalB, Aracomopene of. (719) thie corespodiag vapercompostons t equ ane od is ttbetenecon ofthe ange whe ete caves aA abd B whe Staion as 8, and by Clay te diltion lines o ot coucide with he ree Shr an numpon tha is comsooly ae bt tat my roduce sigan enor: In gue 129, tangle illo lnc cones compositions 0 fou aac ys DDE Fy and roses ores cas (bo Bes ese pois. Noe nt ion ines ae uneat yCpt ocay rencures se fe the ant be porn i the ein fe con, Howe “Sula programs compet and plot only ede cures ean be shown tha ilson Tes have be sume proper eid carver ted pois, nod bene, oth ans of ‘Ser av abt sad. Ther difeences ae pronounced la eos tha exhib ex 115. Sequencng Open forth ia Minenes 209 Computing Azeotropes for Multicomponent Mixtures Celi (1994) provides data ow snore than 15,000 binary azscropes ad 90 tery tweotopes, Undoubtedly, many more trary azcype exis swell bua number szeotopes involving mote than tse components. When proces simulation program is ted to compute reside carve map fora temityspsfem at's pecifledprewere, compos tons and temperate of all azeauopes are atomically exile. The ress depend, couse ob the selected vapor pressure and igud-pase stv oefcet correlations. For Ginteray and higher systems, the arlengts homotopy comimution meth of Fikowsk Malo, nd Dat (1993) an he usd for omogeneoas ystems t existe ll azo. They fin alos to he following equations, which dines homgeacous zeouope c-1 as) JR Ue 726) am 728) Bde a ‘To fin! he rots, they constactthe following homotopy to replace Eg. (7.25) and (126 tasedon gradually moving fom an del K-value bed on Ral nw othe more gers expression of Eq, (7.28) In, te homtopy parameter set 0 anal ses of ate st 1 0 exept or one, which ett 1.0, Then ris gradually and yematcally increased nia vale of 1.0 io thine. With each incense the temperature and moe ston ate compute. I the sling ‘Somposton ti Diet spare compooen, isn spetope By sang fom cach pre ennponci all zsottopes are computed. The method of Fkowski, Malone, snd Dobe is incldod in many of he pocees simulation programs, Eckert and Kubice (1997) extended the method of Fidkowsk, Malone, and Doherty tothe estimation of heterogeneous mali component reotrpes aries and Feasible Product Compositions (fereat practical intrest is the effec of dsilition boundaries onthe operation of dsl tin ower To wmarize growing body of literstr, ts wel established that the comp tltone of a dsiltion tower operating total refx cannot coms the distlaion ne trundaties, excep under unusual cumstances, where these boundries exit high de see of curvature. This provides the totals hound onthe possible Veale) campos ‘As shown in Fite 7 30a, tal ef, andy esi on sition ie. there these compositions ie colinea wth he feed composi, son the overall tral balance lime. Ashe numberof sages increases, the operating curve Becomes more convex a in he limi approaches the wo sides of the gle ha met the ead bolle As a xa lean operating Hines tal ef niu tages) isthe ave AFC igre 7.31, At the ther extreme a the amber of sages inte, te operating curve Becomes me CONS poaching ABC, where te numberof sages approaches ify (otesponding to minimemreur Henes, the peng ne er #dilton tower operates within ese ting ‘Goins ice nda te vexon ABCEA in Figuac 7 Nott when» stilton ove Op ‘Shc pi condena a be feed od produ reams ae dees ova al = Soh nt ute vp dia ts a actos ps sbown in Figures 0d Son Coney, stuaetux apron he mitral bans ne comeing bo Te Elias nelsonone shown Fgue 1204s hella ne tt us tp hy andy mel aston, we igue 750 hows the esi cue SS gh te Zola al appoint ough ey eration. To aon South in Figure? ae oie ows si te ii of pe sigan dle, ie APE represen iting overall mate blace ora eco Poston t pit Fh pt ate nm cocsnan a xen nth boters es remy ia Ht of par onygon bts, te Une CPD represen ling ‘Sen mmc falc, wih pin Date sim concent of gen inthe tne ag tbe nge ego sn Heche lla composison i confined othe ded ‘Roe ADPA an the bts pdt cmjosion lesa he sadedrexan, CEC. Cpr seein at within he ion ABCFA cometh ils spd Dts pet po vB ths ste elo Aes nly ne pre yess an De and Tn itn iy tioe ppc etd end poins oth lla er cn be recovered high ernie exe be sed Hes, a pos te dian ines detemie {Spc ie anf bows pdt raven fs Ths bo apples othe cole nigra pues 3b and Hers the acaton ofthe ee poi teres thd tno en nh epi tlie nd Botons rod composts eorex Farin pre 131 fr fet Fonly pre nya an baba, When te ed cathe vse stern ouny, pus eens can be oid Fee 73. man cn be ever i gh puny for feds ine regen LTO. ‘Res fale eon EDTHBE, no pre pod! oe. Before amp igre ‘Sle eaulstons hasan prog, tis etal toes with tid eater gered eda ure ap, pons of proamposto ely ach = Sti nie 731 Otherwise in pon owas mich ie deffo in tying pda cleans whe peste pod composes ae impossible ‘Heterogeneous Dist forte Seprtion of Noel Fld Mitass 27 arog) sem mh 0 In heterogenous szeouopc distin, an enn i led that concent in the over ead vapor ad, when onde abe he formation of econ gid phase at can be de canted and recguled tthe tower at refi The ter igi pase wel she bso re the products tom the dsillon, Tis x pose when the enn forms a hrogencos szetope with one or mere othe species nthe fos. Figure 732 shows ne pombe toni ‘lo, wih a accompanying wingula igrm in Figure 7.329 forthe deydation of ethanol sing toc a an etraier. In Con C-, the feed i psoncentated n elm. Carn (C2 isthe aveotopic over. Unfortunatly, bth procs, BI and BD re tons. Enel and ‘a fm imac ep 9h al nd Sn howe Pes 32 ani 7.32, which were prepared by ASPEN PLUS, Although toluene is te highes bling Species, isan aprorite entrunr becatse i forms minimane-Doling szcoopes with Bok wae and eal. Hence, the aro on the residue crves pont foward bat he thao aed water vere, lowing eh tobe recovered na high prt batons pret Since ouee fons tery, mininm-oilng, bergen sete (pit D2 in igre 2.32) the overead vapor approach this composiom and condenses not iu phases (one rich in taluene (point 2 in Figure 7228 an the other in water (pint Stk Figure 73), which ar separ i he cane, The oe ec epi ve while aris ecyled the preconcenzator Alea rdt compositions se shows in Figure 7320. A boda curve forte dil tempentue ofthe areotrpic towers cluded in Figure 7.326 togeer with eine though the asctropic compton of D2 to Show the pas spi of condensed verbead D2 int igi pases SI and S2am Copter When residue curs an ams, dhe composition spaces are alo divided into regions with ‘non ii ‘boifing saddles or unstable nodes. More importantly the compo: : ms ors a a sent nme te ea nT ye Sm in e727 Th tian enor product. Its distillate, at D1, ies just tothe right & stews 732 Det fa Teche ee oe 7. Sogecing of Options fete Sepation of Niel Fd Mixares 273 Laat hee 147 Fn | is obtained asthe otioms pods ofthe azntopic tower, C2. ls overhead vapor, D2 in the vicinity ofthe heterogeneous tena azctope and when condensed and subooled forms two lui pases hat ae decanted esi, The organi phate, a S2 sin a ferent distin pon than the fed, MI, 10 column C1. When combined with DI he eed, M2 ison the cter side ofthe simple dstltion boundary, in the region M(D2)K(B2IM. The tolunerich phase, 2, reeled tn com C2, ad he waters pase, SI is combined ‘ith the fs ee (Fo column C-I, The dtu and botomsprodbcts ofboth towers and thor ovrall mas balance ines are shown in Figure 7.32, “The stilton sequence shown in Figur 7 128 oly oe of ever sequences, involving from two to fo cours, ave bee proposed nox applied in indy fo separating ‘mitre by employing hteroensous szoropic distillation, Most common isthe thee mn sequence fom the sy of Ryan and Dobery (199), as shown in igure 7.33, ‘Whe used to seperste a mistr of ehaol and water using benzene she enn, te thee ‘okmas perform the separtion nthe following manne, where the materi blace lines for CCourane2and 3 are shown in Figure 7.33 The aque fend, Flite i ana, re ‘concent in Column Io obain ape water batons, BI, anda distil, Dl, whose com ‘postion sppotches that ofthe hamogensaeminimur-boiing binary azeotepe. Te dsc Feces ie fed to Corn 2, te szeotropic coli, where nea pare earl B2, i r= Inoved as botoms. The over vapor fat Cala 2, V2, close the composton of he Ituogetes tary score of eho, wie, an benzene, When eandensed, Spares int two Tiga phases inthe decanter, Mast of the orgaiovch phase, L2, it reamed 10204 Chaper?_ Symes Seaton Tins igure 739 Kae te cot 11S. Sequesng fOpetio forthe Sept of Noel Pit Mines 275 ‘Column 2s eux. Most ofthe watersch phase, D2, sent to Column 3, the enue oy af benzene and wate, eyed tthe tp af Colum 2. The botows, BS fom Column 3 i “The occurence of mtipe sey state in chemical reactors has ren wel recognized fora tent 90 years The ena corn example an aiaate CSTR for wich in some cae, fot the same fed and reactor siz, tree posible prodts my be obtained woof which are a ean ones, a shown in Case Sty 21.1, The prodet obaied instal operation sped upon he tru procedure forthe restr. Only ithe st 25 years asthe existence periment data rom lower operation. In paul, azoopic dilaton pariculaly so epibe fo mull steady sues, Distances drng operation ofan azole tower en ‘atseitt sitch fom one steady state to another as shown by Prokopakis and Seier (1983). “Methods for computing moltiple steady sats for homngenens nd heterogeneoa acoopic ‘ aclengthbomotopy-continution method, five steady states forthe ethano-benzene-water ‘siltion, Beka a (1993, 196,200) sed mall sea ates or teary bom feneots- and tomar heeogencous-aecropic dilaton, esecively, Using the dilate ‘ow rt asthe ureaon parameter, hey found conn of fed composition and distil ‘otal reflux infinite reflux ratio) with an innit numberof equim stages (refered to as the cae), The showed tha heiress have relevant plication for ons ope Jagat it ox ratios with afte umber af stages. Vadapal and Sear (2001) used ASPEN PLUS wih an srlenthcontinntion an bfireaton method o compat all sable fn unible sendy tts for azote dilation unde condins of tee ao and fn mmber of equliium stages. Specifications frthir heterogeneous esoroic ditil tion exanpe, involving the separation ofan ethanol water mice using benzeoe, te shown in Figure 74a, The total feed ete othe clu i 101.962 kno. The desired batons rode! spre ethanol. Using the otioms Row rte, ste bifsrction parameter, competed ‘els forthe ole faction of ethanol nthe bons are show in Figur function of the iran parameter Inthe range of bottoms How rt from approimtely 78 to 96 Iam, thee sadly ses ex, two sable and one unstable, Fra botoms re aqul othe flow rt of ethanl in the eed (9 kro), the best stable soon is an tana mole re Jn te coniauaton method the resus of one pola ae wed asthe inal guess for ebaning sn accent po. While heterogenous ansorpicdisiltion towers ace probably used ine wiely thn thee homogenens counters are most beak nthe Sesign and operation Tn aon roots athe temperatures and compontns sift sbryply fom the vicinity of one fixed Pont to the vciy of another. Purtberore, in heterogeneous dsltions, sharp fronts ‘ten accompany the interface Between tay having oneal two iid phases a well, Con eqn, designers most eet eri the mame of trays ante rte aes oprevert {hose from rom ening the lower wih an associated detzdoraton in the product gual Wile these and ether special properties of szotopc towers, maim re ales shove which th separation deteriora, sods insemitity of the reduc compositions to the number of tap) are complicating factors, frnatly, they ae sully es important Foca review ofthe irate on thi sujet, se the arcle by Widagdo ad Sider (1996),