Application of time domain electromagnetic method to study Lembang fault, West Java

Widodo, and Faeruz Maulana Rasyid

Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1861, 030034 (2017); doi: 10.1063/1.4990921

View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4990921
View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/apc/1861/1
Published by the American Institute of Physics

Articles you may be interested in

Identification of Lembang fault, West-Java Indonesia by using controlled source audio-magnetotelluric (CSAMT)
AIP Conference Proceedings 1861, 030002 (2017); 10.1063/1.4990889

AMT and gravity across praTertiary rock complex of Kebumen, Central Java, Indonesia
AIP Conference Proceedings 1861, 030029 (2017); 10.1063/1.4990916

Hydrothermal system of the Papandayan Volcano from temperature, self-potential (SP) and geochemical
measurements
AIP Conference Proceedings 1861, 030033 (2017); 10.1063/1.4990920

Preface: The 1st International Geo-Electromagnetic Workshop 2017 (IGeo-EM 2017)

AIP Conference Proceedings 1861, 010001 (2017); 10.1063/1.4990886

Lembang fault plane identification using electrical resistivity method for disaster mitigation
AIP Conference Proceedings 1861, 030049 (2017); 10.1063/1.4990936

Use of electrical geophysical methods for supporting agricultural practices

AIP Conference Proceedings 1861, 030027 (2017); 10.1063/1.4990914
 Application of Time Domain Electromagnetic Method to
Study Lembang Fault, West Java
Widodo1,a), Faeruz Maulana Rasyid1
1
Geophysical Engineering, Institute Technology Bandung,
Basic Science Center-B Building, 2nd Floor,
Ganesha St. No. 10, 40132, Bandung, Indonesia
a)
Corresponding author: widodo@gf.itb.ac.id

Abstract. Lembang Fault is an active fault structure lied beneath a populous area of West Java. It is located at about 9
km from the city centre of Bandung. We have conducted an electromagnetic survey in the area suggested as the zone of
Lembang Fault, the Karyawangi Village, West Bandung. Time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) measurements were
carried out using two profiles, with a total number of 34 soundings. The TDEM data gives detail information of the
shallow conductivity structure down to a depth of 100 m. The 1-D models consist of three layers in the research area. The
first layer at the depth between 0 to 3 meters is dominated by low resistivity (< 10 Ωm), which indicates the topsoil, and
the second layer, considered to be tuff, which lies in the depth of 3 to 35 meters and is represented by high resistivity (>
100 Ωm). The third layer with a resistivity of 10 – 100 Ωm corresponds to sandstone. The model indicates a local fault
structure in the study area.

INTRODUCTION
The research was done in Lembang region, which is a seismically active area in northern part of Bandung, West
Java province, Indonesia. It has been proved by the recently occurred seismic activity the on July and August 2011.
A paleo-seismological study gives several proofs of near past activities of the fault. This study concluded that
Lembang gives impact in producing earthquakes of ~ 6.8 and 6.6magnitudes [1,2]. Hence, the fault probably could
trigger huge magnitudes earthquakes in the future. The Lembang fault is located in populated and tourism area. It is
important to investigate the local mechanisms of fault system in order to obtain the assessment of the future seismic
hazard. Therefore, to understand the near surface conductivity distribution of the Lembang fault in the study area,
the TDEM field campaign was realized.

METHOD AND FIELD CAMPAIGN

Several geophysical studies have been implemented in Lembang fault area. Seismic surveys [3] aim to obtain the
geological and tectonic implication around Lembang fault. Based on GPS studies, the geological structure of
Lembang fault has been reconstructed [1,2]. TDEM method has gained popularity over the past century and it is an
inductive method. TDEM is good for mapping the depth of and the extent of conductors, but it is less sensitive at
distinguished conductivity contrast in low conductivity range [4]. In the past, the TDEM method was applied for
groundwater exploration [5], mineral exploration [6] and landslide investigation [7]. Recently, the TDEM has been
introduced for structural formation mapping and has shown good results in Northern Greece [8].
The penetration depth of TDEM corresponds to the time after the transmitter’s current is switched off [9]. The
diffusion process of the transient electromagnetic induction field can be visualized using the smoke ring concept
[10]. The penetration depth of TEM method refers to the depth associated with the distribution of conductivities.
The surface conductivity distribution is related to early transient, the deeper structure is corresponding to the late

1st International Geo-Electromagnetic Workshop (Geo-EM 2017)

AIP Conf. Proc. 1861, 030034-1–030034-4; doi: 10.1063/1.4990921
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1535-5/$30.00

030034-1
time of TEM sounding. The TDEM data are sensitive to vertical inhomogeneity, but less affected by lateral
inhomogeneity. The TDEM measurements were carried out using 34 soundings. The distance between the stations
depended on the accessibility of the area. The TDEM data were measured using Protem receiver (Fig. 1a) and tem47
transmitter (Fig. 1b). The field setup used the transmitter output current of 3 A into a 50 m x 50 m loop (Fig. 1c); the
TEM47 uses a reference cable to achieve the high synchronization accuracy required for shallow sounding. A high-
frequency receiver coil is used with all Protem 47 systems - the high-frequency coil has the bandwidth necessary to
capture the early time of the transient decay.

FIGURE 1. (a) Protem Receiver, (b) TEM 47 Transmitter, (C) Field setup of TDEM measurements in the survey area

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

It is known that the Lembang fault is interpreted as normal fault where its south block (footwall) is
relatively shifted downwards than the north block (hanging wall) [1]. In the previous study, the top of footwall is
dominated by conductive layers (silt) while hanging wall has a resistive layer (volcanic rock) with resistivity values
over 80 Ωm. The preliminary result of TDEM data modeling can indicate a normal fault structure. The TEM models
show three layers that can be separated according to their resistivity values, which are volcanic rocks (200 Ωm), silt
(10 Ωm) and peat (5 Ωm). The TDEM data gives detail information of the lower structure down to a depth of 300 m
[11]. The TDEM data is attainedin three different frequencies: 25 Hz, 62.5 Hz and 237.5 Hz (Fig. 2).

.
FIGURE 2. TDEM data obtained with three different frequencies (a) 25 Hz, 62.5 Hz and 237.5 Hz.
The one-dimensional inversion models of TDEM data were obtained using Marquardt and Occam algorithms. In
general, the correlation of measured and calculated data for TDEM has a relatively good fitting, as RMS values are

030034-2
varying from 1 to 10%. Figure 3 shows that the resulting Occam and Marquardt models are consistent with one
another at station 4-2.

FIGURE 3. One-dimensional Marquardt and Occam's inversion models TEM at station 4-2.
The one-dimensional Occam models at profile 1 consist of 11 stations (Fig. 4). In the Occam models, the
thickness of individual formation is not considered due to smoothness constraints of the Occam inversion. The one-
dimensional Marquardt models give more clearly identification of boundary layers in the survey area (Fig. 4).
Vertically, the model of this profile can be classified into three layers. The first layer is dominated with a conductive
layer, which has resistivity value of < 10 Ωm. It is interpreted as sand located at a variety of depth ranging from 0 -
10 m. The second layer is associated with a more resistive layer considered as tuff. This layer has thicknesses
varying between 10 to 60 m. The structure of this layer is distributed horizontally along 0 - 600 m in distance. The
last layer has resistivity value of < 15 Ωm and exists between the profile distance of 0 - 600 m. This layer is
interpreted as sand due to its high conductivity.
Figure 5 shows the 1-D model of profile 1 which indicates a normal fault structure. It can be seen that along
200–1000 m, the layer contains sand. At a distance of 0–600 m and 600–1000 m, the second layer begins with a
resistive layer. This layer is more resistive than the top and bottom layers, and has been interpreted as tuff. This
layer continues along the entire line profile, except between 600–900 m. This indicates a presence of normal fault
structure.

FIGURE 4. One-dimensional Occam models of TDEM data at profile 1.

030034-3
 FIGURE 5. One-dimensional Marquardt models of TDEM data at profile 1.

CONCLUSIONS
The Inversion of TEM data indicates a normal fault structure in the study area. The TDEM models generally
show three layers that can be classified due to their resistivity values. The TDEM data was interpreted using 1-D
inversions Occam and Marquardt techniques that results in a good comparison. Due to the low resistivity of the top
layer, the skin depths of the TEM soundings are assumed to be around 100 m.

AKCNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was financed by the LPPM ITB – Mitigation of Earthquake Hazard on the Lembang fault using
Electromagnetic Method-2015

REFERENCES
[1] Meilano I, Hasanuddin A Z, Andreas H, Gumilar I, Sarsito D, Hanifa R, Rino, Harjono H, Kato T, Kimata F &
Fukuda Y 2012 Journal of Disaster Research 7(1).
[2] Hasanuddin A Z, Andreas H, Kato T, Ito T, Meilano I, Kimata F, Natawidjaya D H and Harjono H 2009
Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 3(2) 77-88.
[3] Afnimar, Yulianto E and Rasmid 2015 Geological and tectonic implications obtained from first seismic
activity investigation around Lembang fault Geoscience Letters.
[4] Pellerin L and Wannamaker P E 2005 Multi-dimensional electromagnetic modeling and inversion with
application to near-surface earth investigations Computers and electronics in agriculture 46 71-102.
[5] Sorensen K, Auken I E, Christensen N B and Pellerin L 2004 An Integrated Approach for Hydro geophysical
Investigations: New Technologies and a Case History Near-surface Geophysics chapter 21 Vol II.
[6] Craven B, Rovira T, Grammer T and Styles M 2000 The role of geophysics in the discovery and delineation of
the Cosmos Nickel Sulphide Deposit, Leinster Area, Western Australia Exploration Geophysics 31(1-2) 201-
209.
[7] Cummings D 2000 Transient Electromagnetic Survey of a Landslide and Fault, Santa Susanna Mountains,
Southern California Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 6 (3) 247-254.
[8] Widodo, Tezkan B and Gurk M 2016 Multidimensional Interpretation of Radiomagnetotelluric and
Transient Electromagnetic Data Measured in The Mygdonian Basin, Northern Greece Journal Engineering
and Geophysics.
[9] Parasnis D S 1986 Principle of applied geophysics ed. 4thend (Chapman and Hall London) 402p.
[10] Nabighian M N 1979 Quasi-static transient response of a conducting half-space an approximate representation
Geophysics 44(10) 1700-1705.
[11] Widodo 2015 Earthquake disaster mitigation of Lembang fault West Java with electromagnetic method AIP
Conference Proceedings 1658 030010.

030034-4